DOCSLIB.ORG

Thinking Smarter About Defense

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thinking Smarter About Defense RANGE, PERSISTENCE, STEALTH, AND NETWORKING: THE CASE FOR A CArrIER-BASED UNMANNED COMBAT AIR SYSTEM Thomas P. Ehrhard, PhD Robert O. Work Thinking Center for Strategic Smarter and Budgetary Assessments About Defense CSBA CSBAonline.org Range, Persistence, Stealth, and Networking: The Case for a Carrier-Based Unmanned Combat Air System Thomas P. Ehrhard, PhD Robert O. Work 2008 ABOUT THE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND BUDGETARY ASSESSMENTS The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments is an independent, non-partisan policy research institute established to promote innovative thinking and debate about national security strategy and investment options. CSBA’s goal is to enable policymakers to make informed deci- sions in matters of strategy, security policy, and resource allocation. CSBA provides timely, impartial and insightful analyses to senior decision makers in the executive and legislative branches, as well as to the media and the broader national security establishment. CSBA encourages thoughtful participation in the development of national security strategy and policy, and in the allocation of scarce human and capital resources. CSBA’s analysis and outreach focuses on key ques- tions related to existing and emerging threats to US national security. Meeting these challenges will require transforming the national secu- rity establishment, and we are devoted to helping achieve this end. CSBA is directed by Dr. Andrew F. Krepinevich and funded by foundation, corporate and individual grants and contributions, and gov- ernment contracts. 1667 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington, DC 20006 (202) 331-7990 http://www.CSBAonline.org Contents Foreword ..................................................................1 Executive Summary .................................................3 I. Introduction ...................................................9 Why a Carrier-Based UCAS? .......................................11 Report Organization ..................................................12 II. The US Navy and Unmanned Aircraft: An Uneasy Match ..........................................15 Unmanned Aircraft Defined ........................................15 What’s the Big Deal? .................................................17 Making a DASH into a New Domain .............................19 A Respite After DASH ..............................................20 A Naval Pioneer ......................................................23 Tentative Next Steps...............................................24 Fire Scout and BAMS ..............................................25 UCAS-D: A Significant Next Step .................................27 III. Aircraft Carriers Ascendant ..........................29 The Carrier Revolution ...............................................29 A Flash in the Pan? ....................................................32 Forming the Core of the US Strike Fleet .......................34 A Decided US Advantage in Sea-Based Airpower ...........37 Why Change While Still on Top? ..................................42 IV. Carrier Air Wings: Learning to Live with a Lack of Reach .........................45 A Focus on (Short-range) Power-Projection ...................45 Dealing with an Inherent Range Disadvantage .............47 An Increasing Demand for Range ................................48 A New Demand for Longer Range ................................51 A Disappearing Demand for Carrier Heavy Attack .........54 A Changing Relationship Between Size and Range ........56 Locking In ................................................................59 Déjà Vu ...................................................................61 V. Confronting the Soviets: Taking a Knife to a Gunfight ...........................63 The Early Soviet Anti-Access Strategy .........................64 Improvements to the Soviet Submarine Fleet ...............67 Improvements to Soviet Long-Range Aviation Forces .....70 The Rise of the Soviet Maritime Reconnaissance-Strike Complex ................................73 A Technical Knockout for US Carrier Forces? .................77 Surviving the Count...................................................79 A Changing US Fight Strategy .....................................79 Going on the Offensive ............................................80 Getting Inside the Enemy’s Reach ...........................81 Developing Increased Reach ....................................82 Keeping the Guard Up .............................................83 Winning the Outer Air Battle .......................................86 Would the Maritime Strategy and the Outer Air Battle Have Worked? ..................................89 VI. The 1990s: Shortening the Reach ..................91 A Perfect Storm ........................................................91 Plans to Regain Reach (and Stealth) ............................92 Temporary Measures ..............................................93 A New Planning Focus: Regional Adversaries ................96 A Shift Toward Guided Weapon Battle Networks ............97 Increasing Sortie Generation ......................................99 A Powerful Close-In Fighter ...................................... 