United States In cooperation with Department of Tennessee Agricultural Soil Survey of Agriculture Experiment Station; Tennessee Department of Natural Agriculture; United States Cocke County Area, Resources Department of Agriculture, Conservation Forest Service; and Service Cocke County Board of Tennessee Commissioners

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How To Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1997. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 2001. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1993. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service; the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station; the Tennessee Department of Agriculture; the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; and the Cocke County Board of Commissioners. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Cocke County Soil and Water Conservation District. The Cocke County Board of County Commissioners and the Tennessee Department of Agriculture provided financial assistance for the survey. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: Farming operations are common throughout Cocke County. Dewey soils are in the sloping to moderately steep areas in the foreground. Keener soils are on the footslopes at the base of the mountains. Unicoi and Ditney soils are on the summits and side slopes of the mountains in the background. Dewey soils are used for pasture and hay. Good conservation practices help to protect valuable resources, such as soil and clean water. 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 CkE—Chiswell channery loam, 25 to 60 How To Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 percent slopes ...... 37 Contents ...... 5 Cm—Combs loam, rarely flooded ...... 38 Foreword ...... 9 Cr—Craigsville gravelly fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 General Nature of the Survey Area ...... 11 percent slopes, bouldery, occasionally How This Survey Was Made ...... 13 flooded ...... 39 General Soil Map Units ...... 15 DeC2—Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, 1. Shady-Statler-Nelse ...... 15 eroded ...... 40 2. Holston-Leadvale-Tyler ...... 16 DeD2—Dewey silt loam, 12 to 25 percent 3. Nonaburg-Whitesburg-Steadman ...... 16 slopes, eroded ...... 41 4. Dewey-Steadman ...... 18 DeE2—Dewey silt loam, 25 to 60 percent 5. Dewey-Groseclose-Steadman ...... 19 slopes, eroded ...... 42 6. Keener-Craigsville...... 19 DhD—Ditney sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent 7. Cataska-Unicoi-Ditney ...... 20 slopes ...... 43 8. Unicoi-Ditney ...... 21 DhE—Ditney sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent 9. Cataska-Brasstown...... 21 slopes ...... 44 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 23 DhF—Ditney sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent Be—Biltmore fine sandy loam, occasionally slopes ...... 45 flooded ...... 24 DhG—Ditney sandy loam, 50 to 80 percent Bm—Bloomingdale silt loam, occasionally slopes ...... 46 ponded ...... 24 GcC2—Groseclose silt loam, 5 to 12 percent BtC—Brasstown loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes, eroded ...... 47 slopes ...... 26 GcD2—Groseclose silt loam, 12 to 25 percent BtD—Brasstown loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, eroded ...... 48 slopes ...... 26 GcE2—Groseclose silt loam, 25 to 60 percent BtE—Brasstown loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, eroded ...... 49 slopes ...... 27 GwE—Gullied land-Dewey complex, 15 to 50 BtF—Brasstown loam, 35 to 50 percent percent slopes ...... 50 slopes ...... 28 GxE—Gullied land-Nonaburg complex, 15 to BtG—Brasstown loam, 50 to 80 percent 50 percent slopes ...... 51 slopes ...... 29 HnB—Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes ...... 51 CaE—Cataska channery silt loam, 20 to 35 HnC—Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes ...... 52 percent slopes ...... 30 HnD—Holston loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes ..... 53 CaF—Cataska channery silt loam, 35 to 50 JaC—Junaluska loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes .... 54 percent slopes ...... 31 JbD—Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 12 to 20 CaG—Cataska channery silt loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes ...... 55 percent slopes ...... 32 JbE—Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 20 to 35 ChE—Chestnut loam, 20 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 56 slopes ...... 33 JbF—Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 35 to 50 ChF—Chestnut loam, 35 to 50 percent percent slopes ...... 57 slopes ...... 34 KfC—Keener loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, ChG—Chestnut loam, 50 to 80 percent stony ...... 58 slopes ...... 35 KfD—Keener loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, CkD—Chiswell channery loam, 12 to 25 stony ...... 59 percent slopes ...... 36 6

KfE—Keener loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, PsF—Porters loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes ...... 83 stony ...... 60 PuD—Porters-Unaka complex, 15 to 30 LeB—Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent percent slopes, stony ...... 84 slopes ...... 61 PuE—Porters-Unaka complex, 30 to 50 LsB—Leesburg cobbly loam, 2 to 5 percent percent slopes, stony ...... 85 slopes ...... 62 RuG—Rock outcrop-Unicoi complex, 50 to 99 LsC—Leesburg cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent percent slopes ...... 86 slopes ...... 63 Sh—Shady loam, occasionally flooded ...... 87 LsD—Leesburg cobbly loam, 12 to 25 percent SoE—Soco fine sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes ...... 64 slopes, stony ...... 88 MaE—Maymead loam, 20 to 35 percent SoF—Soco fine sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes ...... 65 slopes, stony ...... 89 MaF—Maymead loam, 35 to 50 percent SoG—Soco-Stecoah complex, 50 to 95 slopes ...... 66 percent slopes ...... 90 MuC2—Muse silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, Sr—Statler loam, occasionally flooded ...... 91 eroded ...... 67 Su—Steadman silt loam, occasionally MxC2—Muse cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent flooded ...... 92 slopes, eroded ...... 68 SyE—Sylco channery silt loam, 20 to 35 Ne—Nelse sandy loam, occasionally flooded ..... 69 percent slopes ...... 93 NhB—Nolichucky loam, 2 to 5 percent SyF—Sylco-Cataska complex, 35 to 50 slopes ...... 70 percent slopes ...... 94 NhC—Nolichucky loam, 5 to 12 percent SyG—Sylco-Cataska complex, 50 to 80 slopes ...... 70 percent slopes ...... 95 NhD—Nolichucky loam, 12 to 25 percent TaD2—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to slopes ...... 71 25 percent slopes, eroded ...... 96 NnC3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 5 to 12 TaE2—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to percent slopes, severely eroded, rocky ...... 72 60 percent slopes, eroded ...... 98 NnD3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 12 to 25 TuE—Tusquitee loam, 20 to 35 percent percent slopes, severely eroded, rocky ...... 73 slopes ...... 99 NnE3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 25 to 60 TuF—Tusquitee loam, 35 to 50 percent percent slopes, severely eroded, rocky ...... 74 slopes ...... 100 NoD—Northcove stony sandy loam, 5 to 20 Ty—Tyler silt loam ...... 101 percent slopes, bouldery ...... 75 Ud—Udorthents, loamy ...... 102 NoE—Northcove stony sandy loam, 20 to 35 UnF—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to percent slopes, bouldery ...... 76 50 percent slopes ...... 103 NoF—Northcove stony sandy loam, 35 to 50 UnG—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to percent slopes, bouldery ...... 77 80 percent slopes ...... 104 NoG—Northcove stony sandy loam, 50 to 80 Ur—Urban land ...... 105 percent slopes, bouldery ...... 78 W—Water ...... 105 Pe—Pettyjon loam, occasionally flooded ...... 79 WaB2—Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent Ph—Philo fine sandy loam, occasionally slopes, eroded ...... 105 flooded ...... 80 WaC2—Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent Po—Pope sandy loam, occasionally flooded ...... 81 slopes, eroded ...... 106 PsE—Porters loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes ...... 82 WaD2—Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded ...... 107 7

