Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021

CUBA

Overall risk level

Extreme Defer non-essential travel

Extremely dangerous and presents unpredic- table security risks

Chaotic; travel impossible Overview

Emergency Numbers

Medical 104

Upcoming Events

There are no upcoming events scheduled

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 2 Travel Advisories

Moderate risk: Nationwide shortage of basic goods and supplies Anticipate possible disruptions for travel across the island, including Havana, as well as related protests in the medium-term because of shortages and rationing of basic food items, medicine, water, electricity and petrol.

After two decades of relative food and utilities stability fueled by cheap Venezuelan oil, shortages of food, medicine, personal hygiene items, water, electricity and petrol have once again become a serious daily problem for millions of Cubans since the beginning of 2019, with hours-long queues and scuffles at markets reported across the island. Economic decline – 11 percent in 2020 – and rationing measures have been further enforced due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. As part of a major reform to a state-controlled economy, private businesses were allowed to operate in most sectors on 7 February, and restrictions were further eased in July when private businesses with up to 100 employees were allowed to operate in the wake of mass anti-government protests.

In January 2020, the government announced rationing measures on liquefied gas, while rationing of electricity was announced earlier in July 2019, with power outages lasting up to 28 hours reported in Havana, Pinar del Río, Artemisa, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Las Tunas, Holguín and Santiago de Cuba. Shortages and economic conditions have triggered protests in Havana and Santa Clara since March 2019 – including in the San Isidro neighbourhood of the capital on 4 April 2021, while public transport services have been severely affected due to a scarcity of fuel, including in Guantánamo and Santiago de Cuba provinces, but also in Havana, Sancti Spíritus and Villa Clara provinces. Earlier, in May 2019, the government announced nationwide rationing of staple products such as eggs, rice, beans, chicken, cooking oil, bread and soap, amid shortages it blames on the United States (US) trade embargo and hoarders. On 1 July 2019, the government increased the monthly minimum salary, in response to increasing living costs, while in October 2019 reforms were announced to allow residents to open bank accounts in foreign currencies and purchase with foreign currency in stores in Havana and Santiago de Cuba.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 3 In October 2020, authorities announced that the rationing book would be discontinued after a long-due monetary unification phase 1 has been concluded. The long-due monetary unification will leave the Cuban peso (CUP) as the only local currency, after the convertible peso (CUC) will be removed from the market, beginning from 1 January, with a six month grace period. The announcement follows controversial measures such as the opening of supermarkets and shops where payments could only be done in CUC, foreign currency or a card. The monetary unification will be accompanied by wage and pension reforms, although banks are expected to respect savings in both local and foreign currency accounts. The scheme was signed into law on 1 January 2021 with the price of basic goods set to soar as a result, including the price of bread by a magnitude of four. Due to these shortages among a slew of other issues, massive anti-government protests erupted in cities nationwide on 11-14 July that resulted in at least one death and thousands of arrests. In August, the government introduced new regulations on the use of social media and the internet, making inciting acts "that alter public order" a crime.

Since late September 2019, increased Venezuelan crude and fuel shipments have eased the fuel shortage somewhat, although diesel remains elusive. However, an overall reduction in imported oil from Venezuela, the end of a medical services deal with Brazil and poor performances in important economic sectors including nickel mining, sugar and tourism have also left Cuba heavily indebted to the suppliers of food and food processing equipment, including those in the US and Brazil, which no longer supply Cuba. COVID-19 outbreak related restrictions have further limited income from tourism sector, while authorities have added more products to the ration book and launched online shopping and delivery in a bid to avoid hours-long lines form outside of shops, potentially turning into a source of infection and spread of the virus. In many cases, however, customers have received their online orders delayed or incomplete.

The US administration also banned all charter flights between US and Cuba, except to Havana, initially for 60 days from 10 January 2020, which was further extended due to COVID-19 travel restrictions. The ban followed an earlier ban of commercial flights between the two countries in October 2019, when the Cubana de Aviación airline also suspended national and international flights following the termination of two aircraft lease contracts due to sanctions. Western Union was forced to close their 407 offices in the country after sanctions were imposed by the Donald Trump

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 4 administration which also restored Cuba to a list of state sponsors of terrorism in January 2019. US President Joe Biden has, however, promised to renew diplomatic talks and reverse some of the sanctions on remittances which mount around USD2 to 3 billion annually being the third biggest source of income after industry and tourism, as well as on travel between the US and Cuba. Officials have warned that more austere times are yet to come; as the current situation is directly linked to the crisis in Venezuela, a further escalation of rationing, shortages and related protests can be expected in the medium-term.

Anticipate possible disruptions for travel across the island, including Havana, as well as related protests because of increasing shortages and rationing measures. Avoid all large public gatherings. Exercise caution around regular supermarkets, grocery stores or food-storage facilities where looting and unrest can erupt quickly and without warning. Residents and expatriates are advised to store 7.6 to 11 litres (two to three gallons) of water per person per day for the days when the water supply is curtailed. Ensure a sufficient supply of essential food and personal hygiene items and bottled water at all times as well as hotel water supplies prior to travel. Avoid eating perishable items, particularly fruit and vegetables that are unwashed and implement advanced hygiene. Maintain a full tank of fuel in vehicles and equipment, where possible, in the event of a protracted fuel shortage. Track local media for situational updates.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 5 Summary

Cuba is an Extreme Risk destination: defer non-essential travel. Extreme Risk locations are extremely dangerous and present unpredictable security risks. Travel, if possible, is likely to be chaotic.

Covid-19 Extreme Risk Authorities have implemented proactive tracking and isolation measures, with national Abdala y Soberana 2 vaccines expected to ease high infection rates. However, the healthcare system is under great pressure amid a record-high uptick in COVID-19 infections due to a lack of medical supplies, as of early August. A "new normality" phase is in place but Havana and multiple other provinces reverted into tighter restrictions. Regular and charter flights are allowed entry to the country.

Political Instability Moderate Risk The Cuban socialist republic continues to undergo an inevitable process of major economic change, but progressive reforms are occurring at a slow pace amid a trade embargo and dependence on Venezuelan aid and fuel subsidies. President Miguel Díaz-Canel was sworn into office in April 2018, marking the end of a nearly 60-year rule of the Castro brothers, while a new Constitution approved in February 2019 legalised private property and created the role of Prime Minister but retained a one- party system.

Conflict Moderate Risk The island maintains ties with governments in the region, but bilateral relationship with the United States (US) deteriorated during the Donald Trump administration due to travel restrictions and a trade embargo to pressure Cuba to reform and stop supporting Venezuela's President Nicolás Maduro. Armed conflict is, however, unlikely. Cuba maintains a large security apparatus for the stated purpose of suppressing subversive domestic activities.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 6 Terrorism Low Risk Cuba does not have a recent history of terrorist-related activity either at home or abroad, and was removed from the US State Department list of state sponsors of terrorism in May 2015. The Cuban intelligence services are effective, far-reaching and sophisticated, making Cuba a difficult environment for terrorists to operate in.

Unrest Moderate Risk The government bans opposition political activity; there is a high level of social control, restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly and a strong police presence. Demonstrations are therefore rare, but generally peaceful protests over specific issues, such as LGBT rights or political prisoners, have been held in Havana, frequently leading to arrests. The potential for civil unrest exist over government control and austerity measures.

Crime Low Risk In comparison to the rest of the region, crime rates in Cuba are considered to be low, excluding Havana, Varadero and Santiago de Cuba, where petty and violent crime appear to be on the rise with opportunist theft affecting foreign nationals most often. The lack of luxury consumer goods on the island makes foreign valuables especially enticing to petty thieves. Cuban and foreign nationals may be watched by the secret police, while police presence is heavy on streets, especially in Havana.

Natural and Environmental Moderate Risk Located within the Caribbean hurricane belt, Cuba experiences hurricanes and other tropical storm systems from June to November which can cause extensive flooding and damage to buildings, roads and electrical infrastructure in low-lying and coastal areas. Eastern provinces, notably Guantanamo province, are affected by annual drought.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 7 Health and Medical Medium Risk Medical facilities are adequate in Havana, but limited in rural areas. Many health facilities face shortages of bed space and medical supplies, and there is a shortage of drugs on the island. Emergency services are very limited, especially in rural areas; serious conditions may require evacuation. There are periodic outbreaks of mosquito- borne viruses and hundreds of cases of leptospirosis reported annually.

Local Travel Medium Risk Roads are poorly maintained outside of Havana and other main cities and towns, with long distances between service stations. Driving can be dangerous at night due to unmarked roads and the number of locals asking for rides often spill out into the streets. Special tourist buses are generally considered comfortable and safe, while regular buses are often overcrowded and carry a risk of petty theft. There are serious concerns over domestic air travel, and railway service is generally unreliable. Unlicensed taxis should always be avoided. Identifications must be available at all times for stationary and motorcycle traffic police.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 8 Political Overview : Moderate Risk

Cuba boasts a repressive, communist regime allied with Venezuela and other leftist countries in the Americas. The country is a socialist republic consisting of executive, legislative and judicial branches, although in practice, all are under governmental control. In late 1991, Cuba lost its closest ally and sponsor, the USSR, after the fall of Soviet Communism. Fidel Castro, the octogenarian leader who ruled the country with an iron grip from 1959 until retiring in early 2008, then amended the Constitution to remove all references to Marxism-Leninism and introduced a programme of limited economic reform to ensure the survival of the Revolution. There are elections to the National Assembly, which has 605 members, every five years, but these are hardly democratic. The list of candidates is selected by the party and is therefore made up of pro-Government politicians who generally run unopposed. The National Assembly voted on new Electoral Law in July 2019; including a reduction of the number of members of its legislative and executive bodies - the National Assembly from 605 to 474 representatives and Council of State from 31 to 21 members.

