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Article 528334 94A75b72098ba 103 داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 (ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ) http://jer.iau-arak.ac.ir (ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ) ﺟﻠﺪ 8 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺳﺎل 1395 ، () ﺟﻠﺪ 8 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺳﺎل 1395 ، ( -103 113) ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ز ﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺗﻠﺨﻪ .Acroptilon repens L در ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Metzneria paucipunctella Zeller, 1839 (Lep.: Gelechiidae) ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮن اﻳﺮان * ﺑﻬﺮوز ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﻃﻬﻤﺎﺳﺒﻲ1 ، ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻮدي2 ، ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ2 ، ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻌﻠﻲ اﺳﺪي3 ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺗﻘﻲ آل اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ 4 4 -1 داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي ﻋﻠﻮم ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﻘﻖ اردﺑﻴﻠﻲ -2 ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ، اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ و داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﮔﺮوه زراﻋﺖ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻨﺪ -3 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﮔﺮوه زراﻋﺖ ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ -4 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﮔﺮوه زراﻋﺖ ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﻘﻖ اردﺑﻴﻠﻲ ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎ ي 1389- 1390 ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺗﻠﺨﻪ، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ در ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ آن ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺑﻮد ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آور ي ﺷﺪه ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﭘﺮورش، در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﺮورش داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ CABI در ﺳﻮﻳﻴﺲ و ﺑﺨﺶ رده ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ارﺳﺎل ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ 3 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ,Urophora xanthippe Munro (Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi, 1794 (Dip.: Tephritidae) ، 1973 (Dip.: Tephritidae و Metzneria paucipunctella ﺑﻮد. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ M. paucipunctella ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮن اﻳﺮان و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ U. xanthippe ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮن ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻲﻣ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. آﻣﺎر ﺑﺮداري و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ اي ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻻروﻫﺎي زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﮔﺬران ﮔﻮﻧﻪ U. xanthippe در اواﻳﻞ ارد ﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎه ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮه ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﭘﺲ از 7/13 (روز) ﺑﻪ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ. ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ از 3 (ﺳﺎﻋﺖ) ﺧﺮوج از ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺟﻔﺖ ﮔﻴﺮي و ﺗﺨﻢ رﻳﺰي ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣﻮن داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ 5 ﮔﻴﺎه از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻛﺎﺳﻨﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻣﮕﺲ ﺑﺬر ﺧﻮار ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮده و داراي رژﻳﻢ ﻏﺬاي ﺗﻚ ﺧﻮار ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ از ﺑﺬور ﺗﻠﺨﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻲﻣ ﻛﻨﺪ ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻚ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮدن و ﺗﻮان ﺑﺎﻻ در ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺬور ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻲﻣ رﺳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮان از اﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺗﻠﺨﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﺬر ﺧﻮار، زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ، ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻛﻨﺘﺮل، ﺗﻠﺨﻪ، ﻓﻮن * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ( /9/6 94 -) ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ( /24/3 )95 ١٠٣ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﻃﻬﻤﺎﺳﺒﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ز ﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺗﻠﺨﻪ ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻣﺮوزه ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻒﻛ ﺶﻫﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﻣﺎ ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳ ﺴﺖ ( Vahabzadeh et al. , 2009 )، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻒﻛ ﺶﻫﺎ ( Zand & Baghestani, 2007 ) و ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻬﺎده ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺎورزي ( ,Rahimian Mashhadi & Banan 1996 ) ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت در ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻋﻠﻒﻛﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻮد. در اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ راه ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و اﻣﺮوزه ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺧﻮﺑﻲ روﺑ ﻪ رو ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﻧﻴ ﻮزﻟﻨﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ روش ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد (Hayes, 2000) . ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه در ﻛﺎﻧﺎدا ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮوژه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺎز ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺮوژه ا ي، 1/2 ﺗﺎ 1/5 ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن دﻻر اﻋﻼم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ، اﻣﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ در ﻛﺸﺎورزي 40 ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن دﻻر ﺑﻮده و ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و اراﻳﻪ آن ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزار 8 ﺗﺎ 10 ﺳﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻲ اﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ (Harris, 1979) . ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ در ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ 30 ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎ 210 ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ و ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ (Andres, 1977). ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﺑﻴﺶ از 41 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﻣﻬﻢ در ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖآﻣﻴﺰ ي ﺑﺎ روش ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴ ﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ (Mc Fadyen, 2000) . ﺗﻠﺨﻪ ( Acroptilon repens L. ( Compositae ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪم در ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻗﺎدر اﺳﺖ در زراﻋﺖ ﻫﺎي دﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ 80 درﺻﺪ ﺧﺴﺎرت وارد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ( Mirshekari, 2004 ) و ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل و زﻣﻴﻦ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﺪ ( Zand et al ., 2002 ). ﺷﻴﻠﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﺗﻠﺨﻪ در ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺣﺪود 5 ﺗﺎ 40 ﻫﺰار ﺑﺬر ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺬر زﻳﺎد ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﺰاﻳﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺑﺮاي رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Sheley et al ., 1998 .) ﺗﻠﺨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ داﺷﺘﻦ آ ﻟﻠﻮﭘﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع و ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬار اﺳﺖ (Watson & Renney, 1974) و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ روش ﻫﺎ ي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل، ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اي در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ آن ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن در ﺟﻬﺎن ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل 2005 ، ﺣﺪود 38 