WcD2—Waynesboro cobbly loam, 12 to 25 Pope Series ...... 153 percent slopes, eroded ...... 109 Porters Series ...... 154 Wf—Whitesburg silt loam, occasionally Shady Series ...... 155 flooded ...... 110 Soco Series ...... 156 Wt—Whitwell loam, occasionally flooded ...... 111 Statler Series...... 157 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 113 Steadman Series ...... 158 Crops and Pasture ...... 113 Stecoah Series ...... 158 Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 116 Sylco Series ...... 159 Recreation ...... 117 Talbott Series ...... 160 Wildlife Habitat ...... 118 Tusquitee Series ...... 161 Engineering ...... 119 Tyler Series ...... 161 Soil Properties ...... 125 Udorthents ...... 163 Engineering Index Properties ...... 125 Unaka Series ...... 163 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 126 Unicoi Series ...... 164 Water Features ...... 127 Waynesboro Series ...... 165 Soil Features ...... 128 Whitesburg Series ...... 165 Classification of the Soils ...... 131 Whitwell Series ...... 166 Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 131 References ...... 169 Biltmore Series ...... 131 Glossary ...... 171 Bloomingdale Series ...... 132 Tables ...... 181 Brasstown Series ...... 133 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 182 Cataska Series ...... 134 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall...... 183 Chestnut Series ...... 134 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 183 Chiswell Series ...... 135 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Combs Series ...... 136 of the Soils ...... 184 Craigsville Series ...... 136 Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre Dewey Series ...... 137 of Crops and Pasture ...... 186 Ditney Series ...... 138 Table 6.—Prime Farmland ...... 190 Groseclose Series ...... 138 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Holston Series ...... 139 Productivity ...... 191 Junaluska Series ...... 140 Table 8.—Recreational Development ...... 206 Keener Series ...... 141 Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 212 Leadvale Series ...... 142 Table 10.—Building Site Development ...... 217 Leesburg Series ...... 143 Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 224 Maymead Series ...... 144 Table 12.—Construction Materials ...... 231 Muse Series ...... 144 Table 13.—Water Management ...... 238 Nelse Series ...... 145 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 245 Nolichucky Series ...... 146 Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical Nonaburg Series ...... 146 Properties of the Soils ...... 256 Northcove Series...... 151 Table 16.—Water Features ...... 261 Pettyjon Series ...... 152 Table 17.—Soil Features ...... 267 Philo Series ...... 153 Table 18.—Classification of the Soils ...... 271

Issued 2005

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Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

James E. Ford State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

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Soil Survey of Cocke County Area, Tennessee

By Clarence T. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Clarence T. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Mark A. Dew, John M. Haarbauer, and Michael J. Searcy, Cocke County

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station; Tennessee Department of Agriculture; United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; and Cocke County Board of Commissioners

COCKE COUNTY is located in eastern Tennessee (fig. 1). The physiography of the survey area is highly variable. The county lies within both the Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys and the Blue Ridge Major Land Resource Areas. The survey area covers 264,900 acres, or about 414 square miles. It is Figure 1.—Location of Cocke County in Tennessee. bounded on the east by Greene County and Madison County, North Carolina; on the north by Greene County, Tennessee, and the Nolichucky River; on the west by the French Broad River and Jefferson and History and Economic Development Sevier Counties, Tennessee; and on the south by Haywood County, North Carolina, and the Great This section was prepared by E.R. Walker, III, Cocke County Smoky Mountains National Park. About 18,600 acres Historian. of Cocke County lies within the Great Smoky The section of Cocke County lying north of the Mountains National Park. This area is not included in French Broad River was perhaps the site of the first this soil survey. It is included in the soil survey area of settlement in 1783. The early settlers, mostly from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Virginia and North Carolina, were of English, Scotch- This soil survey updates the survey of Cocke Irish, and German descent. The land at that time had County published in 1955 (3). It provides additional not been ceded by the Cherokee Indians. The Indian information and has larger maps, which show the soils lands were first partially ceded by the Treaty of in greater detail. Dumplin Creek in 1785. Soon afterward, settlement into the area south of the French Broad River spread rapidly. General Nature of the Survey Area When Tennessee became a state in 1796, the area now known as Cocke County was part of Jefferson This section gives general information about Cocke County. Because citizens there found it difficult to get County. It describes history and economic to Dandridge to transact legal business, the General development; physiography, geology, and drainage; Assembly was petitioned to create a new county. On and climate. October 9, 1797, the new county was established. It 12 Soil Survey

