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Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Public Safety CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC SAFETY INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS The Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Public Safety will help develop and promote research and policy relevant to criminology and public safety in the Caribbean. Articles with a multi-disciplinary thrust, papers dealing with theoretical issues in criminology and public safety, or those with cross-cultural implications will be considered suitable. Papers which establish theoretical or empirical relationships between criminology and public policy will also be welcome. This journal seeks to encourage interaction among academics, policy-makers and judicial administrators in the Caribbean and internationally. Papers from within the Caribbean region and other parts of the world are therefore welcome. Submission of papers: All manuscripts submitted to this journal should follow the style and method of presentation outlined in the revised edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. An abstract of 100-150 words should accompany the paper. Papers must be typed, double-spaced and sent via email or in triplicate with diskette copy in Microsoft Word (PC version) to: Professor Ramesh Deosaran (Emeritus), Editor, Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Public Safety, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, O’Meara Campus, Arima, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, WEST INDIES. E-mail address: [email protected] Tel: 868-642-8888 Ext. 21350; Fax: 868-643-2895 www.utt.edu.tt Book Reviews: Authors who wish to have their books reviewed in this journal may send these to: Book Review Editor (use above address). Theoretical Notes: There will be room for brief commentaries which challenge or enhance current issues on the theoretical or research literature. Such commentaries may also introduce new perspectives or ideas which could be eventually expanded by concerned workers in the field. Send to Editor. Abstracting Service: The CJCPS is covered to date by the following Abstracting and Indexing Services: Caribbean Abstracts, ClinPSYC, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Index to Periodical Articles Related to Law, Mental Health Abstracts, National Criminal Justice Reference Services (NCJRS Database), Political Science and Government Abstracts, Psychological Abstracts, PsycINFO and PsycLIT, PAIS International, PAIS International in Print, PAIS International Guide to Public Policy Information Sources: Journals, Publishers and Websites, Sociological Abstracts and Social Services Abstracts. SUBSCRIPTIONS & ORDERS The Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Public Safety (ISSN 2073 5405) is published semi-annually (Jan & July). All correspondence should be directed to Order Department, Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Public Safety, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, O’Meara Campus, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Tel: 868-642-8888 Ext. 21350; Fax: 868-643-2895; Email: [email protected] Subscription Rates: (Local and regional) – Libraries and institutions TT$170; Individuals TT$130; Students TT$110. One issue only: Libraries and institutions TT$90; Individuals TT$70; Students TT$60. (Foreign-Europe, Latin America and elsewhere) Libraries and institutions US$30; Individuals US$25; Students US$20. One issue only: Libraries and institutions US$20; Individuals US$15; Students US$10. Subscription will commence after payment is received. Foreign orders must be made in US Dollars via bank draft/cheques drawn from a US/European bank. Cheques should be made payable to The University of Trinidad and Tobago. Use order forms attached and send with payment. Allow 4 weeks for delivery. All prices include postage. - Exclusive International Distribution Agent - GAUNT INC., 3011 Gulf Drive, Holmes Beach, FL 34217-2199, USA. Tel: toll free 800-942-8683 / 941-778-5211; Fax: 941-778-5252; Email: [email protected]; Website: www.gaunt.com CONTRIBUTORS • Dr. Ramesh Deosaran, Professor Emeritus, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, O’Meara Campus, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago. • Dr. Béatrice Boufoy-Bastick, Lecturer, Department of Liberal Arts, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. • Dr. Corin Bailey, Fellow, SALISES, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. • Charlene Coore-Desai, doctoral student, University of London, United Kingdom. • Dr. Godfrey St. Bernard, Fellow, SALISES, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. • Ms. Charisse Clarke, M.A., Senior Lecturer, Department of Criminal Justice, College of Science, Technology and Applied Arts of Trinidad and Tobago, City Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. • Mr. Simon Alexis, doctoral