100 Past as Prologue? .................................................... 101 VII. Rumblings of Change ...................................103 Early Campaigns in the “Global War on Terror” ........... 103 Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) ........................ 103 Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) ............................... 107 Implications for Carrier Aviation ............................. 109 A New Global Military Posture .................................. 114 The 2005 National Defense Strategy .......................... 116 A Disruptive Innovation Makes its Mark ...................... 117 UCASs: Stirring Both Air Force and Navy Interest ..... 118 Enter the J-UCAS Program ..................................... 122 Changing the Size-Range Relationship ..................... 123 A Step Increase in Persistence ............................... 125 A Step Increase in Stealth ..................................... 126 A Knack for Networking ......................................... 127 A New Direction? ..................................................... 128 VIII. Charting a New Way Forward ......................129 Defending the Homeland in Depth ............................. 130 Fighting the Long War against Radical Extremists and Defeating Their Terrorist Networks .................... 132 Operating in a Proliferated World .............................. 134 Shaping the Choices of Countries at Strategic Crossroads (AKA, Hedging Against a Rising China) .... 136 The Common Denominators: Range, Persistence, Stealth, and Networking ......................................... 139 On or Off Track? ..................................................... 142 Toward a Global Surveillance-Strike Network .............. 145 IX. N-UCAS: A Potential Game-Changing Advance in Carrier Air Wing Range, Persistence, Stealth, and Networking .........147 N-UCAS and Homeland Defense in Depth ................... 149 N-UCAS in the Long War .......................................... 152 N-UCAS in a Proliferated World ................................. 157 Shaping the Choices of China—A Country at a Strategic Crossroads ....................................... 159 X. The Rise of a Chinese Maritime Reconnaissance-Strike Complex ..................161 An Economic Powerhouse ......................................... 161 The “Prosperous Nation, Strong Military” Model .......... 162 Evolving Chinese Military Thought ............................. 163 Impact of Operation Desert Storm on Chinese Military Thinking ................................ 164 “Defeating a Superior with an Inferior” .................... 165 “Key-Point Strikes” ............................................... 166 Buying “Assassin’s Mace” Capabilities ........................ 166 US Aircraft Carriers as “Key-Point Targets” ................. 169 Learning from the Soviets ....................................... 170 A New Anti-Carrier Attack System: Anti-ship Ballistic Missiles .................................................... 173 The Business End of a TBM Maritime Strike System .. 176 Building the ISR Backbone for a Maritime Reconnaissance-strike Complex .............................. 179 Sharpening the Claws of the PRC Submarine Fleet ....... 182 Sharpening the Claws of the PRC Maritime Aviation Strike Forces ............................................ 189 The Inner Zone Defenders: Short-range ASBMs, SAGs, and Coastal ASCMs ...................................... 193 A Time to Prepare ................................................... 195 XI. Winning the“Outer Network Battle”.............197 A Formidable Opponent ........................................... 197 A Return to the Maritime Strategy? ........................... 201 Too Close for Comfort ........................................... 201 Improving Naval Battle Network Defenses: CEC ....... 202 The Next Step: NIFC-CA ........................................ 204 Taking on the ASBMs ............................................ 208 A New Fight Strategy: Fighting from Range ................ 211 Fighting the Outer Network Battle ............................. 217 Toward a Global Surveillance-Strike Network .............. 222 XII. Preventing a Missed Opportunity .................227 The Navy Moves Out ................................................ 227 A Conservative Approach ........................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • LESSON 3 Significant Aircraft of World War II
    LESSON 3 Significant Aircraft of World War II ORREST LEE “WOODY” VOSLER of Lyndonville, Quick Write New York, was a radio operator and gunner during F World War ll. He was the second enlisted member of the Army Air Forces to receive the Medal of Honor. Staff Sergeant Vosler was assigned to a bomb group Time and time again we read about heroic acts based in England. On 20 December 1943, fl ying on his accomplished by military fourth combat mission over Bremen, Germany, Vosler’s servicemen and women B-17 was hit by anti-aircraft fi re, severely damaging it during wartime. After reading the story about and forcing it out of formation. Staff Sergeant Vosler, name Vosler was severely wounded in his legs and thighs three things he did to help his crew survive, which by a mortar shell exploding in the radio compartment. earned him the Medal With the tail end of the aircraft destroyed and the tail of Honor. gunner wounded in critical condition, Vosler stepped up and manned the guns. Without a man on the rear guns, the aircraft would have been defenseless against German fi ghters attacking from that direction. Learn About While providing cover fi re from the tail gun, Vosler was • the development of struck in the chest and face. Metal shrapnel was lodged bombers during the war into both of his eyes, impairing his vision. Able only to • the development of see indistinct shapes and blurs, Vosler never left his post fi ghters during the war and continued to fi re.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting the Challenge of Maritime Security