was named for William Cocke (1747-1827), one of manufacturing, and automotive and electronic the two first U.S. senators from the State of operations employ people in Cocke County. Tennessee. Commissioners were appointed to Economic development in Cocke County in the form establish the county seat. There was some of tourism has benefited greatly from the controversy over the location of the county seat. In establishment of the Great Smoky Mountains National 1799, after much debate, John Gilliland, son of the first Park, the creation of Douglas Lake, and the settler, donated 50 acres on the French Broad River construction of Interstate Highway 40. The Great for the purpose of erecting a courthouse and a prison Smoky Mountains National Park is the most visited with stocks and for laying out a town which would park in the country. In recent years, nearby Gatlinburg consist of one-half-acre lots with proper streets and and Pigeon Forge in Sevier County have become alleys. This generous donation ended the long debate important tourist attractions in themselves, helping to about the county seat. Also in 1799, the area between enhance the economic conditions in Cocke County. the French Broad River and the Nolichucky River was taken from Greene County and added to Cocke Physiography, Geology, and Drainage County. In 1867, the railroad was extended into Cocke Cocke County lies within two Major Land Resource County, following much the same route from Areas (MLRAs). The southern half of the survey area Morristown, Tennessee, as it does today. The tracks is within the Blue Ridge MLRA, and the northern half extended along the Big Pigeon River to the property of is within the Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Thomas S. Gorman. Soon after, another debate arose MLRA. These two MLRAs differ greatly in their about where the county seat should be located. After physiographic features and geological composition. much discussion, Clifton (now Newport) was decided The Blue Ridge is comprised of higher elevation upon. Because Gorman offered a new site for a mountains and foothills. This area is characterized by courthouse and the railroad provided a modern link high relief due to past geologic uplifting, the dissection with points west, the county seat was moved. of streams, and mass wasting on the steep slopes. The first industries in Cocke County were the small Coves are a unique physiographic feature of the Blue grist mills. There were also several small tanneries. Ridge. The coves are gently sloping to steep, concave The first large industry in the county was the lumber areas that are surrounded by mountains. Colluvium business. In the late 1800’s, more than half of Cocke from upland sources and alluvium from streams cover County was forested. Large oaks, hemlocks, the narrower coves. chestnuts, maples, birches, white pine, ashes, poplars, The underlying geology of the Blue Ridge in the and cherries were abundant. In 1883, the Scottish survey area is composed mainly of rocks which have Lumber Company came to the survey area and been highly folded and faulted and have undergone headquartered in Newport. The lumber business various degrees of metamorphism. The rocks of the floated the logs down the river to Knoxville. It Blue Ridge are mainly Precambrian in age. Although a flourished until the great flood of 1886, and then number of geologic formations have been identified operations were moved to Knoxville. In 1901, Hart and through investigations and mapping, they are Holloway came to establish a lumber business. Rather commonly interbedded with other rock types. The than float the logs down the river, they constructed the major rock types include fine- to coarse-grained Tennessee and North Carolina Railroad from Newport metasandstone, quartzite, metasiltstone, phyllite, into the timber region along the Big Pigeon River and slate, and metagraywacke. In the lower foothills along into North Carolina. Actual ownership of the operations the northern edge of the Blue Ridge, the degree of changed from time to time, but the lumber business metamorphism is less noticeable. The rock types in was active in Cocke County until the establishment of this area are similar to those found in the Ridges and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 1934. Valleys. These types include conglomerate, In the 1800’s, soon after completion of the railroad, sandstone, shale, dolomite, and limestone. They are John Stokely started a farming business and shipped mainly Cambrian in age. produce all over the country. After his death, his family The mountainous and hilly terrain of the Blue Ridge started a small cannery. Years later, with the purchase has been highly dissected by perennial and of the Van Camp Company, the company grew into a intermittent streams. The dominant drainage pattern in multimillion-dollar enterprise. It is still a vital part of the the Blue Ridge is dendritic. Dendritic drainage is in a local economy. In addition to the food-processing tree-like pattern and forms as tributaries branch and industry, the chemical industry, furniture branch again upstream from a main stream. This Cocke County Area, Tennessee 13

pattern develops on landscapes composed of crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day relatively uniform rock material. The larger streams rainfall during the period of record was 5.00 inches at have a meandering pattern that is controlled in part by Newport on March 27, 1994. Thunderstorms occur on variations in the bedrock geology. about 47 days each year, and most occur in July. The Southern Ridges and Valleys is an area of The average seasonal snowfall is 12.3 inches. The alternating parallel ridges and valleys in the northern greatest snow depth at any one time during the period part of Cocke County. The alternating ridges and of record was 20 inches, recorded on March 13, 1993. valleys parallel the strikes of the underlying folded and On an average, 8 days per year have at least 1 inch of faulted bedrock. This area extends in a northeast- snow on the ground. The heaviest 1-day snowfall on southwest direction that is parallel and adjacent to the record was 16.0 inches, recorded on March 13, 1993. Blue Ridge. The elevation of the ridges is generally The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is lower and more uniform in the Ridges and Valleys than about 59 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the in the Blue Ridge. average at dawn is about 85 percent. The sun shines The geologic characteristics of the Ridges and 63 percent of the time possible in summer and 42 Valleys have a major influence on drainage patterns. In percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the areas underlain by limestone, the karst topography northeast. Average windspeed is highest, 8.8 miles per produces a deranged drainage pattern, where streams hour, in March. enter sinkholes and flow through subterranean caverns. In areas underlain by interbedded and folded How This Survey Was Made limestone and shale, the variation in geologic resistance forms a trellis drainage pattern, where the This survey was made to provide information about main streams occupy the valleys and the minor the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. tributaries are forced into right angles with the main The information includes a description of the soils and stream channels. In areas underlain by shale, the miscellaneous areas and their location and a drainage pattern is dendritic since the geology is discussion of their suitability, limitations, and relatively uniform. management for specified uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of the Climate slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is for the survey area as recorded at Newport, the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. Tennessee, in the period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows The profile extends from the surface down into the probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on the length of unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other the growing season. living organisms and has not been changed by other In winter, the average temperature is 37.2 degrees biological activity. F and the average daily minimum temperature is 25.7 The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the occurred at Newport on January 21, 1985, is -23 geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 74.6 vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and degrees and the average daily maximum temperature miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind is 86.4 degrees. The highest temperature, which of landform or with a segment of the landform. By occurred at Newport on July 28, 1952, is 107 degrees. observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They survey area and relating their position to specific are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a growing degree days accumulate by the amount that concept, or model, of how they were formed. Thus, the average temperature each day exceeds a base during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the accumulation is used to schedule single or successive kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring on the landscape. and the first freeze in fall. Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge The total annual precipitation is 43.87 inches. Of into one another as their characteristics gradually this, 19.79 inches, or about 45 percent, usually falls in change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, May through September. The growing season for most soil scientists must determine the boundaries between 14