After nearly half a century in power, Castro anointed his younger brother, Raul, and the National Assembly elected him as the new president in February 2008. After continuing the same practices and regime model, Raul Castro announced plans to step down from power in April 2018. Vice President of the Council of State Miguel Díaz-Canel, who rose quickly through the ranks of the Communist Party, assumed power on 19 April 2018, and replaced Raul Castro as the leader of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) in April 2021, opening up an opportunity for gradual changes, but also an equal amount of uncertainty. Opinion polls indicate Cubans are keen for change, and when a national referendum was held on 24 February 2019, they answered with a resounding yes. Over 86 percent of voters were in favour of the new Constitution, which legalises the free market including private property and promotes foreign investment, creates the position of prime minister and imposes age and term limits for the president. Manuel Marrero Cruz was appointed Prime Minister to manage the daily operations of the Cuban government, but always reporting to the President, on 21 December 2019. While critics of the new Constitution, including then-United States (US) Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, dismissed the vote as so-called 'cosmetic reforms', many are optimistic that the drafting this new charter will help to push for more debate among other sectors. In

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 9 fact, in January 2021, Cuba launched a money unification reform and in February 2021, private businesses were allowed to operate in most sectors in a major reform to the country's state-controlled economy. The Biden administration in the US is also expected to lift some of Trump's restrictions on business and travel between the US and Cuba amid a shrinking economy – down by 11 percent in 2020 in the worst economic decline in almost three decades – amid economic and COVID-19 restrictions.

Following the 17 December 2014 US White House announcement of changes to Cuban policy, both countries have taken unprecedented steps toward the normalisation of their bilateral relations, creating political expectations for a gradual regime change and improving economic performance in Cuba. As the US administration quadrupled the limit of remittance to Cuba to USD2,000 per quarter and allowed US citizens to import USD400 worth of Cuban goods, the economy received a major boost. However, such growth has been largely limited. Hopes for tourism to fuel economic growth have stalled as the Trump administration reintroduced travel restrictions for US citizens to Cuba. Further, while tourism increased by one million people a year since 2014 it remains largely limited by its low-quality and capacity that is further exacerbated by growing restrictions on private businesses, an absence of private investments and government control. More than 70 percent of the GDP comes from service despite the growing income from tourism and remittances. Thanks to the embargo, the country lacks liquidity, as well as material resource, and, together with insufficient industrial and construction capacities, tourism and remittance will not bring about any long- term and deep change to the economy. Additionally, Cuban dependence on Venezuelan aid and fuel subsidies has caused further economic downturn with the key ally facing grave social, economic and political turmoil. The combination of conservative Cuban ruling elite and the unwelcoming US administration downplays any prospects of the lifting of the US embargo. Persisting economic difficulties can push forward the calls for a more radical change, especially after Fidel Castro’s death and Raul Castro's ceding of power in 2018 - and his stepping down as first secretary of the Communist Party in April 2021, but effective reforms would risk initial major economic breakdown while gradual ones would only be ineffective.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 10 Conflict : Moderate Risk

International Relations: Cuba enjoyed excellent relations with Venezuela's populist former leader Hugo Chávez. His successor, Nicolás Maduro, has maintained this favourable relationship amid crisis in Venezuela. Good relations also exist with Nicaragua and Russia, while relationship with Bolivia cooled down after the institutional crisis that forced the resignation of President Evo Morales in December 2019. Cuba withdrew medical workers from Bolivia following the incident, as well as from Brazil in November 2019 due to new requirements announced by President Jair Bolsonaro for Cuban professionals. Earlier, in 2008, after years of trying to re-establish full political dialogue, the European Union lifted all sanctions on Cuba, followed in 2016 by the signing of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement that cemented full bilateral relations between Havana and the Union.

In 2006, Havana hosted a summit meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, a collection of states that consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any other states or power bloc. Castro was elected President of the Movement; a nominal leadership which has little real influence over other Non-Aligned Movement member states.

External Conflicts: Relations between Cuba and the United States deteriorated rapidly following the conclusion of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, with the United States maintaining a complete commercial, economic and financial embargo against the island since 1962. Throughout the Cold War years, the possibility of escalation into war became very real, particularly during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. However, the infamously poor relationship has begun to thaw following the 17 December 2014 White House announcement of changes to Cuban policy leading to a restoration of bilateral relations and minor easing on financial and travel restrictions. As part of the broader agreement, a so-called "spy swap" also saw the release of three Cuban intelligence officers held in the US and an American developer and a Cuban intelligence agent that allegedly spied for the US held in Havana. In June 2017, the administration of Donald Trump, however, rolled back travel restrictions and conditioned further thawing of bilateral relations on improvements of Cuba’s human rights record, with new restrictions imposed on 4 June 2019 to pressure Cuba to reform and stop supporting Maduro.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 11 Located in the southeastern tip of the island, Guantanamo Bay has long been a source of disagreement and tension between the US and Cuba, but it is unlikely to be a catalyst for armed conflict. The US Navy has had a presence in Guantanamo since 1903 under a perpetual lease with no termination date established by the Cuban- American Treaty that same year. The former Castro administration viewed the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base as an illegal occupation of the area and has repeatedly called for the US to shut down operations. Today, Guantanamo is notorious as a detention centre where the US holds upwards of 40 terror suspects. In recent years, human rights organisations have urged the US to close the base amid accusations of torture and other human rights violations; however, in January 2018, Trump signed an executive order to keep the prison camp open indefinitely.

Strength of Military Forces: Ground forces, naval forces, air defence forces and other paramilitary bodies comprise the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces. Cuba's military received massive assistance from the Soviet Union during the Cold War years, but military power has been sharply reduced by the loss of Soviet subsidies in the last few decades. Today, Cuba's armed forces number approximately 49,000 regular troops, down from an estimated 235,000 active duty personnel during its peak years. Under the Ministry of the Interior, Cuba maintains a large security apparatus for the stated purpose of suppressing subversive activities within Cuba.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 12 Terrorism

International Terrorism: There is a low threat from international terrorism in Cuba. Of more significance is the Miami-based political opposition group the Cuban- American National Foundation (CANF) which allegedly funded three bombings of Cuban hotels on 4 September 1997. The bombings killed an Italian businessman. In mid-1998, in an interview with the New York Times, an ex-CIA agent and Cuban exile, Luis Posada Carriles, admitted that he had planned the bombings with CANF funding, but the organisation denied the charges. Carriles was also believed to be behind the bombing of a Cuban airliner in the 1970s. Cuba has repeatedly demanded the extradition of Carriles to shed light on his role in the aforementioned terrorist attacks, without success.

Domestic Terrorism: The Cuban intelligence services are effective, far-reaching and sophisticated, making Cuba a difficult environment for terrorists to operate in. The US State Department listed Cuba as state sponsor of terrorism from March 1982 - due to its history of training and arming communist rebels in Africa and Latin America - until 29 May 2015, as a result of the 17 December 2014 US agreement to restore relations with Cuba. Today, there is no indication that Cuba currently provides weapons, training, or funding to terrorist groups abroad. Although there is concern over the island's relations with state sponsors of terrorism, such as Iran, Libya and Syria, US intelligence experts have been hard pressed to find evidence that Cuba in fact promotes terrorist activity. However, the Trump administration has expressed a will to return Cuba to the list of countries that sponsor terrorism if its government and military continue to support President Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 13 Unrest : Moderate Risk

Protests and Demonstrations: Demonstrations are rare in the island given tight social controls and a government ban on opposition political activity. Cuba has come under fire by international human rights organizations for denying freedom of assembly and freedom of speech and press, among other universal rights. Aside from the Cuban Workers' Union (CTC), which is controlled by the state, civil and professional organisations in the island are barred from having legal status.

In the past, protests have been quickly broken up by the country's security apparatus, and the demonstrators forcibly removed from protest areas. The potential for civil unrest exist over government control and austerity measures. Due to shortages among a slew of other issues, massive anti-government protests erupted in cities nationwide on 11-14 July 2021 that resulted in at least one death and thousands of arrests. In the first half of 2019, people marched in Havana's Malecón, Paseo de Martí, Galiano street, Parque Central and Plaza de la Revolución (Revolution Square) over LGBT rights, animal rights and against a constitutional referendum in Spring 2019 leading to the arrest of multiple people. The Cuban Government normally responds by blaming civil unrest on the US, stating that American diplomats instigate opposition protests and local demonstrators are on the payroll of the US.

Recent incidents

05 August 2021 - 06 August 2021 Moderate risk: Pro-government march to be held in Havana on 5 August Government supporters will rally at Torreón de la Chorrera before marching along Malecón en route to Parque 13 de Marzo in Havana from 09:00 local time (13:00 GMT) on 5 August, as part of an officially sanctioned counter-demonstration in response to anti-government protests across the country in mid-July.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 14 Crime : Low Risk

Petty Crime: In comparison to the rest of the region, crime rates in Cuba are considered to be low. However, crime rates are substantially higher in the two main cities, Havana and Santiago de Cuba, than in the rest of the country. Pickpocketing and other opportunistic theft is a major problem in Cuba. Pickpockets operate in the usual places: public transport, railway and bus stations, crowded markets and streets, nightclubs, and around tourist attractions. Areas of Havana targeted most often by petty thieves include the neighbourhoods of Old Havana, Centro Havana, Vedado and the Malecón. Outside of the capital, the beaches of Playa del Este and Varadero also have reputations for high incidences of petty crime. Theft of items from checked- in baggage at Cuban airports, particularly in Havana, is frequent and as such valuables should be kept in your hand luggage. The usual precautions needed to guard against opportunistic crime are essential in Cuba, as the lack of luxury consumer goods on the island makes foreign valuables especially enticing to petty thieves. Avoid carrying large amounts of cash or other valuables. Credit cards and original copies of passports and other important documents should be left in a hotel safety deposit box and photocopies carried instead. Be wary for the well-established technique of distraction favoured by petty thieves. One thief will distract the victim in some way while the other will rob them. Remember that children can also be involved in pick-pocketing rings and that thieves often work in pairs or groups.