    Meeting the Challenge Of MaritiMe Security A Publication Of Second1 Line Of Defense ForewOrd Meeting the Challenge Of MaritiMe SeCurity he interviews and essays in this booklet have appeared in earlier Section One: The Challenges versions on the web site Second Line of Defense (http://www.sldinfo. The Challenge of Risk Management 5 com/). SLDinfo.com focuses on the creation and sustainment of Protecting the Global Conveyer Belt 7 military and security capability and the crucial role of the support European Naval Force: A Promising “First” 9 community (logistics community, industrial players, civilian contractors, etc.) along with evolving public-private partnerships Section Two: Shaping an Effective Tool Set t among democracies and partners in crafting real military and security Building Maritime Security Tools for the Global Customer 12 capabilities. On SLDinfo.com, articles, videos and photo slideshows on military and Maritime Safety and Security: Going the Extra Mile 15 security issues are posted on a weekly basis. Building a 21st Century Port: The Core Role of Security 18 The Role of C4ISR in the U.S. Coast Guard 21 Some of the articles and interviews in Meeting the Challenge of Maritime Security are Shaping a 21st Century U.S. Coast Guard: The Key Role for Maritime Patrol Aircraft 23 excerpted from the longer pieces on SLDinfo.com, as indicated at the beginning of the Miami Air Station: USCG and Caribbean Maritime Security 25 article. The original pieces on the web site often include photos and graphics which are Building the Ocean Sentry ..62 6.52 27 not included in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Carrier Race? Yoji Koda
    Naval War College Review Volume 64 Article 4 Number 3 Summer 2011 A New Carrier Race? Yoji Koda Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Koda, Yoji (2011) "A New Carrier Race?," Naval War College Review: Vol. 64 : No. 3 , Article 4. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol64/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Koda: A New Carrier Race? A NEW CARRIER RACE? Strategy, Force Planning, and JS Hyuga Vice Admiral Yoji Koda, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Retired) n 18 March 2009 JS Hyuga (DDH 181) was commissioned and delivered to Othe Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). The unique characteris- tic of this ship is its aircraft-carrier-like design, with a “through” flight deck and an island on the starboard side. Hyuga was planned in the five-year Midterm De- fense Buildup Plan (MTDBP) of 2001 and funded in Japanese fiscal year (JFY) 2004 as the replacement for the aging first-generation helicopter-carrying de- stroyer (DDH), JS Haruna (DDH 141), which was to reach the end of its service life of thirty-five years in 2009. The second ship of the new class, JS Ise (DDH 182), of the JFY 2006 program, was commissioned 16 March 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • PRESIDENT's MUSINGS OCTOBER 2015 Many of Us Attended The
    PRESIDENT'S MUSINGS OCTOBER 2015 Many of us attended the Navy Ball at the Atrium Flemington Racecourse on October 17th, and the consensus is that it was a splendid occasion. Our congratulations go to the organising committee for a job well done. Personally I had a great time! Traditionally we have 'Show and Tell' as part of our AGM and we urge you to check out that trunk in the attic and share your treasures with your friends, who are sure to believe everything you tell them about it! Show and tell is a lot of fun and we are sure to share a few laughs together, as always! Rex's Odyssey – Part 1: My son, David, is working in Manila and so my trip, over two months, really started and ended in the Philippines. It was really great to catch up with the Williams family and be with them for a couple of weeks sharing their new environment. I'd like to also share with you my time at the American Cemetery in Manila and my day trip to Corregidor Island. The American Cemetery and Memorial is set on 152 acres, and burials number 17,201 most of who lost their lives in operations in the New Guinea and Philippines area. The headstones are aligned in 11 plots forming a generally circular pattern, set amongst lush lawns and beautiful trees white and shrubs. It is indeed a beautiful resting place which is maintained to perfection. The chapel building is situated near the centre of the complex and in front of it on a wide terrace are two large hemicycles containing 25 mosaic maps recalling the achievements of America and her allies in the Pacific, Chinese Indian and Burmese theatres during WWII.
