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In Secolul Al Xix-Lea CALATORI STRAIN! DESPRE TARILE ROMANE IN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA Serie noua CADEMIEI R I MA Vol. VI EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMANE www.dacoromanica.ro CALATORI STRAIN! DESPRE TARILE ROMANE IN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA Serie nook' Vol. VI www.dacoromanica.ro FOREIGN TRAVELLERS ABOUT THE ROMANIAN COUNTRIES IN THE XIXTH CENTURY New series Vol. VI www.dacoromanica.ro ACADEMIA RO MANX Institutul de Istorie Nicolae Iorga" CALATORI STRAINI DESPRE TARILE ROMANE IN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA Serie noua Volumul VI (1852-1856) Coordonatorul volumului: PAMELA BUSA Autori: DANIELA BUSA, VENERA ACHIM, CONSTANTIN ARDELEANU, ADRIAN-SILVAN IONESCU,BOGDAN POPA, NICOLETA ROMAN, MARIAN STROIA, RALUCA TOMI EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMANE BUCURESTI, 2010 www.dacoromanica.ro Copyright © Editura Academiei Romane, 2009. Toate drepturile asupra acestei editii sunt rezervate editurii. Coperta, selectia ilustratiilor, reproducere §i prelucrare computerizata a imaginilor: ADRIAN-SILVAN IONESCU Coperta I: Mangalia, xilogravura dupa un desen de Ferdinand Quesnoy, in L'Illustration" no. 605/30 Septembre 1854 EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMANS Ca lea 13 Septembrie nr. 13, Sector 5 050711, Bucure§ti, Romania, Tel: 4021-318 81 46, 4021-318 81 06 Fax: 4021-318 24 44 E-mail:[email protected] Adresa web:www.ear.ro Referenti: Dr. Ovidiu Cristea Dr. Beam Cazan Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Nationale a Romaniei Calatori strain despre raffle Ron-lane in secolul al XIX-lea : Serie nova. - Bucure§ti : Editura Academiei Romane, 2004-. vol. ISBN 973-27-1129-9 Vol. 6 : (1852-1856) I Daniela Bu§a (coord.), Venera Achim, Constantin Ardeleanu, -2010. -ISBN 978-973-27-2004-2 I. Bug, Daniela H.Achim, Venera III.Ardeleanu, Constantin 82.09:913(498) 82-992=135.1 913(498)(0:82-992) 94(498)"13/..." Redactor: ANA BOROS Tehnoredactor: MARIANA IONICA Coperta: MARIANA SERBANESCU Bun de tipar: 21.11.2010. Format: 16/70 x 100 Coli tipar:51 + 48 pag. PlameTiraj: 300 ex. C.Z. pentru biblioteci mari: 91 (498) (082) C.Z. pentru biblioteci mici: 91.04 (00:498) (082) www.dacoromanica.ro PREFATA Fenomen de anvergura europeana, care a marcat o etapa importante in amplul proces de Innoire politica, economics, socials,culturala, ce cuprinsese tarilesipopoarele continentului Inca din primii ani ai veacului at XIX-lea, revolutikde Ia 1848 constituie totodata si momentul decisiv al redesteptarii constiintei nationale. In contextul revolutiei europene s-au ivit conditii favorabile pentru a aduce in atentia continentului problema romaneasca, cantonata de mai multa vreme intr-un con de umbra. Ca $i in alte imprejurari de-a lungul istoriei si de aceasta data soarta natiunii a depins de jocul politic al marilor puteri, de natura relatiilor dintre ele, de echilibrul politic, de evolutia problemei orientale". Suzeranitatea Portii si protectoratul Rusiei, ambele realitati ale Europei primei jumatati a secolului al XIX-lea, ale ordinii stabilite de marile puteri, nu puteau suferi atingeri fare implicatii asupra echilibrului politic si a numeroaselor interese ce legau Intre ele marile puteri. Pentru Principatele romane, respectarea suzeranitatii otomane era importante numai in masura in care ea era in conformitate cu dorinta Europei, punandu-le astfel Ia adapost de eventuale actiuni expansioniste ale Rusiei, posibilesirealizabile in conditiile unei desprinderi de Imperiul Otoman. Supuse controlului politic direct al Imperiului Otoman si Rusiei dupa infrangerea sangeroasa a revolutiei de la 1848, Tara Romaneasca si Moldova ramaneau sub dubla ocupatie militara. Situatia avea sa se agraveze dupa ce la presiunile Rusiei, sultanul a fost nevoit sa cedeze si sa ajunga la o intelegere (Balta Liman) privind masuri extraordinare si eficace", menite a face fata tulburarilor revolutionare si anarhice". Ambele puteri au cautat, prin reprezentantii for sa se amestece Intr -o forma sau alta in treburile interne, fie prin impunerea unor masuri si decizii, fie prin Intretinerea unui climat de suspiciune una fata de cealalta privind viitorul Principatelor. Atitudinea relativ pasiva a puterilor europene in timpul revolutiei de la 1848 si in perioada imediat urmatoare fata de sud-estul Europei a fost interpretata de Rusia drept o incurajare indirecta a planurilor sale privind dezmembrarea Imperiului Otoman. Propunerile repetate in acest sens si tendinta tot mai manifests a tarului de a ingloba Principatele avea sa le aduca pe acestea din nou, la Inceputul anilor '50, in prim planul politicii continentului. Disputa dintre tarul Nicolae I si Poarta privind problema Locurilor Sfinte, amplificata de refuzul Constantinopolului, Incurajat de Marea Britanie si Franta, de a negocia soarta crestinilor din imperiu cu trimisul tarului, printul