Violent Crime: Reports of foreign nationals becoming the victim of violent crimes including assault, sexual assault and muggings, including in resort areas, are reported sporadically. March 2012, a British tourist was strangled in her hotel room in Havana by a security guard. Caution should be exercised at all times and especially at night in such areas of Havana where violent crime is on the rise, as well as in tourist areas and crowded places. In the event of a mugging, it is unwise to offer any resistance, as the perpetrator may well be armed.

Organised Crime: Prostitution, drugs and violent crime have become increasing common since the government loosened social and economic controls in the early 1990s. Although not as widespread as other countries in the Americas, the issue has become a reality. Cuba has also become a transit point for South American drugs destined to the US and Europe. Due to their privileged status, state police and intelligence officers are known to participate in criminal prostitution and drug

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 15 trafficking rings, profiting substantially from these activities.

Car Theft and Hijackings: Car related crime in the form of theft and hijackings are on the increase in Cuba, not only in Havana but also in Santiago and other more rural areas. While driving, windows should be shut and doors locked, as theft from stationary vehicles is a common occurrence. There have been reports of attacks on foreign nationals driving hire cars carried out by bogus hitch-hikers or by thieves who stage a flat tyre to get cars to stop and assist. In the event of your car getting a puncture in a remote area, it is advisable to drive onto a town before stopping. Another common ploy used by thieves is to slash the tyres of a car and then assist in repairs while an accomplice steals from the vehicle.

House and Hotel Break-ins: Thefts in hotel rooms, particularly rooms in private guesthouses ('casas particulares'), are a problem. Anything of value should be locked in a safe deposit box. Hotel staff are known to engage in theft, and visitors should never leave valuables unattended in hotel rooms. Purchasing a lock for one's suitcase is an effective deterrent against this type of crime.

Scams: Criminals posing as bogus tour agents and taxi drivers operate around Old Havana and the Airports. Foreign nationals are advised to use established tour operators and registered taxis only. Foreign nationals are often targeted by Cuban 'jineteros', or jockeys, who specialise in swindling tourists. Although many appear friendly and rather helpful at first (most speak English), they will not hesitate to steal valuables and money from unsuspecting travellers the first chance they get.

Black Markets: Engaging in black market activities in Cuba is illegal, yet some Cubans may still try and sell you such goods on the streets, especially cigars. A simple hello, smile and polite dismissal will work better than a ruder response which could escalate into an undesirable situation. The same goes for any type of harassment you may experience on the street in Cuba.

Human Trafficking: Reports of human trafficking are common. Women are often recruited from within the country to major cities and tourist resort areas for underage prostitution and forced labour. Traffickers offer their victims well-paid jobs to lure them into urban centres. There are reports of women marrying Mexican men for the purpose of emigrating from the island, but they are often held against their will at brothels or strip clubs in Mexico.

Weapon Possession: Although gun crime in Cuba is relatively uncommon, thieves

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 16 often carry knives so they can cut handbag straps. If you are the victim of a petty theft, do not show any resistance as this could turn a pick pocketing into an assault if the perpetrator is carrying a knife.

Kidnapping: Incidents of kidnapping are very rare in Cuba and tourists are typically not targeted. When abductions due occur locals are more likely to fall victim and they often know their captors. Nonetheless, to mitigate kidnap risk, particularly express abductions, avoid using curb-side ATMs at night or loitering in the vicinity of banks. Refrain from walking alone after sunset through desolate or unknown neighbourhoods, no matter their perceived economic status. Avoid hailing a taxi off the street; instead, book official taxis through hotels or by phone.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 17 Law

Overview

In Cuba, the Judiciary has no independence from the government and rulings can be arbitrary and disjointed. The legal system comprises a People’s Supreme Court which is accountable to the National Assembly and which oversees a system of regional tribunals. Cuba is a member of the European Court on International Commercial Arbitration. Under the Cuban judicial system, charges are not made until the investigation is complete, meaning that the accused may be jailed during the entire period of investigation. Serious crimes including drug trafficking, assault, sexual assault and assisting in illegal migration of people are punishable by long prison sentences. Serious crimes such as espionage, mass murder and drug offences are punishable by the death penalty.

Drugs and Alcohol: Cuba operates a zero tolerance policy towards drunk driving. Although this law was once not heavily enforced, the police have recently been placing more emphasis on cracking down on drunk drivers. If you are charged with drinking and driving you will not be allowed to leave the country until the trial has taken place. This could take up to, or in some cases more than, a year.

Cuba is increasingly being used as a transit country for drugs destined for Europe. Cuban law allows for the death penalty for serious drug related crimes and severe penalties of up to 20 years in local prisons for all drugs related offences. You should always pack your own luggage and never agree to carry any items that do not belong to you.

Importing and Exporting Goods: Articles prohibited from entry into Cuba include satellite phones, GPS equipment or any other electrical device which draws heavily on electricity. Importing televisions, VCRs and any other large electronic items requires authorisation. Bringing fresh fruit, vegetables, meat and dairy product into Cuba is forbidden as is the import of pornography. If you arrive in Cuba with any of the above your goods will be confiscated and destroyed on arrival. Customs authorities may also confiscate any items they do not consider to be for the personal use of travellers and steep tariffs may be charged if you bring more than 30kg (66.1 lbs) of personal baggage with you.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 18 You may export up to 50 cigars without producing any receipts. If you exceed that amount you need to show an official receipt upon leaving. Artefacts and paintings purchased in Cuba must be accompanied by an export permit which state-owned galleries will usually provide customers.

Prescription Medication: Cuban customs apply steep tariffs for travellers who are carrying more than 10kg (22 lbs) of medication when entering the country. If you will need to bring significant quantities of medicines into Cuba make sure and bring a doctor’s note or prescription so you can prove medicines are for your own personal use.

Restrictions on Citizens: Cuban citizens are subject to a number of government imposed restrictions which foreign nationals should remain aware of. Authorities discourage contact between foreign nationals and Cuban citizens, particularly members of the press and media. Serious cases can result in jail terms of up to 30 years. Cuban nationals are generally not permitted to stay in hotels, even if invited by a tourist or married to one. Many high-starred hotels in Havana will not permit entry to Cubans under any circumstances while other bars and hotels may ask Cubans accompanying foreign visitors for identification papers. Cuban and foreign nationals in Cuba may be watched by the secret police.

Photography and Militarised Zones: Military zones and other restricted areas should always be avoided but are not always well sign-posted. It is illegal to photograph police or military installations, rail, harbours, or airport facilities. If caught, your camera equipment will likely be confiscated and you may be detained for questioning.

Traffic Infractions and Speeding: The speed limit is 100kph (62.1 mph) on freeways and 50kph (31.1 mph) in urban areas. Speeding tickets are normally issued on the spot and cost approximately USD10.

If involved in an accident or someone breaks into your car you must report the incident to the police and get a report. In the event of a traffic accident, the responsibility is on the driver to prove their innocence. Accidents resulting in injuries to third parties are considered crimes until cleared by the police. Drivers found to have caused serious injury or death are subject to prison terms of up to 10 years. The authorities may prohibit foreign nationals from leaving the country until all claims associated with an accident are settled.

Freedom of Speech: In Cuba there are extensive restrictions on freedom of speech,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 19 especially dissent. Although criticism is supposed to be allowed, and is even periodically encouraged, strong attacks can be construed as threats to the revolutionary government’s authority and national security. There is no free press but censorship of the work of academics, writers and artists has eased in recent decades. Legal advice should be sought in advance if you are intended to conduct religious preaching or import religious material as such acts may be illegal.

Political Parties: The Cuban Communist Party (PCC) has held power since the early years of the Cuban Revolution and is the official state party, while various other political parties have existed in the country since they were legalised in 1992 - none of the parties, PCC included, are permitted to campaign or engage in any public political activities. The domestic opposition numbers around 100 small human rights groups whose activities are suppressed by the Cuban authorities under laws forbidding enemy propaganda, acts against the independence or territorial sovereignty of the state as well as public order offences. The Cuban authorities take a notoriously hard line against dissidents thought to be collaborating with United States (US) efforts at regime change on the island.

Identification: Possession of photographic identification is required at all times in Cuba. Foreign nationals may be detained if found without any form of identification.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 20 Corruption

Overview

Corruption among lower ranking government officials has increased since the fall of Cuba's main historical ally, the Soviet Union, and the economic crisis of the early 1990s. Embezzlement, inflated prices and other malpractice is common in state-run businesses. In 2001, the Cuban Government set up a new Ministry for Auditing and Control to try stemming corruption and black market activity in the country's tightly controlled state-run economy. The year 2006 saw a further crack-down on corruption, side by side with the new Constitution, President Díaz-Canel called for further fight against corruption in July 2018. One reason why allegations of corruption are considered a priority and dealt with harshly by the government is the linkage between the roots of the revolutionary regime over 60 years ago and the enormous public discontent

Travellers: Foreign nationals are unlikely to be solicited for bribes in Cuba. However, if solicited for a bribe by both a private or public official, visitors should politely refuse and report the incident at the nearest police station. Both the soliciting and payment of a bribe is considered a criminal offense according to Cuban law and perpetrators will be punished accordingly.

