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The Role of Satellite Geodesy in Monitoring and Cataloguing of Space Debris

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The Role of Satellite Geodesy in Monitoring and Cataloguing of Space Debris Univerza University v Ljubljani of Ljubljana Fakulteta Faculty of za gradbeništvo Civil and Geodetic in geodezijo Engineering Jamova cesta 2 Jamova cesta 2 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija SI – 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia http://www3.fgg.uni-lj.si/ http://www3.fgg.uni-lj.si/en/ DRUGG – Digitalni repozitorij UL FGG DRUGG – The Digital Repository http://drugg.fgg.uni-lj.si/ http://drugg.fgg.uni-lj.si/ To je izvirna različica zaključnega dela. This is original version of final thesis. Prosimo, da se pri navajanju sklicujte na When citing, please refer to the publisher's bibliografske podatke, kot je navedeno: bibliographic information as follows: Harej, H., 2014. Vloga satelitske geodezije Harej, H., 2014. Vloga satelitske geodezije pri spremljanju in evidentiranju vesoljskih pri spremljanju in evidentiranju vesoljskih odpadkov. Diplomska naloga. Ljubljana, odpadkov. B.Sc. Thesis. Ljubljana, Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za University of Ljubljani, Faculty of civil gradbeništvo in geodezijo. (mentor Kuhar, and geodetic engineering. (supervisor M.): 110 str. Kuhar, M.): 110 pp. Datum arhiviranja: 03-09-2014 Archiving Date: 03-09-2014 Univerza Jamova 2 v Ljubljani 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija telefon (01) 47 68 500 Fakulteta za faks (01) 42 50 681 gradbeništvo in [email protected] geodezijo UNIVERZITETNI ŠTUDIJSKI za PROGRAM GEODEZIJA gradbeništvo SMER GEODEZIJA in geodezijo Kandidatka: HELENA HAREJ VLOGA SATELITSKE GEODEZIJE PRI SPREMLJANJU IN EVIDENTIRANJU VESOLJSKIH ODPADKOV Diplomska naloga št.: 963/G THE ROLE OF SATELLITE GEODESY IN MONITORING AND CATALOGUING OF SPACE DEBRIS Graduation thesis No.: 963/G Mentor: Predsednik komisije: doc. dr. Miran Kuhar prof. dr. Bojan Stopar Član komisije: doc. dr. Anka Lisec Ljubljana, 02. 09. 2014 Harej, H. 2014. Vloga satelitske geodezije pri spremljanju in evidentiranju vesoljskih odpadkov. I Dipl. nal. – UNI. Ljubljana, UL FGG, Oddelek za geodezijo, Geodetska smer. STRAN ZA POPRAVKE, ERRATA Stran z napako Vrstica z napako Namesto Naj bo II Harej, H. 2014. Vloga satelitske geodezije pri spremljanju in evidentiranju vesoljskih odpadkov. Dipl. nal. – UNI. Ljubljana, UL FGG, Oddelek za geodezijo, Geodetska smer. IZJAVE Podpisana HELENA HAREJ izjavljam, da sem avtorica diplomskega dela z naslovom »VLOGA SATELITSKE GEODEZIJE PRI SPREMLJANJU IN EVIDENTIRANJU VESOLJSKIH ODPADKOV«. Izjavljam, da je elektronska različica v vsem enaka tiskani različici. Izjavljam, da dovoljujem objavo elektronske različice v digitalnem repozitoriju. Ljubljana, 18. 8. 2014 Helena Harej Harej, H. 2014. Vloga satelitske geodezije pri spremljanju in evidentiranju vesoljskih odpadkov. III Dipl. nal. – UNI. Ljubljana, UL FGG, Oddelek za geodezijo, Geodetska smer. BIBLIOGRAFSKO-DOKUMENTACIJSKA STRAN IN IZVLEČEK UDK: 523.4:528(043.2) Avtor: Helena Harej Mentor: doc. dr. Miran Kuhar Naslov: Vloga satelitske geodezije pri spremljanju in evidentiranju vesoljskih odpadkov Tip dokumenta: Diplomska naloga - univerzitetni študij Obseg in oprema: 110 str., 3 pregl., 64 sl. Ključne besede: vesoljski odpadki, satelit, atmosfera, Zemljina orbita, teleskop, vesolje, vesoljska agencija, odstranjevanje vesoljskih odpadkov, vesoljski objekti Izvleček: Vesoljski odpadki so vsi objekti, ki jih je v vesolje poslal človek in ne služijo več svojemu prvotnemu namenu. V vesolju se kopičijo že od leta 1957, ko je bil v vesolje izstreljen prvi umetni satelit. Med vesoljske odpadke štejemo odslužene satelite in njihove nefunkcionalne dele, raketne stopnje, druge ostanke raket, odkrušene delce barv, ostanke goriva, prah in pomožne motorje. Sem spadajo tudi izgubljeni predmeti ter vsi ostali delci, ki so nastali zaradi eksplozij in razpada umetnih objektov ter trkov objektov med seboj. Danes že lahko govorimo o prenasičenosti vesolja z vesoljskimi odpadki, ki jih je toliko, da konstantno trkajo med seboj in s tem nastaja vedno več novih odpadkov. Za nadaljnje misije v vesolje je pomembno, da poznamo območja, kjer se ti odpadki nahajajo, da se jim vesoljska plovila tako lahko izognejo, saj lahko ti resno ogrozijo samo misijo. V mojem diplomskem delu tako najprej temeljito opišem problematiko vesoljskih odpadkov, natančneje njihovo obnašanje ter probleme, ki nastanejo z njihovim kopičenjem. Nadaljujem z opisom metod opazovanja in beleženja, ki so posebej problematične pri majhnih odpadkih ter navedem ostale probleme povezane s tem. Zaključim s pregledom metod odstranjevanja, ki pa so šele v razvoju. Mnogo izmed njih je bilo tudi že preizkušenih, pa vendar še nobena izmed njih ni