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Pseudo-Zachariah of Mytilene: the Context and Nature of His Work

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Pseudo-Zachariah of Mytilene: the Context and Nature of His Work ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PSEUDO-ZACHARIAH OF MYTILENE: THE CONTEXT AND NATURE OF HIS WORK GEOFFREY GREATREX UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA he 560’s A.D. were a time of opti- fully attested in the wake of the ill-fated mism in the eastern Roman em- Eternal Peace of 532, “The cross extin- pire. To be sure, the twilight years guished the terrible roarings of war and the of Justinian’s reign were marked measureless hardships of life, as if (they Tby serious disturbances at Constantinople were) a rough wave or a fire.”4 and increasing financial problems, but Not only was the Persian foe at peace, across the empire, from Italy, Spain and but promising developments were afoot North Africa to Egypt and the eastern prov- within the neighbouring kingdom—at any inces, the situation was calm.1 For those rate, if one were an opponent of the Council who lived close to the eastern frontier, the of Chalcedon. For although there had been fifty-year peace treaty signed in 562 was of intermittent persecutions of Christians by paramount importance, bringing to an end a king Khusro in the past, notably after the war that had begun in 540.2 Although actual outbreak of war in 540, their lot had steadily hostilities had tended to peter out towards improved over the following years.5 Several the end of the 550’s, the continuing danger aspects may be noted here. First, the clause of Persian attacks must have been a constant appended to the treaty of 562 that guaran- strain on the local populations, as indeed is teed the freedom of worship of Christians in evidenced by the “abominable and hideous Persia.6 Second, the consecration of Ahu- affliction” that struck the city of Amida in demmeh as bishop of Beth ‛Arabaye in 559/60. In this year, according to Pseudo- 559 by Jacob Baradaeus. The energetic Dionysius’ chronicle, which here derives Ahudemmeh did much to further the pro- from John of Ephesus, the citizens of Amida gress of Monophysitism among the Arabs were struck by a sort of mass-panic, believ- on the Persian side of the frontier, appar- ing that the Persian king was on the point of ently with the assent of Khusro, at least attacking their city; other frontier cities, until he overstepped the mark and bap- such as Edessa and Constantia, were prey to tised one of the king’s sons.7 Third, the similar rumours.3 There can be no doubt as attitude of the king himself. Here it is to the impact of the conclusion of the treaty: appropriate to quote from Pseudo- as an inscription erected at Hierapolis grate- Zachariah (XII.7):8 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 6 (2006) - Page 39 Pseudo-Zachariah of Mitylene: The Context and Nature of his Work _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ For one week of years the king of It is clear that the author believed that he Persia also, as those who know relate, was witnessing significant developments, has separated himself from the eating including steps that might even lead to the of things strangled and blood, and conversion of the Persian king. Nor was he from the flesh of unclean beasts and alone in holding out such hopes: John of Ephe- birds, from the time when Tribonian the archiatros came down to him, sus refers to the creation of a catholicos for the who was taken captive at that time, Monophysites in Persia, following a debate at and from our serene king came Bi- the Persian court, while Evagrius notes reports 10 rowi, a perfect man, and after him that the king had even been baptised. The role Kashowi, and now Gabriel, a Chris- of the Christian Sebokht, Khusro’s chief emis- tian of Nisibis. From that time he has sary to the Romans in 572, further testifies to understood his food, and his food is the prominence of Christians at court.11 not polluted (?) according to the for- It is in this context that the work of mer practice, but rather it is blessed, Pseudo-Zachariah must be situated. The ac- and then he eats. And Joseph also, the cession of Justin II was followed by a period Catholic of the Christians, is high in his confidence, and is closely attached of tremendous optimism and dynamism, to him, because he is a physician, and witnessed by an outpouring of literary he sits before him on the first seat works, such as the Cycle of epigrams edited after the chief of the Magians, and by Agathias, the In laudem Iustini Augusti whatever he asks of him he receives. minoris of Corippus and