    [Show full text]
  • OOB of the Russian Fleet (Kommersant, 2008)
    The Entire Russian Fleet - Kommersant Moscow 21/03/08 09:18 $1 = 23.6781 RUR Moscow 28º F / -2º C €1 = 36.8739 RUR St.Petersburg 25º F / -4º C Search the Archives: >> Today is Mar. 21, 2008 11:14 AM (GMT +0300) Moscow Forum | Archive | Photo | Advertising | Subscribe | Search | PDA | RUS Politics Mar. 20, 2008 E-mail | Home The Entire Russian Fleet February 23rd is traditionally celebrated as the Soviet Army Day (now called the Homeland Defender’s Day), and few people remember that it is also the Day of Russia’s Navy. To compensate for this apparent injustice, Kommersant Vlast analytical weekly has compiled The Entire Russian Fleet directory. It is especially topical since even Russia’s Commander-in-Chief compared himself to a slave on the galleys a week ago. The directory lists all 238 battle ships and submarines of Russia’s Naval Fleet, with their board numbers, year of entering service, name and rank of their commanders. It also contains the data telling to which unit a ship or a submarine belongs. For first-class ships, there are schemes and tactic-technical characteristics. So detailed data on all Russian Navy vessels, from missile cruisers to base type trawlers, is for the first time compiled in one directory, making it unique in the range and amount of information it covers. The Entire Russian Fleet carries on the series of publications devoted to Russia’s armed forces. Vlast has already published similar directories about the Russian Army (#17-18 in 2002, #18 in 2003, and #7 in 2005) and Russia’s military bases (#19 in 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft Carrier Operating Procedures
    This document belongs to “Speed & Angels” and shall not be reproduced. Created by: DCS-Sn@k3Sh!t for educational and training purposes only. Aircraft Carrier Operating Procedures This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International License. For DCS World 2.5 Revision 01 © Copyright Act R.S.C. 1985 c. C-42. This document belongs to “Speed & Angels” and shall not be reproduced. Foreword: Created by: DCS-Sn@k3Sh!t for educational and training purposes only. The goal of every Naval Officer who is selected for jet pilot training is to become a tactical carrier pilot. Carrier pilots are the best because they must be the best. The carrier environment will not tolerate anything less. Landing and launching aircraft as well as moving equipment and personnel in a relatively small area requires precise coordination for safe operation. Handling aircraft on a flight deck is more complicated than at a field due to the high winds across the deck, small crowded deck, the proximity of the deck edge and the ship's movement. Successful and safe operations in and around the carrier depend on a coordinated team effort in which all team members do their job properly. There is no excuse for not knowing and not using correct procedures around the ship and there are no exceptions to this rule. This manual is written with the intent to achieve the highest possible standard of “Carrier Operations” within DCS World. After studying this manual, you should be able to operate safely and expeditiously on and in proximity of the carrier.