the soils. They can observe only a limited number of soils in different uses and under different levels of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, management. Some interpretations are modified to fit supplemented by an understanding of the soil- local conditions, and some new interpretations are vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to from other sources, such as research information, determine the boundaries. production records, and field experience of specialists. Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the For example, data on crop yields under defined levels soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, of management are assembled from farm records and texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, soil. reaction, and other features that enable them to Predictions about soil behavior are based not only identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey on soil properties but also on such variables as area and determining their properties, the soil climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes predictable over long periods of time, but they are not (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each predictable from year to year. For example, soil taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. within certain depths in most years, but they cannot Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification predict that a high water table will always be at a used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind specific level in the soil on a specific date. and character of soil properties and the arrangement After soil scientists located and identified the of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, classified and named the soils in the survey area, they they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial compared the individual soils with similar soils in the photographs and identified each as a specific map same taxonomic class in other areas so that they unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, could confirm data and assemble additional data roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating based on experience and research. boundaries accurately. While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some The descriptions, names, and delineations of the of the soils in the area generally are collected for soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are scientists interpret the data from these analyses and the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and in series concepts, or variations in the intensity of the soil properties to determine the expected behavior mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all areas. of the soils are field tested through observation of the 15

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map shows broad areas that have Subsurface layer: Dark yellowish brown loam a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each Subsoil: Dark yellowish brown clay loam and loam map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural Underlying material: Dark yellowish brown loam landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major Slope range: 0 to 3 percent soils or miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or Drainage class: Well drained miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit Landform position: Linear slopes can occur in another but in a different pattern. The general soil map can be used to compare the Statler suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas Surface layer: Dark brown loam of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, Subsoil: Upper part—dark yellowish brown clay loam; areas where the soils are not suitable can be lower part—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam identified. that has dark brown and brown mottles Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable Slope range: 0 to 2 percent for planning the management of a farm or field or for Drainage class: Well drained selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place Landform position: Linear slopes in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics that affect management. Nelse Surface layer: Dark brown sandy loam 1. Shady-Statler-Nelse Underlying material: Dark yellowish brown sandy loam and loamy sand Nearly level, well drained, very deep soils that have Slope range: 0 to 2 percent loamy subsoils and that formed in alluvium; on stream Drainage class: Well drained terraces and flood plains Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landform position: Linear slopes Setting Location in the survey area: Along the French Broad, Use and Management Nolichucky, and Pigeon Rivers Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and cultivated crops Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains Cropland Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Management concerns: Hazard of flooding and soil Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 2 percent fertility Composition Pasture and hayland Shady soils: 50 to 60 percent Management concerns: Hazard of flooding and soil Statler soils: 15 to 20 percent fertility Nelse soils: 10 to 15 percent Minor soils (including Biltmore, Bloomingdale, Combs, Woodland and Steadman): 5 to 10 percent Management concerns: Seedling mortality and plant Soil Characteristics competition Shady Urban development Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown loam Management concerns: Hazard of flooding 16 Soil Survey

2. Holston-Leadvale-Tyler Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silty clay loam that has yellowish brown masses of iron Nearly level to moderately steep, well drained to concentration and grayish brown masses of iron somewhat poorly drained, very deep and deep soils depletion; middle part—yellowish brown silty clay that have loamy or silty subsoils and that formed in loam that has yellowish red masses of iron alluvium; on stream terraces concentration; lower part—yellowish brown silty clay loam that has yellowish red masses of iron Setting concentration and light brownish gray masses of Location in the survey area: Along the French Broad iron depletion and Nolichucky Rivers Underlying material: Light yellowish brown stratified Landscape: Ridges and Valleys silty clay loam and silt loam having grayish brown Landform: Stream terraces masses of iron depletion Slope range: 0 to 25 percent Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 3 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Composition Landform position: Linear or concave slopes Holston soils: 50 to 60 percent Use and Management Leadvale soils: 15 to 20 percent Tyler soils: 10 to 15 percent Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and cultivated crops Minor soils (including Pettyjon, Steadman, and Cropland Waynesboro): 5 to 10 percent Management concerns: Hazard of erosion in the Soil Characteristics steeper areas, wetness, and soil fertility Holston Pasture and hayland Surface layer: Brown loam Management concerns: Equipment use in the steeper Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown loam areas, wetness, and soil fertility Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown and strong brown clay loam; lower part—strong brown and Woodland yellowish red clay Management concerns: Hazard of erosion and Slope range: 2 to 25 percent equipment use in the steeper areas; seedling Drainage class: Well drained mortality, windthrow hazard, and plant competition Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches in areas of the Leadvale and Tyler soils Landform position: Summits and side slopes Urban development Leadvale Management concerns: Hazard of erosion in the Surface layer: Brown silt loam steeper areas and wetness Subsoil: Upper part—brownish yellow silt loam; middle part—yellowish brown silty clay loam that has strong brown masses of iron concentration; lower 3. Nonaburg-Whitesburg-Steadman part—yellowish brown clay that has strong brown masses of iron concentration and light brownish Nearly level to steep, well drained and moderately well gray masses of iron depletion drained, shallow to very deep soils that have clayey, Bedrock: Soft shale loamy, or silty subsoils and that formed in residuum Slope range: 2 to 5 percent from calcareous shale or alluvium washed from Drainage class: Moderately well drained materials that weathered from shale; on upland ridges, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches in drainageways, and on flood plains Landform position: Footslopes Setting Tyler Location in the survey area: Northern part of the Surface layer: Olive brown silt loam that has dark county yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Landscape: Ridges and Valleys (fig. 2) Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam that has Landform: Upland ridges, drainageways, and flood strong brown masses of iron concentration and plains light brownish gray masses of iron depletion Slope range: 0 to 60 percent Cocke County Area, Tennessee 17

Figure 2.—Typical dissected landscape in the Nonaburg-Whitesburg-Steadman general soil map unit.

Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 25 Slope range: 5 to 60 percent percent Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Less than 20 inches Composition Landform position: Upland ridge summits and side Nonaburg soils: 50 to 55 percent slopes Whitesburg soils: 20 to 25 percent Steadman soils: 15 to 20 percent Whitesburg Minor soils (including Bloomingdale, Pope, and Surface layer: Brown silt loam Shady): 10 to 15 percent Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silt loam; lower Soil Characteristics part—yellowish brown silty clay loam that has pale brown and strong brown masses of iron Nonaburg concentration Surface layer: Brown channery silt loam Underlying material: Yellowish brown silty clay loam Subsurface layer: Strong brown channery silt loam that has light brownish gray masses of iron Subsoil: Strong brown channery silty clay depletion and yellowish brown masses of iron Bedrock: Soft, fractured calcareous shale over hard concentration calcareous shale Bedrock: Soft calcareous shale 18 Soil Survey

Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Drainage class: Moderately well drained Landform: Upland ridges, drainageways, and flood Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches plains Landform position: Linear slopes along drainageways Slope range: 0 to 60 percent Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 15 Steadman percent Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silt loam Composition Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silt loam; lower part—yellowish brown silt loam that has light Dewey soils: 65 to 75 percent brownish gray masses of iron depletion and Steadman soils: 15 to 20 percent yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Minor soils (including Bloomingdale, Pope, Shady, and Underlying material: Yellowish brown silt loam that has Talbott): 10 to 15 percent light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and Soil Characteristics yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Dewey Drainage class: Moderately well drained Surface layer: Dark reddish brown silt loam Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Subsurface layer: Reddish brown clay loam Landform position: Linear or slightly concave slopes Subsoil: Upper part—red clay; lower part—red and on flood plains dark red clay Use and Management Slope range: 5 to 60 percent Drainage class: Well drained Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and woodland Depth to bedrock: More than 20 inches Cropland Landform position: Upland ridge summits and side slopes Management concerns: Hazard of flooding and wetness in nearly level and gently sloping areas; Steadman hazard of erosion, slope, and soil fertility in the Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silt loam steeper areas Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silt loam; lower Pasture and hayland part—yellowish brown silt loam that has light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and Management concerns: Hazard of flooding and yellowish brown masses of iron concentration wetness in nearly level and gently sloping areas; Underlying material: Yellowish brown silt loam that has hazard of erosion, equipment use, and soil fertility light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and in the steeper areas yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Woodland Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Drainage class: Moderately well drained Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches use, seedling mortality, windthrow hazard, and Landform position: Linear or slightly concave slopes plant competition on flood plains Urban development Use and Management Management concerns: Hazard of flooding and Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and woodland wetness; hazard of erosion in the steeper areas Cropland 4. Dewey-Steadman Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, slope, and soil fertility in the steeper areas; hazard of flooding Nearly level to steep, well drained and moderately well and wetness in nearly level and gently sloping drained, very deep soils that have clayey or loamy areas subsoils and that formed in residuum and alluvium; on upland ridges, in drainageways, and on flood plains Pasture and hayland Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Setting use, and soil fertility in the steeper areas; hazard Location in the survey area: Northern part of the of flooding and wetness in nearly level and gently county sloping areas Cocke County Area, Tennessee 19

Woodland Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landform position: Upland ridge summits and side Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment slopes use, and plant competition Steadman Urban development Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silt loam Management concerns: Hazard of flooding and Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silt loam; lower wetness along drainageways and flood plains; part—yellowish brown silt loam that has light hazard of erosion and restricted permeability on brownish gray masses of iron depletion and uplands yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Underlying material: Yellowish brown silt loam that has 5. Dewey-Groseclose-Steadman light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Nearly level to steep, well drained and moderately well Slope range: 0 to 3 percent drained, very deep soils that have clayey or loamy Drainage class: Moderately well drained subsoils and that formed in residuum and alluvium; on Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches upland ridges, in drainageways, and on flood plains Landform position: Linear or slightly concave slopes on flood plains Setting Use and Management Location in the survey area: Northern part of the county Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and woodland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Cropland Landform: Upland ridges, drainageways, and flood plains Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, slope, and Slope range: 0 to 60 percent soil fertility in the steeper areas; hazard of flooding Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 1 percent and wetness in nearly level and gently sloping areas Composition Pasture and hayland Dewey soils: 50 to 55 percent Groseclose soils: 15 to 20 percent Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Steadman soils: 10 to 15 percent use, and soil fertility in the steeper areas; hazard Minor soils (including Bloomingdale, Pope, Shady, and of flooding and wetness in nearly level and gently Talbott): 10 to 15 percent sloping areas Soil Characteristics Woodland Dewey Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment use, and plant competition Surface layer: Dark reddish brown silt loam Subsurface layer: Reddish brown clay loam Urban development Subsoil: Upper part—red clay; lower part—red and Management concerns: Hazard of flooding and dark red clay wetness along drainageways and flood plains; Slope range: 5 to 60 percent hazard of erosion, restricted permeability, and Drainage class: Well drained shrink-swell potential on uplands Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landform position: Upland ridge summits and side slopes 6. Keener-Craigsville Groseclose Nearly level to steep, well drained, very deep soils that Surface layer: Brown silt loam have loamy or loamy-skeletal subsoils and that formed Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red clay; lower part— in colluvium and alluvium; on colluvial fans and flood yellowish red gravelly clay plains Underlying material: Mottled yellowish red, red, and Setting strong brown gravelly silty clay loam Slope range: 5 to 60 percent Location in the survey area: Southern part of the Drainage class: Well drained county 20 Soil Survey