student, Department of Behavioural Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. • Mr. Wendell C. Wallace, doctoral student, Department of Behavioural Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. • Dr. Nathan W. Pino, Associate Professor, Texas State University – San Marcos, Texas, USA and Visiting Fulbright Scholar, Department of Behavioural Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. • Dr. Dianne A. Williams, Assistant Professor, North Carolina A&T State University; Lecturer, Department of Behavioural Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago. • Dr. Camille Hernandez-Ramdwar, Assistant Professor, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada. CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC SAFETY January&July 2009 Volume 14, Nos. 1&2 ISSN 2073 5405 CONTENTS Editorial The Next Generation of Scholars i Ramesh Deosaran Keynote Address Criminology: Challenges and Public Policy iv Ramesh Deosaran Papers A Culturometric Analysis of Fear of Crime in Trinidad 1 Béatrice Boufoy-Bastick Offender Abuse History: Findings from Her Majesty’s Prison, Barbados 49 Corin Bailey and Charlene Coore-Desai Firearms and Reported Homicide in Trinidad and Tobago: A Socio-Demographic Perspective 81 Godfrey C. St. Bernard Research/Theoretical Notes Developing Children’s Rights in Trinidad and Tobago: The Move From Rhetoric to Social Reality 110 Charisse Clarke Rapists’ Accounts of Their Motivations, Pre-Meditation and Target Choices: Some Trinidad and Tobago Data 162 Simon Alexis Tourism and Crime in a Small Island Destination: The Case of Tobago Wendell C. Wallace 186 Policy Notes Developing Democratic Policing in the Caribbean: The Case of Trinidad and Tobago 214 Nathan W. Pino Conceptualising Restorative Justice in the Caribbean: The Philosophy, The Policy and the Practice 259 Dianne A. Williams Shottas and Cubatoneros: Badmanism, Bling and Youth Crime in Trinidad and Cuba 285 Camille Hernadez-Ramdwar © 2009 The University of Trinidad and Tobago SPECIAL INVITATION TO GRADUATE STUDENTS A CALL FOR BRIEF SUMMARIES OF THESES, RESEARCH OR THEORETICAL NOTES ON ISSUES WITHIN CRIMINOLOGY OR PUBLIC SAFETY The CJCPS has introduced a regular Graduate Research Section in its issues. This is an invitation to graduate students both within and outside the Caribbean to submit synopses of their theses, commentaries and research/theoretical notes for consideration to be published in this journal. Guidelines for Contributors (inside back cover) apply. Papers should be sent to: Graduate Research Editor Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Public Safety The University of Trinidad and Tobago O’Meara Campus, Arima TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, WEST INDIES. Tel: 868-642-8888 Ext. 21350, Fax: 868-643-2895 Email: [email protected] i EDITORIAL – THE NEXT GENERATION OF SCHOLARS Ramesh Deosaran As this journal, the Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Public Safety approaches its 15th year of existence, we wish to keep our doors open to what has been called the “next generation of scholars.” In fact, this was the theme of the Criminology Conference 2009 hosted by the Criminology Unit, The University of the West Indies earlier this year in April at the St. Augustine Campus. We are pleased to grant appropriate space in this volume to a selection of the papers presented at this Criminology Conference. Of course, these papers were subsequently peer reviewed and we well imagine would have caused some discomfort to some authors who were asked to make significant changes to their respective papers. While we appreciate their cooperation, and further, while we encourage research and publication, Caribbean scholars must recognize that some amount of intellectual rigour must accompany this enterprise. Of course, realistically speaking and quite often, we leave room for new ideas, creative research and even idiosyncratic pursuits, especially those that create healthy debate within the growth of a Caribbean Criminology. We wish to congratulate the authors for their effort, both at the Criminology Conference, and in preparing their papers for this Special Issue of the CJCPS. ii EDITORIAL The papers selected for this issue ranged from data‐driven to conceptual ones. Systematic research and conceptualization in the areas of criminology and criminal justice are strongly required for the growth of the discipline in this region. Some of the papers suggest the need for further research and theoretical analysis. It is for this reason that while we have a section on substantive Papers, we have opened sections on Research/Theoretical Notes and Policy Notes. We hope that by publishing their papers, this “next generation” of criminologists will be inspired to strengthen their professional commitment, public service and intellectual output. We are of course naturally pleased
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