Residents: Cuban citizens view corruption as being pervasive in Cuban society. Most state-owned enterprises - particularly gas stations, transportation services, restaurants and retail outlets - have been identified as being particularly prone to corrupt and/or illicit practices. Petty corruption has also been reported to be pervasive in Cuba's state sector, where better-paying jobs are reportedly traded for money. Official corruption, once considered a rarity in Cuba, has become problematic among municipal and tax officers.

Business: Private enterprise is severely restricted by the Cuban Government. The overall freedom to establish and operate a private business in the country is extremely limited by the country's regulatory environment, although limits related to private enterprise were recently decreased by the new Constitution. Foreign businesses that are able to establish enterprises in the country will face inconsistent and non- transparent regulations which may be used as a tool for extortion. When tendering for contracts in a foreign country, businesses should adhere to the Organisation for

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 21 Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) conventions to avoid prosecution by their home country.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 22 Security Services

Overview

Law enforcement in Cuba is primarily the responsibility of the National Revolutionary Police Force (PNR) which falls under the administration of the Ministry of the Interior. The PNR is responsible for day-to-day uniform policing, crime prevention, criminal investigations and traffic control. The Security branch of the Ministry of Interior meanwhile is dedicated to crimes involving espionage, sabotage, and other threats to national security or signs of dissent. In addition, the PNR is supported by nightly neighbourhood watch organisations known as Committees for the Defence of the Revolution (CDR). Active CDR members act as the auxiliary eyes and ears of the PNR and may provide the police or Ministry of Interior with information about activities they consider suspicious. The Ministry of the Interior and the PNR have been closely integrated with the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) since the revolutionary assumption of power in 1959. Officers of the Revolutionary Armed Forces are often assigned key positions in the Ministry of Interior.

The PNR has a Tourist Section whose members are dedicated to the attention and protection of foreign nationals. Officers of this branch can be distinguished by an arm badge reading National Police Department Tourist Division. Other police officers in Cuba may only speak Spanish.

Efficiency: Crime rates in Cuba remain lower than many other countries in the surrounding region. Cuban police act strongly against any crime, particularly in Havana. The PNR is reasonably well equipped with a wide range of police cars, radio communications and weapons in addition to frequent foot patrols. It is difficult to analyse the exact efficiency of the Cuban police forces as crime statistics are never released by the government.

Areas Active: There is a heavy police presence on Cuban streets, especially in Havana. Police have most presence in the major cities of Havana and Santiago where much of the island’s crime is located. The PNR is active across the 15 provinces of Cuba, each of which has its own police chief who reports to the central command in Havana.

Abuses/Miscarriages of Justice: PNR officers are armed with a semi-automatic

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 23 handgun and a baton and may use necessary force to apprehend suspects without warrant. There are few limits on police discretion to stop or interrogate suspects. There are no agencies in place to oversee police behaviour or conduct in Cuba. As crimes are punished severely in Cuba you should have good reason for putting someone at risk of arrest before raising the alarm. The Cuban police force has been criticised for human rights violations and there have been reports of the security services beating or being abusive towards human rights advocates, detainees and prisoners. The Cuban police also have a reputation for singling out black youths for harassment.

Emergency Contact: In the even of an emergency the police can be contacted by dialling telephone number 106.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 24 Natural Risks : Moderate Risk

Located within the Caribbean hurricane belt, Cuba experiences hurricanes and other tropical storm systems from June to November which can cause extensive flooding and damage to buildings, roads and electrical infrastructure in low-lying and coastal areas. Eastern provinces, notably Guantanamo province, are affected by annual drought.

Hurricanes/Typhoons/Tropical Cyclones

A cyclone/typhoon/hurricane is essentially a large mass of air that spirals around a low-pressure centre. It is an organised collection of thunderstorms embedded in a swirling mass of air. This mass of air is called a cyclone if it forms in the Indian or South Pacific oceans, a typhoon if formed in the West Pacific Ocean and a hurricane if formed in the East Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Cyclones/typhoons/hurricanes normally bring gale-force winds, heavy rainfall and high tides, with the potential of causing significant or destructive damage and widespread travel disruptions.

Cuba's hurricane season falls between June and November when excessive rain and flooding is the norm. In 2017, Hurricane Irma made landfall over the north of the country as a Category 5 storm system and caused extensive damage to buildings and roads and electrical infrastructure in Camagüey province, as well as several fatalities. In October 2018, Hurricane Michael left over 125,800 customers without power in Pinar del Río province, including Viñales, and Isla de la Juventud. Cuban authorities give prior warning, and they will evacuate foreign visitors to safer places on the island if necessary. Power, communications and water supplies can be severely disrupted in the aftermath.

Follow local radio or television broadcasts for information and evacuation instructions. If not under an area with mandatory evacuation orders, remain indoors. Locate and secure important documentation, including passports, photo identification, travel permits and any indispensable personal effects. Be advised that the calm 'eye' is deceptive and should by no means be interpreted as a sign that the storm has passed. The second winds are likely to be worse and may destroy trees and buildings damaged

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 25 in the first pass. If caught in a region hit by a cyclone/typhoon/hurricane, remain indoors until the storm passes. If there is a need to move to an evacuation centre, evacuate in a calm manner and ensure you carry important personal identification. Avoid all low-lying coastal areas due to storm surges. Confirm the viability of overland travel routes due to the risk of flooding. Air and sea travel are also likely to be impacted. Anticipate disruptions to power, communications and other essential services.

Flooding

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. It is normally triggered by an extended period of heavy rainfall and can be exarcebated by poor drainage systems in the affected area.

During the hurricane season (June to November), tropical storm systems can cause extensive flooding in Cuba's low-lying and coastal areas. Downpours can also cause rivers to overflow their banks, washing out roads and flooding nearby homes.

If instructed of the possibility that flash-flooding may affect the area you are in, monitor local updates and move immediately to higher ground away from rivers, streams, creeks and storm drains. Though flash-flooding is commonly attributable to excess upstream precipitation, be aware that flooding can occur without typical warning signs of rain clouds or heavy rain. This is especially true near streams, drainage channels, canyons and other areas known to flood suddenly. If you happen across a flooded road in your car, turn around and drive in the opposite direction. When trapped on a flooded road, vacate your vehicle immediately and climb to higher ground.

Drought

A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply. Droughts can have a substantial impact on the agriculture and ecosystem of the respective region, triggering food shortages as well. Extended periods of drought may contribute to social unrest, malnutrition, dehydration and possible famine.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 26 Areas in the extreme east of the island, notably Guantanamo province, are annually affected by drought. Over the years, periodic droughts have caused severe shortages of water supply for hospitals and forced residents to wait in line to buy water. 2014- 2017 saw the most extensive drought seen in 115 years, affecting over 80 percent of the country. Underground water during these periods, especially in populated areas, tends to be contaminated and may also become a breeding ground for serious diseases.

Anticipate severe shortages to water supplies in drought-affected areas. Tap water may not be safe to drink and is likely to require treatment for purposes of consumption. Consult closely with your country's consulate or designated representative to develop plans for emergency extraction.

Recent incidents

28 August 2021 - 29 August 2021 Medium risk: Massive power outage reported on Isla de la Juventud due Hurricane Ida - Update Updated reports indicated that most of the Isla de la Juventud Island was without electricity, including Nueva Gerona, during evening hours local time, following the passage of Hurricane Ida. Further details were not immediately available, but over 60 houses and properties were also damaged on the Island.

27 August 2021 - 28 August 2021 Medium risk: Hurricane Ida makes landfall on Isla de la Juventud, triggers disruptions in Havana - Update Updated reports indicated that Hurricane Ida made landfall near Punta del Este on Isla de la Juventud Island at around 14:00 local time (18:00 GMT) with winds of up to 120kph (75 mph). A hurricane warning is in effect for Isla de la Juventud, Pinar del Rio and Artemisa, while a tropical storm warning is in place for Matanzas, Mayabeque and Havana, where public transport was disrupted.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 27 26 August 2021 - 27 August 2021 Moderate risk: Officials issue tropical storm warning for Tropical Depression 9 A tropical storm warning is in effect for the Cayman Islands, as well as Matanzas, Mayabeque, Havana, Artemisa and Pinar del Rio provinces and Isla de la Juventud in Cuba, as Tropical Depression 9 is forecast to pass near or over the Cayman Islands during evening hours local time as a tropical storm. The storm is forecast to strengthen further to a hurricane when it is near western Cuba on 27 August.

26 August 2021 - 27 August 2021 Moderate risk: Tropical Depression 9 strengthens to TS Ida while nearing Cayman Islands - Update Tropical Depression 9 strengthened to Tropical Storm (TS) Ida, at around 16:20 local time (21:20 GMT), while located 205km (130 miles) southeast of Grand Cayman and forecast to pass near or over the Cayman Islands during evening hours local time. A TS warning is in effect for the Cayman Islands, and Matanzas, Mayabeque, Havana, Artemisa and Pinar del Rio provinces and Isla de la Juventud in Cuba.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 28 Health and Medical: Medium Risk

Overview

Medical facilities are adequate in Havana, but limited in rural areas. Many health facilities face shortages of bed space and medical supplies, and there is a shortage of drugs on the island. Emergency services are very limited, especially in rural areas; serious conditions may require evacuation. There are periodic outbreaks of mosquito- borne viruses and hundreds of cases of leptospirosis reported annually.