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ 12 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 4 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﮕﺲ ﺑﺬر ﺧﻮار ( Urophora affinis Frauenfeld ، Terellia virens Loew ، U. quadrifacita Meigen و Chaetorellia acrolophi White & Marquardt) 4 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮﻟﻚ داران ( Metzneria paucipunctella ، Pelochrista medullana Staudinger ، Pterolonche insperda Staudinger Zeller و (Agapeta zoegana Zeller و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ 4 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮﺷﺎن ( Pterolonche insperda Staudinger ، Bangastemus fausti Reitter ، Cyphocleonus achates Fahraeus و Larinus obtusus Gyllenhal ) ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . از ﺑﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ 12 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ، ﻛﺎرا ﻳﻲ 2 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺬر ﺧﻮار ( U. quadrifacita ، Urophora affinis) ﺑﻴ ﺸﺘﺮ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮآورد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Linda & Wilson Carol, 2005 ). اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺷﺮق اﻳ ﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه و ﻛﺎﻧﺎدا ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ و رﻫﺎ ﺳﺎزي ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ از رﻫﺎﺳﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح ذﻳﻞ: Urophora ،Urophora affini s Metzneria paucipunctella ،quadrif asciata و Larinus minutus ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ . & Hoebeke, 1993; Wheeler, 1995; Mays) Kok, 1996; Wheeler & Stoops, 1996). ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه در ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎﻧﺎ ﻧﺸﺎنداد ﻛﻪ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از Urophora ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﺪا ﻗﻞ 40 درﺻﺪ داﻧﻪ در ﺗﻠﺨﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (Story et al ., 1989). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن داد، ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺬر ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Urophora زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﮔﻮﻧﻪ M. paucipunctella ﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮي دارد (Story et al ., 1991) . ﻛﻼرك و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ، ١٠٤ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 8 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺳﺎل 1395، ( -103 113) ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻣﮕﺲﻫﺎ ي ﺑﺬر ﺧﻮار در ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ و ﻛﻠﻤﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺬر ﺗﻠﺨﻪ ﺗﺎ 95 درﺻﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﻴ ﺪاﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ .( .( Clark et al ., 2001 ) ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺗﻠﺨﻪ ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ و ﻳﻚ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻻ در ﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ و اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي زراﻋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻠﺨﻪ و از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ آن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺬر ﺑﻮده و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ اﻳﺮان ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺷﺪن اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺗﻠﺨﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺬر آن ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺟﺎري ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺑ ﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺗﻠﺨﻪ ﻛﻪ از ﺑﺬر آن ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ، در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و ﺑﻬﺎر ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎ ي 1390- 1389 در دو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ از ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺗﻠﺨﻪ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ و ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ در روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ داراي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ و ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻨﺪ و ﻗﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺟﺪول (1 ) اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﺮ 20 روز ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎر از اواﺳﻂ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ﺗﺎ اواﺳﻂ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺎزدﻳﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮدار ي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺟﺪول 1- ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮدار ي ﺷﺪه از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺗﻠﺨﻪ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ Table 1- List of sampling locations of biological control agents of knapweed in South Khorasan province Location (City) Geographic coordinates Altitude(m) Birjand 32 ◦ 42 ' 49 /20 " N 59 ◦ 6 ' 51 /31 " E 1427/15 Ghaen 32 ◦ 44 ' 0/31 " N 59 ◦ 6 ' 49 /62 " E 1536/57 روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎ ي ﺗﻠﺨﻪ در ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑ ﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﻏﻮزه ، ﻫﺮ ﻏﻮزه ﺑ ﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ و ﻻرو و ﺷﻔ ﻴﺮهﻫﺎ ي ﺟﻤ ﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺷﻜﻞ، اﻧﺪازه و رﻧﮓ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ و ﭘﺮورش، ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﭘﺮورش، آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎز ي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤ ﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﭘﺮورش در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 5±65 درﺻﺪ و دﻣﺎي 1± 25 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس و دوره ﻧﻮري 16 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ روﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ و 8 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﺎرﻳﻜﻲ در داﺧﻞ اﺗﺎﻗﻚ ﭘﺮورش ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺣﺸﺮات ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه از ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑ ﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﭘﺮﭘﺎراﺳﻴﻮن از ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻫﺎ ي ﺑﺬر ﺧﻮار، از ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﮔﻠ ﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ و اﺳ ﻴﺪﻻﻛﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ 5:1 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. در اﺑﺘﺪا ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ داﺷﺘﻦ رﻧﮓ ﺗﻴﺮه ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﺎف ﺳﺎز ي داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺷﻔﺎف ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻔﺎف ﺳﺎز ي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﺳﻪ روز در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﻬﻴﻪ اﺳﻼﻳﺪ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧ ﻪﻫﺎ در اﻟﻜﻞ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻮاد ١٠٥ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﻃﻬﻤﺎﺳﺒﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ز ﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺗﻠﺨﻪ ... اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻫﺎي ﺑﺪن ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﻴﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﻮﻳﺮ اﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﺳﻪ روز در دﻣﺎي 40 ﺗﺎ 50 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس در آون ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. از ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ ي ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺪن ﺣﺸﺮه ( ﺑﺎ درﺷﺖ ﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﻲ x 40) ﺑ ﻪ وﺳ ﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ دورﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﺮدار ي ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﮕﺲﻫﺎ ي ﺑﺬر ﺧﻮار از ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ 10 ﻋﺪد 5( ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎده و 5 5 ﻋﺪد ﻧﺮ) در اﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺮار داده و ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺬر ﺧﻮار ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺗﺎﻟﻪ در زﻳﺮ اﺳﺘﺮﻳﻮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ در ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ CABI در ﺳﻮﻳﻴﺲ و ﺑﺨﺶ رده ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ارﺳﺎل ﺷﺪﻧﺪ.
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