Alexandr Sergheevici Mensikov, a redeschis in alt registru chestiunea orientala. Dorind sa dea o lectie puterii otomane, tarul a decis sa is In gaj" cele doua tari romane pans Ia primirea unei solutii favorabile. La 21 iunie/3iulie 1853 trupele rusesti treceau Prutul, indreptandu-se spre Bucuresti unde aveau sa ajunga la 3/15 iulie. Refuzul categoric al Portii de a ceda a dus la declansarea ostilitatilor in octombrie 1853. Aparent disputa era Intre Rusia $i Imperiul Otoman, in realitate ea implica Intreaga politica si diplomatie europeana si a avut consecinte asupra intereselor marilor puteri. Prin participarea Frantei si Angliei de partea Portii, razboiul Crimeii a devenit un conflict de anvergura europeana, ce a angrenat forte umane si materiale importante, a adus modificari tacticii si tehnicii de Iupta prin impunerea razboiului de pozitii in detrimentul celui de manevra, a armamentului modern, a relevat insemnatatea transportului pe calea ferata a trupelor si materialelor, dar si superioritatea navelor cu abur si a dat not valente informatiei prin aparitia corespondentilor si reporterilor de razboi si acreditarea for pe langa 5 www.dacoromanica.ro fortele ce se confruntau pe campul de lupta, ceea ce a dat un plus de autentic si veridicitate marturiilor epocii. Totodata, prin aria diversa de confruntare, de la lupte terestre, incepute pe malurile Dunarii la Cetate, Calafat, Oltenita, continuate in Dobrogea si in jurul orasului Varna, mutate apoi in Crimeea si Caucaz, la confruntari navale in Marea Neagra, Marea Baltica, Marea Alba si Extremul Orient, razboiul Crimeii capata aproape proportiile unui conflict mondial"'. La aceasta se adauga $i numarul mare de oameni, civili si militari, care au avut de suferit sub o forma sau alta sau au participat efectiv. Luate in gaj", in iulie 1853, Principatele romane s-au aflat sub ocupatie ruseasca pans in vara anului urmator cand, prin conventia de la Boiacikoy, Austria a obligat Rusia sa-si retraga trupele, locul acestora fiind luat de cele otomane, conduse initial de Omer pasa si apoi de Mehmed Sadyk Pa.a (pe numele adevarat Michael Czajkowski), un polonez trecut la islamism si de cele austriece, conduse de contele Johann Baptist von Coronini-Cronberg, situatie care se va prelungi pans la sfarsitul razboiului, chiar pans Ia inceputul anului 1857 in cazul austriecilor. Noua dubla ocupatie a fost la fel de paguboasa pentru romani ca si cea ruseasca, fiind marcata de abuzuri si brutalitati Ia adresa populatiei, ceea ce a dus la o stare de tensiune. In pofida tuturor acestor greutati, cei doi domni, Barbu Stirbei in Tara Romanesca si Grigore Al. Ghica in Moldova, reveniti in tara in septembrie, respectiv, noiembrie 1854 dupa retragerea impusa de declasarea conflictului, au continuat opera de reformare a tarn. Modemizarea ireversibilka societatii romanesti a insemnat eliminarea robiei si adoptarea de legi in spiritul european. In acest sens s-au facut primele demersuri in directia constituirii unui sistem bancar prin incercarea, esuata, de creare a unei banci cu capital strain, s-au facut pasi decisivi in directia modemizarii sistemului judiciar prin reorganizarea Inaltei Curti in Tara Romanesca si numirea de judecatori numai cu studii juridice in Moldova, au fost luate masuri in vederea aducerii armatei la standardele timpului prin achizitii de armament si munitie, prin pregatirea temeinica in scoli speciale a cadrelor militare. Totodata au inregistrat progrese infrastructura, prin constructia de drumuri, comunicatiile prin instalarea de linii de telegraf, iar in domeniul edilitar-urbanistic a fost extinsa si modemizata reteaua stradala a unor orase, au fost constuite sau amenajate not teatre, parcuri, s-au facut pa.i importanti in iluminatul public. In domeniul invatamantului de o atentie deosebit s-au bucurat scolile de la sate, unnarindu-se in paralel si consolidarea ciclului mediu la orase, bazele puse acum au permis peste cativa ani nasterea invatamantul superior romanesc. Razboiul Crimeii si cursul evenimentelor au avut urmari faste asupra statutului international al Principatelor romane, Rusia find obligata, initial, sa adere de principiu la garantia comuna a puterilor europene asupra crestinilor din imperiu si mai apoi sa renunte la pretentiileasupra acestora.ProtectoratulPrincipatelor romane afostabolit pe cale diplomatica, iar in decembrie 1854 pentru prima data acestea au fost plasate sub garantia colectiva a puterilor europene. Bazele statutului international al Principatelor au fost puse la Conferinta reprezentantilor Austriei, Frantei, Marii Britanii si Imperiului Otoman de Ia Constantinopol din ianuariefebruarie 1856 printr-un protocol referitor la organizarea for interns. Potrivit acestuia, Regulamentul organic inceteaza de a mai fi lege fundamentals, Principatele continuau sa se bucure de vechile imunitati $i privilegii, iar Poarta isi mentinea suzeranitatea asupra lor, find considerate
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