Before you travel

Consult your doctor or a healthcare provider who specialises in travel medicine at least six weeks before your departure. If you have a medical condition, you should also share your travel plans with your doctor.

Note: Requirements and recommendations for vaccines and other medicines are based on guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Documentation requirements are based on World Health Organisation guidelines.

Outbreaks

Malaria

There is no risk of malaria transmission.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 29 Yellow Fever

There is no risk of Yellow Fever infection.

Vaccine requirement: Required if traveling from a country with risk of YF virus transmission and ≥9 months of age, including transit >12 hours in an airport located in a country with risk of YF virus transmission.

Vaccine recommendation: None

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Recommended for all travellers

Measles

Infants (6 through 11 months old): 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel. This dose does not count as the first dose in the routine childhood vaccination series. People 12 months old or older, with no evidence of immunity or no written documentation of any doses: 2 doses of MMR vaccine before travel. The 2 doses must be given 28 days apart. People 12 months old or older who have written documentation of 1 dose and no other evidence of immunity: 1 additional dose before travel, at least 28 days after the previous dose.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 30 Recommended for most travellers

Typhoid

You can get typhoid through contaminated food or water in Cuba. CDC recommends this vaccine for most travelers, especially if you are staying with friends or relatives, visiting smaller cities or rural areas, or if you are an adventurous eater.

Recommended for some travellers

Rabies

Rabies can be found in dogs, bats, and other mammals in Cuba, so CDC recommends this vaccine for the following groups:

Travelers involved in outdoor and other activities (such as camping, hiking, biking, adventure travel, and caving) that put them at risk for animal bites. People who will be working with or around animals (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, and researchers). People who are taking long trips or moving to Cuba Children, because they tend to play with animals, might not report bites, and are more likely to have animal bites on their head and neck.

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 31 Required documentation

Yellow Fever entry requirement: A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for travellers aged 9 months or over arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited for more than 12 hours through an airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.

Other entry requirements: None

Note: Documentation requirements are subject to change. Consult your destination embassy or consulate prior to departure for confirmation.

While you are there

Emergency Numbers

Medical: 104

Emergency services

Emergency and ambulance services are very limited and response times are slow, especially in rural areas.

Evacuation

In the event of severe or life-threatening injury or illness, medical evacuation may be required at the expense of the patient. Most patients are evacuated to the United States.

Routine care

Medical care is good in the country's capital, Havana, but limited in rural areas. While medical professionals are well trained and experienced, many health facilities face

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 32 shortages of bed space and medical supplies. A for-profit health system for foreign nationals, Servimed, operates separately from the free, not-for-profit system that takes care of Cuban citizens. There are more than 40 Servimed health centers across the island, offering primary care as well as some specialty services. Hotels catering to visitors have doctors on call 24-hours-a-day.

Medicine

There are special pharmacies that cater to foreign nationals, but all Cuban pharmacies are notoriously short on supplies, including pharmaceuticals. If you require prescription drugs, bring enough with you to last more than the duration of your stay. While travellers are unlikely to experience any difficulties in entering the country with their own prescription medicine it is advisable that all prescription drugs are kept in their original container noting the patient’s name.

Payment

Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services and foreign medical insurance is not always valid. Full payment of hospital bills is required before leaving the country.

Ailments

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever is a viral infection, transmitted via mosquito bite. Generally non- fatal, the symptoms of Chikungunya fever include a high fever, joint pain and headaches. In most cases those infected recover after seven to ten days. There are no vaccines or treatments for chikungunya.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 33 Dengue Fever

Dengue fever is a viral infection, transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and is commonly found in urban areas. Symptoms include a high fever, joint pain and headaches, although severe cases may cause significant falls in blood pressure and/or haemorrhaging, which can be fatal. There are no vaccines or treatments for dengue fever.

Cholera

After 130 years without any documented cases of cholera in Cuba, an outbreak was confirmed in the eastern city of Manzanillo, Granma province, in July 2012 and left at least three people dead among over 400 diagnosed cases. Two further outbreaks of the waterborne disease re-emerged in January and August 2013 in Havana, Santiago and Camaguey provinces, inflicting 51 and 163 people, respectively, including 12 foreign tourists.

Cholera is a bacterial infection transmitted through contact with infected food or water – usually by infected faeces – and is most prevalent in areas with poor sanitary standards. Symptoms include heavy, watery diarrhoea, vomiting and muscle cramps. If left untreated, cholera can rapidly become fatal. Cholera can be treated with a course of rehydration and antibiotics.

Fascioliasis (Liver Fluke Disease)

Human fascioliasis is endemic in Cuba, which has the highest infection rates in the Caribbean.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 34 Fascioliasis is a parasitic infection caused by the 'common liver fluke' and transmitted by consuming contaminated wild water plants, such as raw watercress or morning glory. Early symptoms include gastrointestinal problems such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, while in the chronic phase an inflammation and blockage of bile ducts, the liver, gallbladder and pancreas can occur. Fascioliasis can be treated with a course of antiparasitics.

Hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E)

Hepatitis A is endemic in Cuba and can affect travellers to poor sanitation areas.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. The three main variations (A, B and C) are caused by infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses, but are transmitted by different means.

Leptospirosis

Holguin and Pinar del Río provinces are high-risk areas, especially during the rainy season from September to October.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection transmitted through contact with (or consumption of) soil, water or food contaminated by infected animal urine. Symptoms can occur in two phases: first stage symptoms include fever, diarrhoea, vomiting, jaundice, headaches and muscle and stomach aches; second stage – also known as Weil's disease – symptoms are more severe and may include meningitis and kidney or liver failure. Leptospirosis can be treated with a course of antibiotics.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 35 Meningococcal Meningitis

Outbreaks occur occasionally in Cuba, mostly in urban areas such as Havana.

Meningococcal meningitis is a serious bacterial infection, transmitted via the coughing and sneezing of infected persons and is particularly prevalent during the dry season. Symptoms include a high fever, neck stiffness, severe headaches, a rash, nausea and confusion. The onset of symptoms can be rapid, occurring within hours of infection. The disease can be treated with a wide range of antibiotics. Left untreated, meningococcal meningitis has a fatality rate approaching 50 percent; survivors may experience serious complications.

Rabies

Rabies is a serious viral infection, transmitted through close contact with saliva from infected animals (i.e. bites, scratches or licks on broken skin and mucous membranes). Travellers who suspect they may have come into contact with a rabies- infected animal should seek immediate emergency attention: post-exposure treatment has a high success rate if administered early. Late-stage rabies (when symptoms begin to occur) is untreatable and fatal.

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD)

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD) is a catch-all term for a number of minor or moderate bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, generally transmitted through infected food or water. In the majority of cases antibiotics or anti-diarrhoeal medication is unnecessary; travellers experiencing TD should ensure that they remain hydrated and well rested until their symptoms dissipate. Most cases of TD last less than three

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 36 days; if diarrhoea continues for longer periods, travellers should consider consulting a medical professional.

Zika Virus

Zika virus is a viral infection transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and commonly found in urban areas, as well as through sexual contact with an infected person. Most cases of zika virus are asymptomatic; where symptoms occur they are usually mild and include fever, headaches, conjunctivitis, rash and joint and muscle pain. Zika has been linked to microcephaly in unborn children. There is no treatment for Zika virus, beyond rehydration and bed rest.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 37 Covid-19: Extreme Risk

Summary

Authorities have implemented proactive tracking and isolation measures, with national Abdala y Soberana 2 vaccines expected to ease high infection rates. However, the healthcare system is under great pressure amid a record-high uptick in COVID-19 infections due to a lack of medical supplies, as of early August. A "new normality" phase is in place but Havana and multiple other provinces reverted into tighter restrictions. Regular and charter flights are allowed entry to the country.

What is the current nationwide Policy?: Partial Measures

Policy starts: 23 March 2020 Policy ends: indef

Policy explanation:

A "new normality" is in place, with multiple provinces, including Havana, and municipalities implementing tighter restrictions as part of the Epidemic or Recovery phase.

Policy source: https://www.presidencia.gob.cu/es/noticias/tag/covid-19/

Last update: 17 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 38 Infection

Infection Level: Extreme Infection rate: 1116.4 cases per 100k in the last 14 days As of date: 22 August 2021 Hotspots: Cienfuegos, Pinar del Río and Havana

Domestic Infection https://www.directoriocubano.info/cuba-mapa- Map: coronavirus/

International Travel

International Flights

Is there a ban on international commercial flights? Partial Through what date? indef

Flight Ban Explanation:

Regular international flights to Cuba have gradually resumed, when Havana Airport (HAV/MUHA) reopened. Charter flights resumed earlier including through Jardines del Rey (CCC/MUCC), Abel Santamaría (SNU/MUSC), Santa Clara (SNA/MUSC), Varadero Airport (VRA/MUVR) and Holguín's Frank País Airport (HOG/MUHG) airports.

Operations between Cuba and the United States (US), Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Haiti and Mexico were reduced under new Ministry of Health guidelines; a similar measure are in place for flights from Colombia and Jamaica. Flights from Nicaragua, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname and Haiti are suspended until further notice.

Last Update: 17 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 39 Entry and Borders

Is there a ban on entry for any travellers? No Through what date?

Travellers from where are banned?

Land border: Maritime border: Open

Entry Rules Explanation:

As part of the New Normal COVID-19 exit strategy, screening and border protocols will be maintained at airports, ports and marinas. José Martí Airport (HAV/MUHA) in Havana remains open to international travellers. Foreign nationals travelling on charter flights were allowed entry to limited destinations, including Cayo Coco, Cayo Cruz, Cayo Guillermo, Cayo Santa Maria and Cayo Largo del Sur, Varadero, earlier.

