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Southwestern Willow Flycatcher United States Department of Agriculture Status, Ecology, and Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Conservation of the General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-60 Southwestern Willow September 2000 Flycatcher Abstract ____________________________________ Finch, Deborah M.; Stoleson, Scott H., eds. 2000. Status, ecology, and conservation of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-60. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 131 p. This publication was prepared in response to a need expressed by southwestern agencies and organizations for a comprehensive assessment of the population status, history, biology, ecology, habitats, threats, and conservation of the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus). The southwestern willow flycatcher was federally listed as an Endangered subspecies in 1995. A team of flycatcher experts from multiple agencies and organizations identified components of the publica- tion, wrote chapters, and cooperatively assembled management recommendations and research needs. We hope this publication will be useful in conserving populations and habitats of the southwestern willow flycatcher. Key words: southwestern willow flycatcher, endangered species, riparian, Southwest, exotic woody plants, rivers, recovery, habitat restoration, Neotropical migratory bird, brown-headed cowbird Acknowledgments____________________________ Financial assistance for preparing this report was provided by the Southwest Region and Rocky Mountain Research Station’s Rio Grande Ecosystem Program of the U.S. Forest Service. The editors and authors thank The Ornithological Council, and particularly Ellen Paul, for arranging a formal blind review of this publication, and they thank the peer reviewers themselves for their generous willingness to comment on the entire manuscript. We also extend our appreciation to John Rotenberry for insightful comments on the manuscript and to Nancy Chadwick for her assistance during the publication process, and to John Gustafson, Sheldon Plentovich, Susan Sferra, and Sandy Williams for their participation in the discussion process. Telephone (970) 498-1392 FAX (970) 498-1396 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/rm Mailing Address Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station 240 W. Prospect Road Fort Collins, CO 80526-2098 Top left photo: Adult southwestern willow flycatcher, White Mountains, Arizona. Photo by Suzanne Langridge Top right photo: Southwestern willow flycatcher adult, nest, and nestlings, Kern River Preserve. Photo by Sean Rowe Bottom photo: Southwestern willow flycatcher adult, nest, and nestlings, along irrigation ditch, Gila National Forest. Photo by Jean-Luc Cartron Status, Ecology, and Conservation of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Editors: Deborah M. Finch and Scott H. Stoleson USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station 2205 Columbia SE Albuquerque, NM 87106 Contents____________________________ Page Chapter 1: Introduction of the Conservation Assessment Concept........................... 1 Deborah M. Finch Chapter 2: Population Status on Breeding Grounds ..................................................... 3 Robert M. Marshall Chapter 3: Threats .......................................................................................................... 13 Robert M. Marshall Scott H. Stoleson Chapter 4: The Dynamic Environmental History of Southwest Willow Flycatcher Habitat: A Survey of Changing Riparian Conditions Through Time ............................................................................................... 25 Richard D. Periman Jeffrey F. Kelly Chapter 5: A Survey of Current Breeding Habitats ..................................................... 43 Mark K. Sogge Robert M. Marshall Chapter 6: Breeding Season Ecology ........................................................................... 57 Mark K. Sogge Chapter 7: Migration and Winter Ecology..................................................................... 71 Deborah M. Finch Jeffrey F. Kelly Jean-Luc E. Cartron Chapter 8: Demographic Characteristics and Population Modeling.......................... 83 Scott H. Stoleson Mary J. Whitfield Mark K. Sogge Chapter 9: The Ecology of Brown-Headed Cowbirds and Their Effects on Southwestern Willow Flycatchers .............................................................. 95 J. C. Uyehara Mary J. Whitfield Lloyd Goldwasser Chapter 10: Management Recommendations ............................................................ 107 Deborah M. Finch Janie Agyagos Tracy McCarthey Robert M. Marshall Scott H. Stoleson Mary J. Whitfield Chapter 11: Research Needs ....................................................................................... 119 Scott H. Stoleson Janie Agyagos Deborah M. Finch Tracy McCarthey Jamie Uyehara Mary J. Whitfield Appendix: Author Biosketches and Addresses ......................................................... 129 Deborah M. Finch Chapter 1: Introduction of the Conservation Assessment Concept The goal of this document is to describe the current with private landowners and conservation organiza- status, ecology, habitat, and threats of the southwest- tions to survey riparian habitats in California, Arizona, ern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus); to New Mexico, western Texas, southern Utah, southern offer guidance for managing and protecting this Neo- Nevada, and southern Colorado with the hope of tropical migrant and its habitats; and to identify gaps finding and protecting additional flycatchers and their in our knowledge of the bird and its requirements. habitats. Because populations of the flycatcher reside Goals, processes, and target species for U.S. Forest on lands under mixed ownerships, I concluded that the Service (USFS) conservation assessments of south- most effective conservation strategy for this subspe- western organisms were first outlined at a meeting cies of the willow flycatcher (WIFL) would have to be held by the USFS Southwestern Region on May 11-12, developed by multiple stakeholders. With this in mind, 1994. At that time, the Forest Service had identified I assembled a team comprised of representatives of sev- the southwestern willow flycatcher in a general cat- eral southwestern state and federal agencies, including egory called “riparian birds” whose conservation as- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, sessments would be drafted in 1999. Yet, by July 23, U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona 1993, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service had proposed Game and Fish, New Mexico Department of Game and to list E. t. extimus based on findings of a petition Fish, and California Department of Fish and Game to submitted in 1992 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service prepare the conservation assessment. To ensure suffi- 1993). When the southwestern willow flycatcher was cient technical expertise, additional representatives of federally listed as endangered in March 1995 (U.S. two nongovernmental organizations, Kern River Re- Fish and Wildlife Service 1995), the need for develop- search Center and The Nature Conservancy, were also ing management guidance became a higher priority, invited to participate in the development of specific and the date for completing the assessment was accel- technical review chapters. Biographical sketches and erated. In 1997, the USFS Southwestern Region asked institutional affiliations of authors who contributed the Rocky Mountain Research Station’s Albuquerque chapters to the assessment are given in the Appendix. office to prepare an assessment of the flycatcher that Our first meeting of the conservation assessment would provide guidance for conserving its populations team was held in Albuquerque on May 6, 1997. At that on national forests. time, we outlined the chapter topics, content, authors, Prior to and since its listing, federal, state, and and schedule needed for completing the conservation municipal agencies have been working together and assessment. We agreed that most chapters of the USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-60. 2000 1 assessment would be prepared by one or more experts the original Conservation Assessment Team (i.e., on the chapter topic, but that the Management Recom- Deborah Finch, Rob Marshall, Susam Sferra, Mark mendations and Research Needs chapters would be Sogge, Sartor Williams III, and Mary Whitfield) were developed through a group consensus process. The selected by FWS to be on the Recovery Team. Members team met on multiple occasions through the remain- of the Conservation Team circulated chapters of the der of 1997 and part of 1998 to discuss management Assessment to the Technical Subgroup of the Recovery recommendations and research needs, and to review Team. Information compiled and synthesized in this progress. On March 2, 1998, the team met to evaluate Assessment report served as a stepping stone and the final product and to initiate the review process. useful reference for drafting the technical portion of External reviews of the conservation assessment the recovery plan. Individual chapters of the Assess- were solicited from a wide variety of stakeholders, and ment report are cited liberally throughout the recov- their input was considered in the final document. In ery plan. The management chapter provided in our addition, arrangements were made with The Ornitho- Assessment report is viewed as interim guidance and logical Council to conduct a formal “blind review” of should be promptly
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