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Une Sociologie Comparative Et Historique De La Sécularisation : Formation De L’État Républicain En France (1875-1905) Et En Turquie (1908-1938) Efe Peker

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Une Sociologie Comparative Et Historique De La Sécularisation : Formation De L’État Républicain En France (1875-1905) Et En Turquie (1908-1938) Efe Peker Une sociologie comparative et historique de la sécularisation : formation de l’état républicain en France (1875-1905) et en Turquie (1908-1938) Efe Peker To cite this version: Efe Peker. Une sociologie comparative et historique de la sécularisation : formation de l’état républi- cain en France (1875-1905) et en Turquie (1908-1938). Histoire. Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I; Simon Fraser university (Burnaby, Canada), 2016. Français. NNT : 2016PA01H082. tel-02508873 HAL Id: tel-02508873 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02508873 Submitted on 16 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Centre d’Histoire Sociale de XXe Siècle UMR 8058 Ecole Doctorale d’Histoire ------- UFR 09 Histoire ------- Thèse pour l’obtention d’un doctorat unique d’histoire (en cotutelle avec sociologie, Université Simon Fraser, Canada) Une sociologie comparative et historique de la sécularisation : formation de l’état républicain en France (1875-1905) et en Turquie (1908-1938) A Comparative-Historical Sociology of Secularisation: Republican State Building in France (1875-1905) and Turkey (1908-1938) Présentée et soutenue par Efe PEKER Sous la direction de : Patrick WEIL, Directeur de recherche au CNRS Centre d'Histoire Sociale du XXe siècle, Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne Gary TEEPLE, Professeur de sociologie, Université Simon Fraser A Comparative-Historical Sociology of Secularisation: Republican State Building in France (1875-1905) and Turkey (1908-1938) by Efe Peker MSc, Linköping University, 2006 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Joint Degree (Cotutelle) Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Simon Fraser University (Canada) -and- History, Faculty of Human Sciences at Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (France) © Efe Peker 2015 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE Fall 2015 Abstract This dissertation features a comparative-historical examination of macrosocietal secularisation in France (1875-1905) and Turkey (1908-1938), with particular attention to their republican state building experiences. Bridging the literatures on secularisation theory (sociology of religion) and state formation (comparative-historical sociology), it is the purpose of this work to contribute to “historicising the secularisation debate” by scrutinising the “sociopolitical conflicts” involved in the making of macro-level secularisation (Gorski, 2003b, 2005). The existing literature often interprets different patterns of secularisation through voluntaristic perspectives (overemphasising the ideologies/beliefs of rulers and individuals) or deterministic lenses (anticipating civilisational or modernist path dependencies). To overcome the duality, this study provides a comparative-historical approach that investigates secularisation as a non- linear, uneven, and dialectical process contingent upon the course of sociopolitical struggles and structural transformations. Differing from many other national states, why did France and Turkey converge to embrace secularism as a central principle and doctrine, based on an accentuated form of “separation” from and “regulation” of religion? What accounts for their divergence, that is, why did the “separation” aspect prove more dominant in French laïcité, whereas “regulation” came to be prominent in Turkish laiklik? Resting on a rich array of archival and bibliographical sources, my analysis proposes to explain the convergence and divergence between France and Turkey through the interaction of “extra-religious” and “religious” sets of variables. The former set takes into account geographically specific class struggles/alliances, and dynamics of internal/external sovereign state building. The latter set explores the doctrinal/institutional configuration of dominant religions, and the situation of religious minorities. Highlighting the interplay of these “extra-religious” and “religious” dynamics, the dissertation offers an analytical framework to contribute to the social scientific understanding of secularisation/desecularisation beyond the French and Turkish cases. iii The highly contentious histories of France and Turkey reveal that secularisation is not merely about the conflict of ideational visions. Secularisation is also a concrete state building strategy operationalised