Travellers arriving from the United States (US), Mexico, Panama, Bahamas, Haiti and the Dominican Republic are subject to tightened entry restrictions.

Cuban Customs limit luggage to two suitcases of 32 kilogrammes (70.5 pounds) each and only one 10-kg (22-pound) piece of hand luggage.

https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cuba/entry- Entry Rules: requirements

Last Update:

Testing

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 40 Do travellers need to take a COVID-19 test Yes When? Before travel, Upon arrival, After arrival Is it mandatory or optional? Mandatory Test Type: PCR Minimum age requirement: Pre-travel test validity, in hours: 72 before Arrival After arrival test days: 5

Testing Explanation:

All inbound travellers are required to present a negative PCR test taken within 72 hours of arrival at an accredited laboratory in the country of departure.

Tourists arriving on charter flights will be given a PCR test on arrival and transferred to their hotels. Non-residents will be given a PCR test on arrival and will have to stay at a designated isolation centre (may be a hotel) at their own expense for seven days and test negative for COVID-19 on day five to be released. Cuban nationals will also have to stay in a designated isolation centre until their second negative PCR test result.

Testing https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cuba/entry- Rules: requirements Last Update: 17 August 2021

Health and Travel Documentations

Do arriving travellers need any health and/or travel documentation? Yes

Documentation Explanation:

Travellers are required to complete a health declaration, including a declared address during the stay, and pay a 'sanitary fee' to cover the costs of implemented protocols upon arrival; air tickets should include the fee.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 41 Last Update: 17 August 2021

Tracing App

Do travellers need to use a contact tracing app after arriving? Recommended

Tracing App Explanation:

Tracing App "Pesquisador virtual" is an optional mobile app for contact tracing and the self-assessment of COVID-19 symptoms. Authorities indicate that the app is available for download at http://www.etecsa.cu/.

Andriod App: http://www.etecsa.cu/ Last Update: 17 August 2021

Quarantine on Arrival

Who needs to quarantine on arrival All travellers

Travellers from where need to quarantine? Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Congo-Brazzaville, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Curaçao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 42 Estonia, Ethiopia, Faroe Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kingdom of eSwatini, Kiribati, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome & Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sint Maarten, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Turks and Caicos, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, US Virgin Islands, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank and Gaza, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

How many days is quarantine? 7 Is it self-quarantine or operated by the government? Hybrid

Quarantine Explanation:

All international arrivals are required to quarantine in government-designated facilities at their own expense for seven days and test negative for COVID-19 on day five to be released; residents will be allowed to quarantine free of charge. Charter tourists will be transferred to their hotels and may be required to undergo further medical checks or testing at the hotel.

All travellers, including Cuban residents, arriving through “tourist poles”

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 43 including Varadero (VRA/MUVR), Cayo Coco (CCC/MUCC) and Cayo Santa Maria (BWW/MUBR) airports must quarantine at one’s own expense at local facilities upon arrival for seven days and take a PCR test for COVID-19 on day six of quarantine. Residents tested negative can travel to their province of residence on day seven.

Quarantine https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cuba/entry- Rules: requirements Last Update: 2021-08-17

Exit

Is there a ban on exit for any travellers? No

Are there special requirements to exit the country? No

Exit Requirements Explanation:

There are no special requirements to exit the country.

Exit Requirements https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cuba/entry- (URL): requirements Last Update: 17 August 2021

Vaccination

Percent vaccinated with at least one dose: 43.165 as of 20 Aug 2021 Percent fully vaccinated: 27.97 as of 24 Aug 2021 Is vaccination mandatory for entry? No Are vaccinated travellers exempt from any policies or requirements? No Qualified vaccines and timeline:

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 44 Certificates accepted:

Explanation:

https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cuba/entry- Source: requirements Last 17 August 2021 Update:

Other International Travel Restrictions

Exit Requirements Explanation:

Last Update:

Domestic Situation

Areas on Lockdown

Last Update:

Areas under Curfew

Havana province

A 21:00-05:00 local time nightly curfew runs until further notice. Interprovincial transport and domestic tourism were suspended, while public places and

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 45 markets must close by 16:00. José Martí Airport (HAV/MUHA) remains open to international travellers. Official permission is required to leave one's residence during curfew hours.

Cienfuegos

Nightly restrictions on non-essential movement are in place in Cienfuegos province from 20:00-05:00 local time daily, while shops and markets must close by 14:00 on weekdays and by 12:00 on Saturdays. Take-away food sale is allowed until 18:00. All beaches, rivers, lakes and recreational areas were closed and workdays end at 14:00 local time.

Santiago de Cuba

Authorities imposed a nightly 19:00-05:00 local time curfew in Santiago de Cuba municipality until further notice.

Mayabeque

A nightly curfew from 19:00 local time is in effect until further notice. All recreational activities and access to beaches were suspended.

Matanzas

A nightly curfew runs from 20:00 to 05:00 local time provincewide, including Varadero, until further notice.

Last Update: 17 August 2021

Domestic Travel

Domistic Travel Explanation:

Interprovincial tranport is suspended to and from Havana province, with checkpoints in place to enforce the measures with identity card checks; non- residents must have a special permit.

Interprovincial passenger transport to and from Santa Clara, Villa Clara

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 46 province, remains limited to essential and authorised travel only.

Officials in Mayabeque province closed the provincial borders with Havana, Matanzas and Artemisa provinces; only essential movement with a permit from the authorities is allowed. Artemisa province closed its borders with Havana and Mayabeque.

Last Update: 17 August 2021

Other Domestic Restrictions

Public transport may operate from 05:00-21:00 local time and cafes and restaurants until 19:00 nationwide, while theatres, cinemas, bars and recreational facilities were closed and tourist excursions suspended.

Further restrictions are in place according to a COVID-19 strategy, including three stages: Epidemic Phase with economic and social activities and public transport further limited, Recovery Phase (first, second and third phase) with economic and social activities gradually resumed, and the New Normal phase with productive activities and services restored, while social distancing and hygiene measures remain in place.

The risk levels were set as:

Havana province (Epidemic Phase)

Epidemic Phase in effect in all 15 municipalities: Plaza de la Revolución, Central Habana, Habana del Este, Havana Vieja, Cerro, La Lisa, Boyeros, Diez de Octubre, Guanabacoa, Marianao, San Miguel del Padrón, Playa, Regla, Arroyo Naranjo and Cotorro municipalities.

The movement of private and public vehicles was banned from 21:00-05:00 local time nightly, entertainment venues, bars and nightclubs as well as swimming pools are closed, non-urgent hospital services are capped at half capacity and hotels at 60 percent capacity, private parties are banned and the use of public spaces is banned from 19:00 local time. Interprovincial transport

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 47 is also suspended, except through José Martí Airport (HAV/MUHA) which remains open.

Matanzas (Epidemic Phase) Epidemic Phase in effect in all municipalities.

Santiago de Cuba (Epidemic Phase) Epidemic Phase in effect in all municipalities.

Guantanamo (Epidemic Phase) Epidemic Phase in effect in all municipalities.

Artemisa (Epidemic Phase) Epidemic Phase in effect in all municipalities.

Mayabeque (Epidemic Phase) Epidemic Phase in effect in all municipalities.

Villa Clara (Epidemic Phase) Epidemic Phase in effect in all municipalities.

Ciego de Ávila (Epidemic Phase) Epidemic Phase in effect in all municipalities.

Isla de Juventud special municipality (Epidemic Phase) Epidemic Phase in effect in all municipalities.

Pinar del Río (Epidemic Phase) Epidemic Phase in effect in all municipalities.

Cienfuegos (Recovery Phase One) - New Normal phase in effect in Cruces, Rodas and Lajas municipalities, and , Recovery Phase Three in Palmira.

Sancti Spíritus (Recovery Phase One) - Epidemic Phase in effect in Sancti Spíritus, Cabaiguán, Jatibonico, Trinidad and Yaguajay municipalities.

Camagüey (Recovery Phase One) - Epidemic Phase in effect in Céspedes, Nuevitas, Esmeralda, Florida, Guáimaro, Minas, Sibanicú and Vertientes municipalities.

Granma (Recovery Phase One) - Epidemic Phase in effect in Bayamo.

Holguín (Recovery Phase Three) - Recovery Phase Three in effect in Banes municipality, Recovery Phase Two in Frank País and Epidemic Phase in Mayarí, Moa and Holguín.

Las Tunas (New Normal) - Recovery Phase Three in effect in Las Tunas municipality.

Last Update: 17 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 48 Demonstrations and Unrest

Social media was temporarily shut down in parts of Havana as police raided the headquarters of the civil rights and cultural San Isidro Movement early on 27 November 2020, as a small group of activists staged a hunger strike against the imprisonment of a fellow activist; upwards of 14 people, including journalists, were arrested for several hours for allegedly not following COVID- 19 measures. On 11 July, hundreds of people joined protests over vaccine availability and economic conditions in Hanava, Palma Soriano, San Antonio de los Baños, Pinar del Río, Alquízar, Güira de Melena, Bauta, San José de las Lajas, Camagüey, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba, Güines, Santa Clara, Cárdenas, Holguín, Bayamo, Ciego de Ávila, Guantánamo, Bejucal, Puerto Padre, San Nicolás de Bari and other cities.

Last update: 04 August 2021

Resources

Government COVID Site: https://www.presidencia.gob.cu/es/cuba/covid-19/

Health Dept COVID Site: https://salud.msp.gob.cu/category/covid-19/

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 49 Local Travel : Medium Risk

Travel Safety

Travel is somewhat unreliable in Cuba.