others.12 The open- Out of kindness towards the captives ing years of Justin’s reign were marked by and the holy men he has now by the imperial attempts to improve the empire’s advice of the Christian physicians finances and to resolve the festering doc- attached to him made a hospital trinal divisions that still plagued the em- (xenodocheion), a thing not previ- pire.13 With hindsight, of course, it is clear ously known, and has given 100 that all these efforts were doomed to failure; mules and 50 camels laden with the renewal of war in 572 worsened the goods (?) from the royal stores, and situation still further. But to a writer in the 12 physicians, and whatever is re- quired is given; and in the king’s reti- late 560s or the very start of the 570s, pros- nue (?)... pects for stability, prosperity, and indeed for (tr. Hamilton and Brooks, 217.14- the growth of the Monophysite church must 218.5/146-7) have appeared good. It is surely no coinci- dence that both John of Ephesus and These are the closing words of Pseudo- Pseudo-Zachariah terminated their works at Zachariah’s work as it has come down to us; this time, thus ending on a high note. Only the section then breaks off, and it is uncer- when divisions among the Monophysites tain how much more of Book XII there was. increased and persecution at the hands of Although the section is attended by consid- Chalcedonians was renewed did John feel erable chronological uncertainty—the date the need to produce a continuation of his of composition must be later than 552 and work.14 before 567, the dates of Joseph’s catholicate So much for the context in which 9 —its remarkable optimism is not in doubt. Pseudo-Zachariah’s work appeared. It re- ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 6 (2006) - Page 40 Pseudo-Zachariah of Mitylene: The Context and Nature of his Work _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ mains to consider Pseudo-Zachariah himself he was from Amida, but the evidence is in- and the nature of the work he produced. sufficient to be sure.20 The list of the leading First, the anonymous compiler himself, who bishops at the end of the Book (VII.15) is became known as Zachariah in the later also of interest: pope Hormisdas is there Syriac tradition because of his extensive use said to be still alive, which therefore implies of the Ecclesiastical History of Zachariah, that the statement must have been made be- bishop of Mytilene, in Books III to VI.15 fore 6 August 523 or a short time thereafter, Much has been written on this Zachariah, to allow time for the news to circulate. author of other works, such as a Life of It is highly improbable that the author of Severus, and a convert to Chalcedonianism VII can be identified with the compiler of during the reign of Justinian. Indeed, the 569. Someone who knew Gadono in 503 tendency has been for Zachariah to eclipse would have to have been at least fifteen at Pseudo-Zachariah in discussions of the lat- that time; they would therefore have been ter’s work.16 It is preferable therefore to about eighty years old by 569.21 It follows concentrate on Pseudo-Zachariah, i.e. the that Pseudo-Zachariah was drawing on an author of the entire work in twelve Books. early sixth-century source for this Book, or Since we know that Books III to VI were indeed several. Now in VIII, Pseudo- drawn mainly, if not entirely, from Zacha- Zachariah offers a detailed account of suc- riah, we propose to focus on the last six cessive bishops of Amida (VIII.5). Among Books; the first two will be considered fur- these was a certain Māre, who became ther below. Book VII concerns the reign of bishop during the reign of Justin but was Anastasius and has a notably Amidene fla- soon banished to Petra, and subsequently to vour:17 it opens with an anecdote about a Alexandria. certain John scholasticus, brother of Dith, And he stayed there (in Alexandria) who was in Constantinople on a mission for a time, and formed a library there from Amida before the accession of Anasta- containing many admirable books; sius. He had visions of the future emperor’s and in them there is abundance of elevation, about which he informed him, but great profit for those who love in- when, after assuming the throne, Anastasius struction, the discerning and the studi- wished to reward him, he was content with a ous. These were transferred to the document he had already received from treasury of the Church of Amida after Zeno.18 The narrative of the war of 502-5 is the man’s death. detailed and replete with circumstantial de- (tr. Hamilton and Brooks, 79.24- 19 8/54) tail, especially the siege of Amida.
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