through a combination of “separation” and “regulation”. As part of the struggle against religiously affiliated/legitimated sociopolitical contenders, these dual strategies are utilised by bourgeois-national state builders to bring about “differentiation”, “societalisation”, and “rationalisation” (Wallis & Bruce, 1992). While the strategy of separation “differentiates” (and transfers to the state) diverse social functions previously assumed by “religious authority” (Chaves, 1994), the latter’s remaining prerogatives are placed under the regulation of “societally” and “rationally” organised secular-bureaucratic institutions. In this sense, secularisation is intimately linked to the consolidation of sovereign infrastructural power (Mann, 1984; Soifer, 2008) in “legal- institutional”, “socio-educational”, “symbolic-ideological”, and “property-distributional” spheres. France and Turkey allow for a cross-religious and cross-regional comparison to crystallise the national and extra-national social forces and mechanisms that influence the ebbs and flows in the secularising process. Keywords: Secularisation, state formation, France, Turkey, Catholicism, Islam. iv Résumé Une sociologie comparative et historique de la sécularisation : formation de l’état républicain en France (1875-1905) et en Turquie (1908-1938) Cette thèse propose un examen comparatif et historique de la sécularisation macro- sociale en France (1875-1905) et en Turquie (1908-1938), avec une attention particulière portée sur leurs expériences de formation de l’état républicain. Mettant en rapport les littératures sur la théorie de la sécularisation (sociologie de la religion) et la formation de l’état (sociologie historique comparative), l’objet de ce travail est de contribuer à « historiciser le débat de la sécularisation » en examinant les « conflits socio-politiques » engagés dans son développement (Gorski, 2003b, 2005). Les ouvrages existants en la matière interprète souvent la sécularisation d’un point de vue volontariste (soulignant les idéologies / croyances des dirigeants et des individus) ou déterministe (anticipant les sentiers civilisationnels ou modernistes). Afin de surmonter la dualité, cette étude fournit une approche comparative et historique qui étudie la sécularisation comme un processus dialectique, non-linéaire, et inégal, qui est déterminé par des luttes sociopolitiques et des transformations structurelles. À la différence de beaucoup d’autres états nationaux, pour quelles raisons est-ce que la France et la Turquie convergent à accentuer la laïcité et le laiklik comme un principe central, fondé sur une forme forte de « séparation » et de « régulation » de la religion ? Qu’est-ce qui explique leur divergence, en d’autres termes, pourquoi est-ce que la « séparation » est plus dominante dans la laïcité française, alors que la « régulation » est plus importante dans le laiklik turc ? Basée sur des sources archivistiques et bibliographiques, mon analyse propose d’expliquer la convergence et divergence de ces deux pays par l’interaction des variables « extra-religieuse » et « religieuse ». La première prend en compte des luttes de classes et la formation interne / externe de l'état souverain. La seconde explore la configuration doctrinale / institutionnelle des religions dominantes, et la situation des minorités religieuses. Soulignant l’interaction de ces variables « extra-religieuse » et « religieuse », la thèse propose un cadre analytique v pour contribuer à la compréhension scientifique de la sécularisation sociale au-delà des cas français et turc. Les histoires très controversées de la France et de la Turquie montrent que la sécularisation n’est pas seulement un conflit de visions idéelles. La sécularisation est aussi une stratégie de formation de l’état, opérationnalisé par la combinaison de la « séparation » et de la « régulation ». Dans la lutte contre les concurrents sociopolitiques religieusement affiliés et légitimés, ces deux stratégies sont utilisées par les républicains afin de mettre en place la « différenciation », « sociétalisation », et « rationalisation » (Wallis & Bruce, 1992). La stratégie de séparation « différencie » (et transfère à l'état) diverses fonctions sociales précédemment assumées par « l’autorité religieuse » (Chaves, 1994). En même temps, les anciennes prérogatives de ce dernier sont placées sous la régulation des institutions bureaucratiques-laïques qui sont organisées de façon « sociétale » et « rationnelle ». En ce sens, la sécularisation est intimement liée à la consolidation du pouvoir infrastructurel de l'état souverain (Mann, 1984; Soifer, 2008) dans les sphères « juridico-institutionnelle », « socio-éducative », « symbolique- idéologique
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