In case of emergency, dial 106 for police, 104 for an ambulance and 105 for the fire department.

Air Travel and Airports: The Jose Martí International Airport is located approximately 15km (nine miles) south west of Havana. It is normal for Cuban officials to ask foreign nationals questions concerning the nature of their visit, length of stay, and destination in Cuba. Hotel reservations and a travel visa must be presented to officials before passing through the final checkpoint. The airport is generally considered safe and modern when compared to other destinations in the Caribbean. Facilities include duty-free shops, bank and currency exchange shops, tourist information/hotel reservation booths, restaurants, bars and car hire. There are also international airports at Cayo Coco, Camagüey, Ciego de Avila, Cayo Largo, Holguin, Cienfuegos, Manzanillo, Varadero and Santiago de Cuba. Since 1 May 2015, the departure tax that was previously payable upon leaving the country is collected by the airline when tickets are purchased.

There are no public transport options to and from the airport, but taxis and car rentals are readily available [see Public Transport]. Taxi drivers are generally professional, but there have been reports of bogus taxis operating at the airport. The journey into Havana should take 20 to 30 minutes. Taxi OK and Panataxi drivers will take passengers to any point on the island, often at expensive flat rates. Some taxi services offer 24-hour pickup and dropoff at the airport.

There are serious concerns over internal air travel. Visitors should only book flights with reputable airlines or consider another mode of transport. Numerous international air carriers operate to and from Cuba (including Air Canada, Air France, Air Europa and Air Jamaica, among others), but internal flights are operated by various Cuban airlines. There have been problems with Cubana de Aviación, the national air carrier, regarding safety standards, maintenance regime, and history of fatal accidents. At least 101 people, including several Mexican nationals, were killed on 18 May 2018, after Cubana de Aviación Flight 972 crashed during takeoff from Havana's

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 50 José Marti Airport en route to Holguin Airport. Aerotaxi operates ancient Russian bi- planes and also has a history of accidents. Newcomer Aerogaviota operates national and international charter flights (no scheduled flights), and is considered a safer option for business travellers. However, efforts to hijack Cuban aircraft continue to be a problem for airport security, and the latest attempt was reported in July 2015, while in May 2007, at least one abducted person was killed in a foiled hijacking. Fuel shortages can also be a problem. If unsure about flying within Cuba, it is best to opt for bus travel as a safer alternative [see Public Transport].

Road Travel: Cuban roads are often badly maintained outside of Havana and other main cities and towns. The national highway that runs the width of the country (from east to west) is in a fair condition, but lights, markings and signs are all but absent. Visitors who plan to drive should come prepared with a map, as these are in short supply on the island. On the eastern section of the national highway, entire sections may be washed out and there are deep potholes. Because many roads are unlit, night driving should be avoided outside urban areas. Unless otherwise indicated, the speed limit is 100kph (62 mph) on the motorway, 90kph (56 mph) on primary roads, 60kph (37 mph) on rural roads, 50kph (31 mph) on urban roads and 40kph (25 mph) near schools. Although speed limits are rarely posted, they are generally respected. Stationary check points and motorcycle traffic police are common, and they are usually very strict. Visitors should have identification available at all times. During the rainy season, certain roads become impassable, particularly outside of major cities.

Traffic drives on the right side of the road. The use of seatbelts is not mandatory, but is strongly advised given the significant increase in Cuban road accidents. Untended farm animals may wander onto the road and drivers should look out for the numerous hitchhikers, cyclists and motorcyclists, as many accidents involve hitting pedestrians or cyclists. Also, be aware that the long distance between filling stations can cause problems. The main highway from Havana to Pinar del Río, for example, is nearly devoid of filling stations. Consider filling up whenever you have the chance.

Cars are considered a luxury in Cuba and are not common on the roads. This translates into light traffic on most roads, but also a high number of pedestrians, bicycles, horse-drawn carts and farm equipment operators wandering onto the roads without regard for oncoming traffic. A good number of accidents involve motorists striking bicyclists or pedestrians. Drivers found responsible for accidents resulting in injury or death are subject to prison terms of up to 10 years.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 51 Public Transport

Boats/Ferries: An increasing number of cruise ships are arriving in Havana, Santiago de Cuba, and coastal resorts such as Cayo Coco. It is also possible to arrive on a private yacht, but this must be arranged with local authorities prior to arrival by contacting the Marina Hemingway in Havana at [tel: (537) 33-1150-56 and 21-6225]. The waters around Cuba, however, can be dangerous and there have been reports of foreign nationals foundered in Cuban waters. Boat repairs in the country are considered expensive, protracted and not up to international standards.

Buses: There are specially designated tourist buses for foreign nationals. These are comfortable, generally safe (although driving can be dangerous) and efficient. Recycled old buses (guaguas) from eastern Europe serve as the means of transport for the general population, but these are often overcrowded, unreliable and attract pickpockets.

The best bus option to tour the island is Viazul, which runs comfortable air- conditioned long-distance coaches with washrooms and televisions. These buses are reliable and punctual, and operate in Varadero, Santa Clara, Cienfuegos and Trinidad. Astro is a cheaper bus line option used by locals with a more extensive network than Viazul, but it is generally overcrowded. Tourist minibuses, which carry four to five people, are another possibility for travel between popular tourist destinations, such as Havana and Varadero. Buses, particularly from Viazul, are considered the safest option to tour the island.

Taxis: Taxis are readily available at airports and outside major hotels. Bogus taxis with 'broken' meters operate at airports (Havana, Cienfuegos, Varadero, Santiago de Cuba) and in Old Havana and have been associated with theft. As such, visitors should avoid unlicensed taxis and opt for radio-dispatched taxis instead. The latter are generally clean, reliable and safe, but they can be expensive over long distances. Due to serious accidents involving foreign nationals, the yellow-hooded, three-wheeled 'Coco' taxis, although a novelty, are unsafe and not recommended. Coco taxis are modified motorcycles that reach speeds up to 65kph (40mph), but have no seat belts or other safety features.

Private taxis run independently by locals are illegal but informally tolerated and generally safe. However, catching a private taxi is not recommended, but if doing so, the fare should be negotiated before departure. Although travellers will not run into

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 52 trouble if being caught in a private taxi by authorities, they will be asked to get out of the car and may be left without transportation in remote areas.

Train: Ferrocarriles de Cuba is the national rail company, often shortened to Ferrocuba [tel: (7) 862-4888]. The principal route is between Havana and Santiago de Cuba, but there are also trains from Havana to other towns such as Cienfuegos, Manzanillo, Morón, Sancti Spiritus and Pinar del Río. Although some trains will offer air-conditioning and refreshments, Ferrocuba is generally unreliable, slow, and breakdowns are common. Furthermore, natural disasters have badly affected the railroad network and only certain parts of the country are now accessible by rail. If travelling by train regardless, opt for the Tren Frances between Havana and Santiago de Cuba, which runs overnight on alternate days. The Tren Frances was bought second-hand from the French National Railway Company (SNCF), and it was originally used on the premier Trans-Europe Express service. Although Tren Frances offers special first class seats, sleeping cars or couchettes are not available.

Vehicle Rental: Cars are available for hire through state-licensed companies located in major hotels and at the Jose Martí Airport. Car rentals usually start at EUR50 (USD57) per day in low season and EUR80 (USD91) per day in high season and drivers must be at least 21 years old and possess a valid national driving licence. Prices are high for both car hire and petrol, but agencies provide roadside assistance to clients as a condition of the rental contract. Unlike local cars, rental cars are fairly new, imported models from Europe or Asia. Visitors should expect delays when picking up the vehicle.

Drivers involved in accidents resulting in injury or death may be prohibited from leaving the country until investigations are completed. There are reports of foreign nationals being held in Cuba for months before all claims associated with such events were settled.

In Havana, Santiago de Cuba and other areas frequented by tourists, there have been attacks on foreign nationals using rental vehicles, as these are easy to spot on the road. Attackers may deliberately puncture vehicle tyres to carry out a robbery or mugging. Should you get a puncture in an isolated spot, Riskline recommends you drive on several kilometres, preferably to a town, before stopping. Avoid picking up strangers on the road, as thieves may also pose as hitchhikers.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 53 Recent incidents

13 August 2021 - 14 August 2021 Moderate risk: Anti-government activists call for national strike Anti-government activists called for a national strike coinciding with the 95th anniversary of the late president Fidel Castro's birth, to demand the release of people who were detained during the 11 July anti-government demonstrations.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 54 Country Hotspots

Cities, Towns, Villages: There are no hotspots on the island, but a few areas require some consideration. Security is tightest in Havana. In the city centre, the neighbourhoods of Vedado and Miramar are safe, but incidents of theft are known to happen around parks after dark.

The sea wall, known as the Malecón, is an area known for pickpockets and scam artists, who may wear a name tag from Havana Tour or other well-known tour agencies.

Old Havana, north east of the Capitolio National, is well policed, but petty theft has occurred in crowded areas such as markets, beaches, and other gathering points, including Old Town Havana and the Prado neighbourhood. North of San Martin, between Padre Varela and Paseo del Marti, is a part of town best avoided after dark, as are the streets south west of Avenida Salvador Allende.

Outside Havana, there are two areas that warrant specific attention. Pinar del Río, the major city in western Cuba, has been known for increased crime in the past few years. There is a relatively low level of policing in the city and surrounding area. Foreign nationals may be targeted as they are perceived to be wealthy. Be wary of pickpockets and avoid staying overnight if possible.

Cuba's historic city of Santiago de Cuba has battled rising crime for some time. Petty theft, pick pocketing and purse-snatching are now regular occurrences. While in this city, avoid walking alone anywhere, especially at night.