    [Show full text]
  • RAF Centenary 100 Famous Aircraft Vol 3: Fighters and Bombers of the Cold War
    RAF Centenary 100 Famous Aircraft Vol 3: Fighters and Bombers of the Cold War INCLUDING Lightning Canberra Harrier Vulcan www.keypublishing.com RARE IMAGES AND PERIOD CUTAWAYS ISSUE 38 £7.95 AA38_p1.indd 1 29/05/2018 18:15 Your favourite magazine is also available digitally. DOWNLOAD THE APP NOW FOR FREE. FREE APP In app issue £6.99 2 Months £5.99 Annual £29.99 SEARCH: Aviation Archive Read on your iPhone & iPad Android PC & Mac Blackberry kindle fi re Windows 10 SEARCH SEARCH ALSO FLYPAST AEROPLANE FREE APP AVAILABLE FOR FREE APP IN APP ISSUES £3.99 IN APP ISSUES £3.99 DOWNLOAD How it Works. Simply download the Aviation Archive app. Once you have the app, you will be able to download new or back issues for less than newsstand price! Don’t forget to register for your Pocketmags account. This will protect your purchase in the event of a damaged or lost device. It will also allow you to view your purchases on multiple platforms. PC, Mac & iTunes Windows 10 Available on PC, Mac, Blackberry, Windows 10 and kindle fire from Requirements for app: registered iTunes account on Apple iPhone,iPad or iPod Touch. Internet connection required for initial download. Published by Key Publishing Ltd. The entire contents of these titles are © copyright 2018. All rights reserved. App prices subject to change. 321/18 INTRODUCTION 3 RAF Centenary 100 Famous Aircraft Vol 3: Fighters and Bombers of the Cold War cramble! Scramble! The aircraft may change, but the ethos keeping world peace. The threat from the East never entirely dissipated remains the same.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq: Summary of U.S
    Order Code RL31763 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Iraq: Summary of U.S. Forces Updated March 14, 2005 Linwood B. Carter Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Iraq: Summary of U.S. Forces Summary This report provides a summary estimate of military forces that have reportedly been deployed to and subsequently withdrawn from the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR), popularly called the Persian Gulf region, to support Operation Iraqi Freedom. For background information on the AOR, see [http://www.centcom.mil/aboutus/aor.htm]. Geographically, the USCENTCOM AOR stretches from the Horn of Africa to Central Asia. The information about military units that have been deployed and withdrawn is based on both official government public statements and estimates identified in selected news accounts. The statistics have been assembled from both Department of Defense (DOD) sources and open-source press reports. However, due to concerns about operational security, DOD is not routinely reporting the composition, size, or destination of units and military forces being deployed to the Persian Gulf. Consequently, not all has been officially confirmed. For further reading, see CRS Report RL31701, Iraq: U.S. Military Operations. This report will be updated as the situation continues to develop. Contents U.S. Forces.......................................................1 Military Units: Deployed/En Route/On Deployment Alert ..............1
    [Show full text]
  • Bombers America Had the Long-Range B-17 Flying Fortress Bomber As Early As 1935
    Bombers America had the long-range B-17 Flying Fortress bomber as early as 1935. This, along with the B-24, saw a lot of action in Europe. The B-24 Liberator was developed by 1938 and was in production by 1941. It had a 2,850-mile range and could fly 303 miles per hour (mph). Some 18,000 were built during B-17 FLYING FORTRESS the war. An Army Air Force report from 1944 nicely expresses the reasons for designing Courtesy of Betttman/Corbis the B-24: The Liberator was the result of the Army Air Forces’ desire for a long-range running mate for the Flying Fortress. In football language, we sought a good ball carrier who was just as good at long end runs as he was at off-tackle smashes. We thought of the B-24 in terms of patrol and transport as well as bombardment, and it has performed B-24 LIBERATOR all three functions splendidly. Courtesy of the US Air Force The B-29 Superfortress was the long-range bomber of the Pacific theater. It was bigger than the B-17 and the B-24. It could also fly greater distances—5,830 miles, with a top speed of 365 mph. It was designed for bombing runs over Japan. Medium-range bombers included the B-25 Mitchell (1938) and the B-26 Marauder (1939). Both were in mass-production by February 1941. Lt Col Jimmy Doolittle used the B-25 in the 1942 Tokyo raid. This attack B-29 SUPERFORTRESS showed Japan that Allied planes could reach Courtesy of the EAA/Ken Lichtenberg the home islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Airshows in California
    Airshows In California If you like to watch cool airplanes fly around, there is hardly a better state to live in than beautiful California. The great weather has made our state home to many air bases and to many passionate private owners of interesting aircraft. All the crop-dusting that goes on in the Central Valley produces many a fine aerobat. Nasa's Ames Research Center, right in Silicon Valley, has been at the leading edge of fluid dynamics studies for a while (they have the largest wind tunnel in the world). Also, much of the USAF's recon units are not too far from there, in the Sacramento area. Heading south, Lemoore is one of the US Navy's biggest fighter-jet bases. Further south; the LA area headquarters Northrop Grumman and AeronVironment and is home to some Boeing and Lockheed facilities, not to mention Vandenberg's rocket launchpads. And finally, the importance of Southern California's Antelope Valley to the development and testing of modern aviation technologies cannot be overstated, from Edwards Air Force Base and the Nasa Dryden Flight Research Center (where the sound barrier was first broken and where proof-of-concept X-planes still fly) to all the prototyping/testing facilities at Palmdale and the home of Scaled Composites in Mojave. So if you like aviation, there are few places you'd rather be at than California. And where there are a lot of people making aviation happen... there are airshows. If you live in California and think you might enjoy going to an airshow, here are some you can pick from.