Landscape: Blue Ridge 7. Cataska-Unicoi-Ditney Landform: Colluvial fans and flood plains Slope range: 1 to 35 percent Moderately steep to very steep, excessively drained to Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 4 percent well drained, shallow and moderately deep soils that have loamy-skeletal or loamy subsoils and that formed Composition in residuum; on upland ridges Keener soils: 60 to 70 percent Craigsville soils: 15 to 20 percent Setting Minor soils (including Maymead, Northcove, and Location in the survey area: Southern part of the Statler): 5 to 15 percent county Soil Characteristics Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Upland ridges Keener Slope range: 12 to 99 percent Surface layer: Brown loam Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 33 Subsurface layer: Brown loam percent Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown gravelly sandy Composition clay loam; lower part—yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam Cataska soils: 50 to 55 percent Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Unicoi soils: 15 to 20 percent Drainage class: Well drained Ditney soils: 10 to 15 percent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Minor soils (including Soco and Sylco): 5 to 15 percent Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Soil Characteristics Craigsville Cataska Surface layer: Brown gravelly fine sandy loam Subsoil: Yellowish brown very cobbly sandy loam Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown channery silt loam Underlying material: Yellowish brown extremely stony Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown very channery sandy loam silt loam; lower part—dark yellowish brown Slope range: 1 to 5 percent extremely channery silt loam Drainage class: Well drained Bedrock: Soft, fractured slate Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Slope range: 20 to 80 percent Landform position: Linear or slightly convex slopes Drainage class: Excessively drained Depth to bedrock: Less than 20 inches Use and Management Landform position: Summits and side slopes Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and woodland Unicoi Cropland Surface layer: Very dark gray and dark yellowish Management concerns: Hazard of flooding and brown cobbly sandy loam boulders on flood plains; hazard of erosion and Subsoil: Light yellowish brown very cobbly sandy loam soil fertility in the steeper areas Bedrock: Hard metasandstone Slope range: 35 to 80 percent Pasture and hayland Drainage class: Excessively drained Management concerns: Hazard of flooding and Depth to bedrock: Less than 20 inches boulders on flood plains; hazard of erosion, slope, Landform position: Summits and side slopes and soil fertility in the steeper areas Ditney Woodland Surface layer: Brown sandy loam Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loam use in the steeper areas, and plant competition Subsoil: Yellowish brown and strong brown sandy loam Underlying material: Strong brown sandy loam Urban development Bedrock: Hard metasandstone Management concerns: Hazard of flooding on flood Slope range: 12 to 80 percent plains; hazard of erosion in the steeper areas Drainage class: Well drained Cocke County Area, Tennessee 21

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown sandy loam Landform position: Summits and side slopes Subsoil: Yellowish brown and strong brown sandy loam Use and Management Underlying material: Strong brown sandy loam Major Uses: Woodland Bedrock: Hard metasandstone Slope range: 12 to 80 percent Cropland Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Hazard of erosion and slope Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes Pasture and hayland Management concerns: Hazard of erosion and slope Use and Management Woodland Major Uses: Woodland Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Cropland use, and windthrow hazard Management concerns: Hazard of erosion and slope Urban development Pasture and hayland Management concerns: Slope and depth to bedrock Management concerns: Hazard of erosion and slope Woodland 8. Unicoi-Ditney Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Moderately steep to very steep, excessively drained to use, and windthrow hazard well drained, shallow and moderately deep soils that Urban development have loamy-skeletal or loamy subsoils and that formed in residuum; on upland ridges Management concerns: Slope and depth to bedrock

Setting Location in the survey area: Southern part of the 9. Cataska-Brasstown county Gently sloping to very steep, excessively drained to Landscape: Blue Ridge well drained, shallow to deep soils that have loamy- Landform: Upland ridges skeletal or loamy subsoils and that formed in Slope range: 12 to 99 percent residuum; on upland ridges Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 15 percent Setting Composition Location in the survey area: Southern part of the Unicoi soils: 65 to 70 percent county Ditney soils: 20 to 25 percent Landscape: Blue Ridge Minor soils (including Soco and Sylco): 5 to 10 percent Landform: Upland ridges Slope range: 2 to 80 percent Soil Characteristics Extent of map unit in the survey area: About 2 percent Unicoi Composition Surface layer: Very dark gray and dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy loam Cataska soils: 65 to 70 percent Subsoil: Light yellowish brown very cobbly sandy loam Brasstown soils: 15 to 20 percent Bedrock: Hard metasandstone Minor soils (including Junaluska, Soco, and Sylco): 5 Slope range: 35 to 80 percent to 10 percent Drainage class: Excessively drained Depth to bedrock: Less than 20 inches Soil Characteristics Landform position: Summits and side slopes Cataska Ditney Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown channery silt loam Surface layer: Brown sandy loam Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown very channery 22

silt loam; lower part—dark yellowish brown Use and Management extremely channery silt loam Major Uses: Woodland Bedrock: Soft, fractured slate Slope range: 20 to 80 percent Cropland Drainage class: Excessively drained Depth to bedrock: Less than 20 inches Management concerns: Hazard of erosion and slope Landform position: Summits and side slopes Pasture and hayland Brasstown Management concerns: Hazard of erosion and slope Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown loam Woodland Subsoil: Strong brown clay loam and sandy clay loam Management concerns: Hazard of erosion, equipment Bedrock: Soft, fractured metasiltstone use, and windthrow hazard in areas of the Slope range: 2 to 80 percent Cataska soils Drainage class: Well drained Urban development Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes Management concerns: Slope and depth to bedrock 23

