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Status Review of the Ringed Seal (Phoca Hispida)

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Status Review of the Ringed Seal (Phoca Hispida) NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-212 Status Review of the Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) by B. P. Kelly, J. L. Bengtson, P. L. Boveng, M. F. Cameron, S. P. Dahle, J. K. Jansen, E. A. Logerwell, J. E. Overland, C. L. Sabine, G. T. Waring, and J. M. Wilder U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center December 2010 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: B. P. Kelly, J. L. Bengtson, P. L. Boveng, M. F. Cameron, S. P. Dahle, J. K. Jansen, E. A. Logerwell, J. E. Overland, C. L. Sabine, G. T. Waring, and J. M. Wilder 2010. Status review of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida). U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-212, 250 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-212 Status Review of the Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) by B. P. Kelly1, J. L. Bengtson1, P. L. Boveng1, M. F. Cameron1, S. P. Dahle1, J. K. Jansen1, E. A. Logerwell1, J. E. Overland2, C. L. Sabine2, G. T. Waring3, and J. M. Wilder4 1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 www.afsc.noaa.gov 2 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 3 Northeast Fisheries Science Center 166 Water Street Woods Hole, MA 02543 4 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Region, Marine Mammals Management 1011 East Tudor Road Anchorage, AK 99503 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Gary F. Locke, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Jane Lubchenco, Under Secretary and Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Eric. C. Schwaab, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries December 2010 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 www.ntis.gov STATUS REVIEW OF THE RINGED SEAL (Phoca hispida) Photo by Brendan P. Kelly Prepared and Edited by: The 2010 Ringed Seal Biological Review Team Brendan P. Kelly1 (Chair), John L. Bengtson1, Peter L. Boveng1, Michael F. Cameron1, Shawn P. Dahle1, John K. Jansen1, Elizabeth A. Logerwell1, James E. Overland2, Christopher L. Sabine2, Gordon T. Waring3, and James M. Wilder4 With Contributions by: Josh M. London1, Erin E. Moreland1, Tamara L. Olson5, Duane E. Stevenson1, and Muyin Wang6,2 1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 2 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 3 Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 4 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Region, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503 5 Protected Resources Division, Alaska Region, National Marine Fisheries Service, 222 West 7th Ave., Anchorage, AK 99513 6 Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Box 355672, Seattle, WA 98195 December 2010 CONTENTS Contents ...................................................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... xi 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Species Background .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Taxonomy and Phylogeny ................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Species Description ............................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 Behavior .............................................................................................................................................. 5 2.4 Seasonal Distribution, Habitat‐use, and Movements ......................................................................... 8 2.4.1 Open‐water period..................................................................................................................... 10 2.4.2 Subnivean period ....................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.3 Basking period ............................................................................................................................ 14 2.5 Reproduction and Molting ................................................................................................................ 14 2.6 Vital Parameters ................................................................................................................................ 16 2.7 Foraging and Diet .............................................................................................................................. 18 2.7.1 Marine environment .................................................................................................................. 18 2.7.2 Freshwater environment ........................................................................................................... 26 2.8 Historic and Current Abundance and Trends .................................................................................... 26 2.8.1 Arctic ringed seals ...................................................................................................................... 27 2.8.1.1 Greenland Sea and Baffin Bay ............................................................................................. 27 2.8.1.2 Hudson Bay ......................................................................................................................... 28 2.8.1.3 Beaufort and Chukchi Seas ................................................................................................. 29 2.8.1.4 White, Barents, Kara, and East Siberian Seas ..................................................................... 30 2.8.2 Okhotsk ringed seals .................................................................................................................. 30 2.8.3 Baltic ringed seals ...................................................................................................................... 31 2.8.4 Ladoga ringed seals .................................................................................................................... 32 2.8.5 Saimaa ringed seals .................................................................................................................... 32 3 Species Delineation ............................................................................................................................. 35 3.1 Evaluation of Discreteness ................................................................................................................ 35 3.1.1 Separation by Physical, Physiological, Ecological, or Behavioral Factors .................................. 35 vii 3.1.2 Delimitation by International Differences in Management and Regulatory Mechanisms ........ 38 3.2 Evaluation of Significance ................................................................................................................. 39 3.3 Determination of Distinct Population Segments .............................................................................. 39 4 Extinction Risk Assessment ................................................................................................................. 41 4.1e Tim Frame: The Foreseeable Future ............................................................................................... 41 4.1.1 Factors in the Foreseeability of Threats to Ringed Seals ........................................................... 41 4.1.2 Factors in the Foreseeability of Ringed Seal Responses to Threats ........................................... 43 4.1.3 Lack of a Single Time Frame for the Foreseeable Future ........................................................... 44 4.2 Analysis of Factors Listed Under Section 4(a)(1) of the Endangered Species Act ............................ 44 4.2.1 Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of the Species’ Habitat or Range .................................................................................................................................................. 44 4.2.1.1 Global climate change ......................................................................................................... 44 4.2.1.2 Impacts
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