    [Show full text]
  • Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress
    Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress September 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32665 Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The current and planned size and composition of the Navy, the annual rate of Navy ship procurement, the prospective affordability of the Navy’s shipbuilding plans, and the capacity of the U.S. shipbuilding industry to execute the Navy’s shipbuilding plans have been oversight matters for the congressional defense committees for many years. In December 2016, the Navy released a force-structure goal that calls for achieving and maintaining a fleet of 355 ships of certain types and numbers. The 355-ship goal was made U.S. policy by Section 1025 of the FY2018 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 2810/P.L. 115- 91 of December 12, 2017). The Navy and the Department of Defense (DOD) have been working since 2019 to develop a successor for the 355-ship force-level goal. The new goal is expected to introduce a new, more distributed fleet architecture featuring a smaller proportion of larger ships, a larger proportion of smaller ships, and a new third tier of large unmanned vehicles (UVs). On June 17, 2021, the Navy released a long-range Navy shipbuilding document that presents the Biden Administration’s emerging successor to the 355-ship force-level goal. The document calls for a Navy with a more distributed fleet architecture, including 321 to 372 manned ships and 77 to 140 large UVs. A September 2021 Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report estimates that the fleet envisioned in the document would cost an average of between $25.3 billion and $32.7 billion per year in constant FY2021 dollars to procure.
    [Show full text]
  • Mk 7 Aircraft Recovery Equipment
    CHAPTER 3 MK 7 AIRCRAFT RECOVERY EQUIPMENT Present-day aircraft normally require the use of then opened, allowing fluid to be forced from the runways that are 5,000 to 8,000 feet long in order to accumulator back into the engine cylinder, forcing the land ashore. On an aircraft carrier, these same aircraft ram out. As the ram moves out of the cylinder, the are stopped within 350 feet after contacting the deck. crosshead is forced away from the fixed sheave This feat is accomplished through the use of aircraft assembly, pulling the purchase cables back onto the recovery equipment, including an emergency barricade engine until the crosshead is returned to its BATTERY that brings a landing aircraft to a controlled stop by position and the crossdeck pendant is in its normal absorbing and dispelling the energy developed by the position on the flight deck. landing aircraft. This recovery equipment is commonly called arresting gear. PRERECOVERY PREPARATIONS The sole purpose of an aircraft carrier is to provide Prior to recovery of aircraft, all recovery equipment a means of launching a strike against an enemy and landing area must be made ready and all personnel anywhere in the world. After the aircraft complete their properly positioned. The following is a general listing mission, the carrier must provide a means of safely of the events that must be accomplished prior to the recovering them. The Mk 7 arresting gear provides this recovery of aircraft: means. • All operational retractable sheaves raised to the full up position AIRCRAFT RECOVERY • LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Describe aircraft All aft deckedge antennas positioned, as arrestments aboard aircraft carriers.
    [Show full text]