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so survey area. The map unit descriptions in this section, complex that it was impractical to make enough along with the maps, can be used to determine the observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous suitability and potential of a unit for specific uses. They areas on the landscape. also can be used to plan the management needed for The presence of included areas in a map unit in no those uses. More information about each map unit is way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. given under the heading “Use and Management of the The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure Soils.” taxonomic classes but rather to separate the A map unit delineation on a map represents an area landscape into landforms or landform segments that dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or have similar use and management requirements. miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and The delineation of such segments on the map named according to the taxonomic classification of the provides sufficient information for the development dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a of resource plans, but if intensive use of small taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for areas is planned, onsite investigation is needed the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural areas. phenomena, and they have the characteristic An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes some observed properties may extend beyond the general facts about the unit and gives the principal limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a hazards and limitations to be considered in planning single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped for specific uses. without including areas of other taxonomic classes. Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and surface layer, all the soils of a series have major some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, classes. and arrangement. Most included soils have properties similar to those Soils of one series can differ in texture of the of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of they do not affect use and management. These are erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. called non-contrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may On the basis of such differences, a soil series is or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The however, have properties and behavioral name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to that affects use or management. For example, Dewey require different management. These are called silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded, is a phase of contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally the Dewey series. are in small areas and could not be mapped Some map units are made up of two or more major separately because of the scale used. Some small soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous complexes. A complex consists of two or more soils or areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in The included areas of contrasting soils or such small areas that they cannot be shown miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of descriptions. A few included areas may not have been the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar 24 Soil Survey

in all areas. Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 12 to 20 Use and Management percent slopes, is an example. This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such Cropland areas have little or no soil material and support little or Suitability: Moderately suited no vegetation. Urban land is an example. Management measures and considerations: Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the flooding and a low available water capacity. soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for • Supplemental irrigation may be required for high- many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms value crops during dry times of the growing season. used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. Pasture and hayland Suitability for pasture: Well suited Be—Biltmore fine sandy loam, Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited occasionally flooded Management measures and considerations: • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from Setting flooding. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landscape: Blue Ridge grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform: Flood plains schedule are important management practices. Landform position: Linear and convex slopes adjacent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test to rivers and streams recommendations helps to increase the availability of Shape of areas: Elongated nutrients and maximize productivity. Size of areas: 5 to 15 acres Slope range: 0 to 5 percent Woodland Composition Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Biltmore soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent competition from undesirable species. Soil Properties and Qualities • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Rapid Urban development Available water capacity: Low Suitability: Unsuited Depth to seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet Management measures and considerations: Flooding: Occasional for brief duration throughout the • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. year It is difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is Reaction: Slightly acid or neutral throughout the profile not subject to flooding should be selected. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Typical Profile Interpretive Group Surface layer: Land capability classification: 2w 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Underlying material: 6 to 80 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish Bm—Bloomingdale silt loam, brown loamy sand and loamy fine sand occasionally ponded Minor Soils Setting Similar soils: Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Statler soils on adjacent low stream terraces Landform: Flood plains Dissimilar soils: Landform position: Concave slopes and depressions • Soils that have darker surface layers, loamy Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular subsurface layers, and a higher seasonal water table, Size of areas: 5 to 70 acres in areas further away from the streambank Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Cocke County Area, Tennessee 25

Composition wetness and ponding. Wetness delays planting or hinders harvesting operations in most years. Bloomingdale soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent Pasture and hayland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability for pasture: Well suited Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Drainage class: Poorly drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Slow • The main limitations affecting pasture and hayland Available water capacity: Moderate or high are ponding and wetness. Seasonal high water table: Ponded or at a depth of 0 • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from to 1 foot from November to May ponding. Flooding: None • Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in Ponding: Occasional for brief duration from November soil compaction and loss of productivity. to May • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Reaction: Slightly acid to moderately alkaline grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches schedule are important management practices. Typical Profile • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Surface layer: nutrients and maximize productivity. 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Woodland Subsurface layer: 5 to 10 inches—gray silt loam that has yellowish brown Suitability: Poorly suited masses of iron concentration Management measures and considerations: • The use of equipment is severely limited by soil Subsoil: wetness and ponding. 10 to 15 inches—gray silty clay loam that has • Excessive soil damage caused by rutting and miring yellowish brown and brown masses of iron occurs when the soil is wet. Forestry operations concentration should be planned for drier times of the year. Where 15 to 33 inches—gray clay that has yellowish brown possible, roads should be located on nearby soils that and brown masses of iron concentration are better suited to roads. Underlying material: • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by soil 33 to 41 inches—gray clay that has yellowish red and wetness and ponding. Preparing the seedbed so that strong brown masses of iron concentration seedlings can be planted on ridges helps to overcome 41 to 80 inches—gray clay that has yellowish brown the wetness limitation. Reinforcement plantings can be masses of iron concentration made until a desired stand is attained. • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of Minor Soils wetness. This hazard may be reduced by applying a Similar soils: carefully regulated thinning program. • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant layers competition from undesirable species. • Intermingled areas of soils that are somewhat poorly • See table 7 for specific information concerning drained potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Dissimilar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of Tyler soils Suitability: Unsuited • Steadman soils on linear slopes Management measures and considerations: Use and Management • Ponding and wetness are severe limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and Cropland expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to Suitability: Well suited in drained areas; moderately ponding and wetness should be selected. suited in undrained areas Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are Land capability classification: 3w 26 Soil Survey

BtC—Brasstown loam, 2 to 12 percent • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, slopes grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability for pasture: Well suited Landscape: Blue Ridge Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Landform: Ridges Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Summits and side slopes • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Shape of areas: Irregular equipment for harvesting hay crops. Size of areas: 25 to 100 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Composition grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Brasstown soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Well suited Available water capacity: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant inches competition from undesirable species. Flooding: None • See table 7 for specific information concerning Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Urban development Typical Profile Suitability: Moderately suited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Subsoil: fields may be required. 6 to 50 inches—strong brown clay loam and sandy • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for clay loam local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Bedrock: strength. 50 to 60 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps to minimize the damage from surface water and Minor Soils prevent erosion. Similar soils: Interpretive Group • Keener and Maymead soils on adjacent footslopes, Land capability classification: 4e toeslopes, and benches Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Soco soils BtD—Brasstown loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes Use and Management Setting Cropland Landscape: Blue Ridge Suitability: Moderately suited Landform: Ridges Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Summits and side slopes • The potential for erosion is greater when Shape of areas: Irregular conventional tillage is used. Size of areas: 25 to 100 acres • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Composition contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Brasstown soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent tilth. Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Cocke County Area, Tennessee 27