The area near the water along Avenida Jesús Menéndez, especially around the railway station can be dangerous at night. North of Paseo de Martí is best avoided after dark as well.

Generally speaking the tourist area north west of 24 de Feberero is safe. Beyond this area, however, caution should be exercised while walking on the street as there have been reports of mugging and robbery. Use a taxi when possible.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 55 Safety

Crime: Cuban jineteros (jockeys) specialise in swindling foreign nationals. Most jineteros will speak English and appear friendly, offering their services as tour guides or facilitating the purchase of cheap cigars. However, they are professional criminals who will not hesitate to use violence and rob foreigners of their money and valuables.

Discrimination: Despite the perceived notion of Cuba as a race-tolerant state, racial discrimination does occur. There have been frequent reports of discrimination against Afro-Cubans, but black travellers are unlikely to be affected. Societal discrimination against homosexuals persists with occasional police sweeps in areas where homosexuals congregate, particularly along sections of Havana's waterfront, Malecón.

Food and Drink: Street food should be avoided, but the quality of food served by locally owned restaurants in private homes, called Paladares, varies substantially. Visitors should ask hotel staff for local recommendations. Cuban milk is unpasteurised and can make visitors sick. Additionally, visitors should be wary of salads and vegetables which may be washed in tap water [see Water Safety section below].

Internet: The government controls nearly all Internet access. Authorities review and censor e-mail and forbid any attachments, also blocking access to websites they deem objectionable. Although Internet access limitations have gradually relaxed, only around 39 percent of the population had access to Internet in 2018 - most of whom through government approved institutions including the "ParkNets" and the Joven Club. There are 421 public Wi-Fi hotspots across the country, and 67 of those hotspots are located in the capital city of Havana. Foreign nationals, but not citizens, are allowed to buy Internet access cards from the national telecommunications provider. In August 2021, a month after massive anti-government protests, the government introduced new regulations on the use of social media and the internet, making inciting acts "that alter public order" a crime. All users should expect to be monitored by Cuba's Internet Police, the Office of Information Security.

Police: There are two different apparatus of law enforcement in Cuba: the specialised state security police and the regular National Revolutionary Police (NPR) police.

The state security police often stand on city corners in Havana, dressed in

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 56 professional attire with a beret and a wire in their ear. They are responsible for monitoring, infiltrating, and suppressing opposition political groups. As such, Cuban citizens or foreign nationals who are suspected of dissident activity, such as distributing anti-government propaganda or speaking openly against the regime, may be targeted for arrest. Visitors should maintain a low profile and avoid coming to the attention of the Cuban police.

Regular NPR street police are dressed in light blue shirts and dark blue trousers. They patrol the city on foot, or sometimes in old Russian cars, and are responsible for investigating common crimes. Assessing the efficiency and professionalism of police is difficult given that the government does not release crime and other statistics. According to international sources, corruption and abuses of power continue to be a problem in Cuba's security apparatus.

Power Outages: Brown outs, or partial reductions in voltage, are part of daily life in Havana. All but the best hotels will suffer from these temporary power outages. Roads are already badly lit, and visitors should particularly avoid travel during black or brown outs. Venturing into unfamiliar areas under power outages may increase the likelihood of being targeted for a crime.

Protests: Civil unrest is uncommon on the island, as government security forces actively suppress this type of activity. When demonstrations do occur, the state police responds quickly, often using excessive force. Visitors should never engage in demonstrations or protests.

Sex Industry: Prostitution is a serious problem in Cuba. Prostitution is legal for persons over the age of 17 and a reportedly large number of foreign nationals visited the country specifically to patronize prostitutes. Sex tourism and high HIV/AIDS rates remain a problem.

Water Safety: Visitors should avoid tap water unless it has been boiled, filtered, or chemically disinfected. Drink only bottled water as Cubans themselves boil tap water before drinking it. Bottled water (agua embotellada) is easily found and costs between CUC0.9 (USD0.9) and CUC2 (USD2) for a 1.5 litre bottle. Localised outbreaks of cholera have been reported in recent years.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 57 Culture

Cultural Sensitivities: Exercise caution discussing political matters, as the subject is a sensitive one among Cuban nationals. If doing so regardless, the conversation should be limited to the privacy of a home and never in a public place. Keep in mind Cubans make approximately USD15 per month, and may expect monetary rewards in return for a favour.

Religious Sensitivities: Cuba is a Catholic nation and Cubans in the provinces tend to be conservative, especially in smaller towns and villages. Credible reports suggest the government apparatus monitors religious institutions through surveillance, infiltration and harassment of religious professionals and practitioners. However, this is unlikely to affect visitors.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 58 Specific Traveller Advice

Female Travellers Local Customs and Laws: There are no local customs or laws that a female traveller should take into consideration in Cuba. Familiarise yourself with your destination prior to travel, and be respectful and mindful of any possible cultural sensitivities, which may include dress, behaviour and topics of discussions.

Safety: There are minimal safety concerns that a female traveller should take into consideration in Cuba. Sexual assault and rape do occur, including at beach reports; however, visitors to the country are usually unlikely to face an additional risk as most perpetrators of assault are known to their victim. Female travellers may receive unwanted attention from men, ranging from open displays of catcalling and staring to physical groping, including at day time. It is best to ignore these advances or confrontations and walk away. In the event that harassment escalates, draw attention to what is happening and locals will likely come to your aid. Refrain from attending the cinema alone, or opt to sit near other women, due to isolated reports of harassment. Exercise personal safety awareness if walking alone at night. Stick to main, well-lit streets and avoid walking through desolate areas or unfamiliar neighbourhoods. Female travellers should exercise caution when reporting crimes to local police as there have been reports of law enforcement undermining incidents of harassment and assault. Consider consulting your home consulate/embassy for legal advice and ensure you receive a copy of the police report. When available consider reporting crimes to Tourist Police Units who maintain a high degree of professionalism.

Health and Wellness: Women have access to some specialised gynaecological and reproductive health services in Cuba. These include specialised clinics and abortion services, while prescription emergency contraceptives, prescription contraceptives and feminine hygiene products are scarce, especially outside travellers’ clinics in major cities and resort areas. Consider bringing an adequate supply of female-specific OTC drugs, feminine hygiene products and oral contraceptive pills, which may not be available locally. Consult a health professional prior to travel, especially if pregnant or planning to become pregnant, due to a potential risk of Zika virus.

LGBT+ Homosexuality is legal in Cuba. There are many legal protections for LGBT+ persons in

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 59 the country, including anti-discrimination laws and laws concerning gender identity or expression. Same-sex marriage is illegal. LGBT+ activity and persons are somewhat socially accepted. Despite the legal status of LGBT+ rights, social conservatism is prevalent in some parts of the country. Travellers may prefer to be discreet about sexual orientation and avoid excessive public displays of affection in areas where attitudes towards the LGBT+ community areis unknown or generally not accepted. Use caution in conversations about sexuality or LGBT+ issues with strangers or recent acquaintances. Consider booking hotel rooms with two separate beds. Transgender travellers may wish to consider having their passport and identification changed to reflect new gender before travelling.

Technology & Communication Risk Travellers are certain to face risks related to information and communication technology (ICT) in Cuba.

Internet access and social media have many restrictions. Some internet and social media content of political or religious nature cannot be accessed freely and any associated social media posting can be unlawful. Popular websites and platforms like Skype, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook as well as news media pages and search engines are intermittently blocked and may not be accessible at all at public institutions. The overall slow speeds of the state-monopoly internet also impedes regular access for users. Authorities have intimidated and imprisoned journalists for publishing content deemed critical of the government.

There are some concerns related to device searches or sensitive technology. Device searches and inspections at the border are possible. There are some restrictions in relation to bringing or operating sensitive equipment, which may include photo cameras, satellite phones, drones, and other GPS systems, in the country. Possession and usage of satellite phones and related technology, such as GPS devices, is illegal in the country without a permit from the Cuban Ministry of Informatics and Communications.

State or criminal penetration of private data is certain. Authorities implement pervasive state surveillance of ICT networks in the country. Police, government paramilitaries and other state functionaries have been documented stealing equipment and physically accessing electronic devices of journalists, activists and non- governmental workers without their consent.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 60 Travellers must ensure that their ICT usage is compliant with local laws and regulations during their stay in the country. Contingency plans may be necessary to ensure access to the internet, including the use of a reliable virtual private network (VPN), which should be installed and ready to use prior to arrival in the country. Travellers should be aware of multiple restrictions in accessing internet websites/platforms and/or digital services. Avoid using free wireless access available in public areas of large cities and use a VPN to access the internet.Travellers should note that ICT laws and practices are subject to change on short notice, and travellers are recommended to confirm the legality/appropriateness of their specific ICT needs prior to departure.

Travellers should expect device searches at the border and must ensure that their ICT devices are compliant with local laws and regulations prior to arrival into the country. It is recommended that only a blank laptop or smartphone device without personal or corporate data stored is brought into the country.

The country is known for its surveillance of telephone and electronic communications and travellers should assume that communication is monitored all the time. Hotel rooms may also be subject to surveillance and even accessed without the consent of the guest. Cyber criminal groups may be present in the country. Travellers should avoid bringing sensitive data into the country, unless robust hardware and software data security measures are in place; all computers should be equipped with an up-to- date, reliable, anti-virus system. Devices should never left out of sight unguarded; if leaving your computer in a hotel room, make use of a safe box for storing it. It is also recommended to refrain from accessing or storing sensitive information in computers and other electronic devices during their stay in the country.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 61 Legal notice

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Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Cuba 62