Les 16Jours À Pékin De Chantal Petitclerc

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Les 16Jours À Pékin De Chantal Petitclerc Les 16 jours à Pékin de Chantal Petitclerc : discussion autour de la constitution d’une contre-mémoire de paralympienne 1 Fannie Valois-Nadeau, Maude Gauthier, & Émilie Pelletier Université de Montréal ABSTRACT Former Canadian Paralympian Danielle Peers (2009) shows how the dominant historical narrative of the Paralympic Movement renders disabled athletes anonymous while portraying them as being passive and tragic. To study in more detail the perspective of an athlete, we analyze the book 16 jours à Pékin (literally, “16 days in Beijing”) by Canadian Paralympic champion Chantal Petitclerc. Part autobiography, part travelogue, this book offers a different understanding of Paralympians by acting as a memory technology, i.e., both as a specific mode of archiving and as a narrative technique. Petitclerc presents herself as an elite athlete and as a woman, lover, and friend, in a way that challenges the dominant Paralympic narrative of anonymous and de-individualized athletes. KEYWORDS Memory; Cultural studies; Disability studies; Paralympics; Autobiography RÉSUMÉ L’ex-paralympienne canadienne Danielle Peers (2009) démontre comment le narratif dominant de l’histoire du Mouvement paralympique rend anonymes les athlètes avec un handicap et les dépeint comme étant des personnes passives et tragiques. Afin d’examiner plus en détail ce qu’apporte le point de vue d’une athlète, nous analysons l’ouvrage 16 jours à Pékin de la championne paralympique canadienne Chantal Petitclerc. Mi-autobiographie, mi-récit de voyage, ce livre participe comme technologie de mémoire, c’est-à-dire comme un mode spécifique d’archivage et comme technique de narration, à positionner autrement les paralympiens. Petitclerc s’y présente comme une athlète de haut niveau et comme une femme, une amoureuse et amie, d’une manière qui bouscule le narratif dominant présentant des athlètes anonymes et dépersonnalisés. MOTS ClÉS Mémoire; Études culturelles; Études dans le champ du handicap; Paralympiques; Autobiographie Introduction u cours de l’année 2009 est apparue sur les tablettes des librairies l’autobiographie Ade l’athlète paralympique canadienne Chantal Petitclerc, intitulée 16 jours à Pékin et publiée aux Éditions la Presse. Coureuse en fauteuil roulant s’étant mérité Fannie Valois-Nadeau est doctorante au département de communication de l’Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec) H3C 3J7. Courriel : fannie.valois- [email protected] . Maude Gauthier est doctorante au département de communication de l’Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec) H3C 3J7. Courriel : [email protected] . Émilie Pelletier est doctorante au département de communication de l’Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec) H3C 3J7. Courriel : [email protected] . Canadian Journal of Communication Vol 36 (20 11) 377 -393 ©20 11 Canadian Journal of Communication Corporation 378 Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol 36 (3) 21 médailles paralympiques (dont quatorze d’or) et une médaille d’or olympique, détentrice de plusieurs records canadiens, mondiaux et paralympiques, Petitclerc est l’une des rares athlètes paralympiques, tant au Canada qu’à l’international, à être connue du grand public. À travers cette autobiographie, elle raconte ses Jeux paralympiques de 2008, mêlant le récit du quotidien de ces deux semaines à des photographies de ses premières compétitions et à des histoires sur sa vie hors du sport. Ce livre se veut également le bilan de sa carrière paralympique, qui prit fin d’une manière spectaculaire à ces Jeux de Pékin : elle y établit deux records du monde et un record paralympique, en plus de remporter cinq médailles d’or. l’analyse de ce livre est pour nous l’occasion d’aborder les diverses manières d’appréhender la mémoire, et plus particulièrement celle qui se rend visible par le biais du récit de soi. Rendu possible par la sélection de souvenirs particuliers, le format de l’autobiographie donne place à de nombreux questionnements concernant le travail de mémoire, notamment ceux relatifs à l’authenticité des souvenirs racontés, à leur médiation et au processus de constitution même de la mémoire. En s’inspirant de la proposition théorique émise par John Frow (1997), pour qui la mémoire est vue comme tekhnè, c’est-à-dire comme un art de faire, nous proposons de regarder comment se construit la mémoire par rapport au processus de constitution de soi. Dans cette optique, la mémoire n’est plus vue comme étant le siège de l’expérience et des souvenirs, mais plutôt comme une technologie qui permet la mise en forme d’un rapport au passé. Penser la mémoire en termes de technologie implique de la conceptualiser à la fois comme un lieu de dépôt des manifestations passées et comme une technique apprise (de l’ordre d’un savoir-faire) pour (re)découvrir les souvenirs. En nous inspirant de l’approche de Frow, nous souhaitons déplacer les débats sur la mémoire organisés selon des rapports à la vérité. Comme lui, nous voulons plutôt mettre en œuvre des réflexions