bila realizirana. Tako danes še vedno obstaja kot edina realna rešitve in možnost za zmanjšanje števila odpadkov v vesolju zmerna in odgovorna raba vesoljskega prostora. IV Harej, H. 2014. Vloga satelitske geodezije pri spremljanju in evidentiranju vesoljskih odpadkov. Dipl. nal. – UNI. Ljubljana, UL FGG, Oddelek za geodezijo, Geodetska smer. BIBLIOGRAPHIC-DOCUMENTALISTIC INFORMATION AND ABSTRACT UDC: 523.4:528(043.2) Author: Helena Harej Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Miran Kuhar, Ph.D. Title: The role of satellite geodesy in monitoring and cataloguing of space debris Document type: Graduation Thesis – University studies Scope and tools: 110 p., 3 tab., 64 fig. Keywords: space debris, satellite, atmosphere, Earth orbit, telescope, space, space agency, removing space debris, space objects Abstract: Space debris is the collection of objects that were send in the space by the man but no longer serve its initial purpose. They have been accumulating in the space since 1957, when first satellite was launched. More specifically, space debris include defunct satellites and their defunct parts, rocket stages, other parts of the rockets, paint fragments, fuel residues, dust and auxiliary engines. In this category fall also other lost items and all other particles that were incurred as a result of explosions and decomposition of artificial objects and collisions with each other. Nowadays, we have already reached critical density of space debris in the universe; they are constantly colliding, causing the emergence of even more space debris. For the future space missions, it is important, that we know the area, where space debris are located, so that spacecraft can successfully avoid them. Otherwise they can seriously endanger the mission. In my graduation thesis I first present the problem of space debris, more specifically, their behaviour and problems related to their accumulation. Further, I describe methods of observation and data gathering, which are specifically problematic with small debris. I am also addressing other problems related to measurement. I conclude with the methods for removal, which are still in development phase. Some of them were already tested, but none of the methods has yet been realised. Therefore, the sole current solution for the reduction of space debris remains moderate and responsible use of space environment. Harej, H. 2014. Vloga satelitske geodezije pri spremljanju in evidentiranju vesoljskih odpadkov. V Dipl. nal. – UNI. Ljubljana, UL FGG, Oddelek za geodezijo, Geodetska smer. ZAHVALA Za vso pomoč in podporo pri nastajanju diplomskega dela se najprej zahvaljujem mentorju doc. dr. Miranu Kuharju. Zahvaljujem se tudi vsem profesorjem ter zaposlenim na Fakulteti za gradbeništvo in geodezijo, s katerimi sem tekom študija bila v stiku. Za najlepša leta, v času študija, pa se posebej zahvaljujem vsem sošolkam in sošolcem, cimrom in cimram iz študentskega naselja ter prijateljem in znancem, ki so mi polepšali študentska leta. Za najbolj noro doživetje in najbolj nora leta, v dosedanjem življenju, pa gre zahvala moji SPOOT družinici. Na koncu pa gre najbolj iskrena zahvala seveda še moji najožji družini, mami, bratu, sestri in seveda tatu, ki ga bom vedno nosila s seboj v mojem srcu in ki bi mu tale diplomska naloga lahko bila posvečena, čeprav ne vem če je ravno najboljše spisana. VI Harej, H. 2014. Vloga satelitske geodezije pri spremljanju in evidentiranju vesoljskih odpadkov. Dipl. nal. – UNI. Ljubljana, UL FGG, Oddelek za geodezijo, Geodetska smer. KAZALO VSEBINE IZJAVE ................................................................................................................................................. II BIBLIOGRAFSKO-DOKUMENTACIJSKA STRAN IN IZVLEČEK ........................................III BIBLIOGRAPHIC-DOCUMENTALISTIC INFORMATION AND ABSTRACT ...................... IV ZAHVALA ............................................................................................................................................ V 1 UVOD ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Opredelitev področja in opis problema ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Vrste vesoljskih odpadkov....................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Odpadki v nizki Zemljini orbiti ....................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Odpadki na večjih višinah ............................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Druge vrste odpadkov ...................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Organizacije in družbe, ki se ukvarjajo z opazovanjem vesolja ............................................ 10 1.4 Kako se je vse skupaj začelo ................................................................................................
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