autour du rapport étroit qui lie le positionnement identitaire du sujet et la manière de se faire être par les médiations de la mémoire. Pour explorer ces questions, nous nous concentrerons sur la manière dont Petitclerc produit le récit de son expérience paralympique, en le positionnant au regard de l’idéologie du Mouvement paralympique. À la suite de notre analyse, nous verrons que l’autobiographie 16 jours à Pékin, lieu de mémoire de Chantal Petitclerc, la fait être comme une véritable athlète, mais aussi comme une femme, une amie, une amoureuse, bref une personne spécifique dont la particularité ne se réduit pas à son handicap 2. Pour le démontrer, nous exposerons d’abord le narratif dominant du Mouvement paralympique et la figure du « supercrip » (le « super-invalide ») sur laquelle il s’appuie et qu’il perpétue. À la lumière de ce discours, nous nous demanderons comment l’autobiographie de Chantal Petitclerc se positionne par rapport au narratif dominant sur le Mouvement paralympique. Plus largement, puisque le récit dominant est généralement mis en forme par des personnes sans handicap, qu’apportent alors les voix des paralympiens eux-mêmes? Après cette mise en contexte, nous approfondirons l’approche de la mémoire comme tekhnè, qui participe à la constitution de subjectivités. Plus concrètement, notre analyse de 16 jours à Pékin portera d’une part sur l’objet-livre et sa construction, soulevant des enjeux de représentation et de visibilité, et d’autre part sur les aspects de la Valois-Nadeau, Gauthier & Pelletier Une contre-mémoire de paralympienne 379 personnalité de Petitclerc produits par le récit de cette autobiographie, qui la fait être d’abord et avant tout comme une athlète professionnelle. Nous conclurons par une discussion sur le statut possiblement « contre-mémoriel » de son ouvrage puisque, si nous estimons qu’il est légitime de la nommer ainsi, cette contre-mémoire a cette particularité qu’elle construit l’individualité de l’athlète à contre-courant d’un discours dominant référant à un groupe de personnes handicapées anonymes et passives. Le récit autobiographique de Petitclerc, à la croisée des enjeux de représentation et de mémoire Il est important de mentionner le contexte particulier dans lequel s’inscrit le récit de 16 jours à Pékin. Ce contexte devient pour nous l’occasion de présenter les rapports de force au sein du narratif du supercrip, de situer dans un contexte socio-historique ce qui est nommé comme « soi » et qui fait l’objet de ce type de récit, et de mettre en question les représentations traditionnelles de la mémoire, afin de non plus la voir comme un réservoir dont il faut extirper les souvenirs, mais comme une forme de médiation et de représentation de divers modes de temporalisation (Clermont, 2010). Le Mouvement paralympique et le narratif du supercrip : un bref apercu le récit de Chantal Petitclerc s’inscrit dans le contexte des Jeux paralympiques et peut être lu au regard de l’histoire du Mouvement paralympique. Dans son article scientifique, l’ancienne paralympienne Danielle Peers (2009) met en évidence la constitution et le maintien au fil du temps de l’identité du Mouvement paralympique par la continuelle narration de son passé fondateur, par et à travers la participation de diverses institutions sportives et médiatiques. Selon elle, ce récit, sans cesse réactualisé, est basé sur une représentation misérabiliste des personnes avec un handicap et sur la glorification des personnes sans handicap qui leur viendraient magnanimement en aide. le narratif dominant commence avec la création du Mouvement paralympique en 1944 par le Britannique ludwig Guttman. Ce médecin organisait des compétitions sportives pour aider à la réhabilitation des vétérans de guerre blessés par des combats. le but était alors de redonner fierté, confiance et joie de vivre aux soldats blessés, qui devaient apprendre à fonctionner autrement. Au fil des années, le Mouvement s’est élargi pour inclure tout civil avec un handicap physique 3, se calquant sur le modèle de compétition des Jeux olympiques. À travers l’évolution du Mouvement se dessine la figure du supercrip, très critiquée dans la littérature en disability studies (voir Schell & Rodriguez, 2001; Carlisle Duncan, 2000; Berger, 2008). le supercrip serait un héros encensé pour avoir « dépassé » son handicap à force de travail et de persévérance. Dans le discours courant, il est qualifié d’« inspiration » par les personnes sans handicap. Qu’il soit athlète (comme les paralympiens), scientifique (Stephen Hawking), activiste (Christopher Reeve) ou auteur (Hellen Keller), le supercrip et ses succès deviennent un barème à l’aune duquel sont évaluées toutes les personnes avec un handicap : These superhuman images are problematic since they allow non-disabled people to ignore any accommodations that those with disabilities might need (Gill, 1994; Shapiro, 1993). They also underwrite the damaging assumption that all people with disabilities should make heroic efforts to “overcome 380 Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol 36 (3) [their] disability” (linton, 1998, p.
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