Soil Properties and Qualities recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Woodland Available water capacity: Moderate Suitability: Moderately suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Management measures and considerations: inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Flooding: None roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Typical Profile vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Surface layer: • The slope typically limits only large specialized 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Subsoil: use of conventional equipment is possible. 6 to 50 inches—strong brown clay loam and sandy • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant clay loam competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Bedrock: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 50 to 60 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone Urban development Minor Soils Suitability: Poorly suited Similar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Keener and Maymead soils on adjacent footslopes, • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. toeslopes, and benches • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Dissimilar soils: fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Soco soils building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Use and Management • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Cropland help to maintain road stability. Suitability: Poorly suited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 6e • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. • The potential for erosion is greater when BtE—Brasstown loam, 20 to 35 percent conventional tillage is used. slopes • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Setting control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Landscape: Blue Ridge • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Landform: Ridges grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landform position: Side slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Pasture and hayland Size of areas: 25 to 100 acres Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Composition Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Brasstown soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent hay crops. Soil Properties and Qualities • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Drainage class: Well drained schedule are important management practices. Permeability: Moderate • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Available water capacity: Moderate 28 Soil Survey

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer inches used. Flooding: None • The slope typically limits only large specialized Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches use of conventional equipment is possible. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Typical Profile competition from undesirable species. Surface layer: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Subsoil: Urban development 6 to 50 inches—strong brown clay loam and sandy Suitability: Poorly suited clay loam Management measures and considerations: Bedrock: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. 50 to 60 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone • Designing structures and septic tank absorption fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Minor Soils building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Similar soils: performance. • Keener and Maymead soils on adjacent footslopes, • Constructing roads on the contour and providing toeslopes, and benches adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of Junaluska soils Interpretive Group • Northcove soils on adjacent footslopes, toeslopes, Land capability classification: 7e and benches Use and Management BtF—Brasstown loam, 35 to 50 percent Cropland slopes Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Setting • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are Landscape: Blue Ridge severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Landform: Ridges limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Landform position: Side slopes Pasture and hayland Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 25 to 100 acres Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Composition Management measures and considerations: Brasstown soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Soil Properties and Qualities grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Permeability: Moderate recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: Moderate nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Woodland Flooding: None Suitability: Moderately suited Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Typical Profile roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Surface layer: disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Cocke County Area, Tennessee 29

Subsoil: • The slope may limit the use of mechanized 6 to 50 inches—strong brown clay loam and sandy equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and clay loam planting. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Bedrock: competition from undesirable species. 50 to 60 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: • Keener and Maymead soils on adjacent footslopes, Suitability: Poorly suited toeslopes, and benches Management measures and considerations: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. Dissimilar soils: • Designing structures and septic tank absorption • Intermingled areas of Junaluska soils fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • Northcove soils on adjacent footslopes, toeslopes, building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil and benches performance. Use and Management • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Cropland help to maintain road stability. Suitability: Unsuited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 7e • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. BtG—Brasstown loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Landscape: Blue Ridge Management measures and considerations: Landform: Ridges • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Landform position: Side slopes hayland because of the slope. Shape of areas: Irregular • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Size of areas: 25 to 100 acres hay crops. Composition • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Brasstown soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent schedule are important management practices. Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Soil Properties and Qualities recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Woodland Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Poorly suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches quality. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Typical Profile roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Surface layer: access roads through the use of gravel, installing 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Subsoil: reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that 6 to 50 inches—strong brown clay loam and sandy are no longer used. clay loam 30 Soil Survey

Bedrock: Interpretive Group 50 to 60 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone Land capability classification: 7e Minor Soils Similar soils: • Keener and Maymead soils on adjacent footslopes, CaE—Cataska channery silt loam, 20 to toeslopes, and benches 35 percent slopes Dissimilar soils: Setting • Intermingled areas of Junaluska soils • Northcove soils on adjacent footslopes, toeslopes, Landscape: Blue Ridge and benches Landform: Ridges Landform position: Summits and side slopes Use and Management Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Cropland Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres Suitability: Unsuited Composition Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are Cataska soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture and hayland Drainage class: Excessively drained Suitability: Unsuited Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Very low • The slope is a severe limitation affecting pasture and Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 hayland. It is difficult and expensive to overcome. inches Woodland Flooding: None Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Suitability: Poorly suited Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Typical Profile reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water quality. Surface layer: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent loam access roads through the use of gravel, installing Subsoil: water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that 2 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and loam reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that 8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely are no longer used. channery silt loam • The slope limits the practical use of conventional equipment. Logs may be cabled or winched to Bedrock: adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and 12 to 40 inches—soft, fractured slate planting may be done by hand. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. fragments throughout Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Sylco soils Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of Brasstown soils • The slope is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. • Areas of Northcove soils on adjacent footslopes, It is difficult and expensive to overcome. toeslopes, and benches Cocke County Area, Tennessee 31

Use and Management Management measures and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe Cropland limitations affecting urban uses. • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Suitability: Unsuited fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Management measures and considerations: building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil • The susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the shallow performance. rooting depth, and the very low available water • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe capacity are severe limitations affecting cultivated limitations affecting septic tank absorption fields. crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. overcome. Pasture and hayland • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited help to maintain road stability. Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Group • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Land capability classification: 7s hay crops. • The shallow rooting depth and very low available water capacity hinder soil productivity for pasture and CaF—Cataska channery silt loam, 35 to hayland. 50 percent slopes • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Setting schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Landscape: Blue Ridge recommendations helps to increase the availability of Landform: Ridges nutrients and maximize productivity. Landform position: Summits and side slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Woodland Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres Suitability: Moderately suited Composition Management measures and considerations: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Cataska soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Soil Properties and Qualities vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Drainage class: Excessively drained used. Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid • The slope typically limits only large specialized Available water capacity: Very low equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 use of conventional equipment is possible. inches • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Flooding: None limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Typical Profile • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of Surface layer: the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning loam program. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Subsoil: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 2 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt loam Urban development 8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Suitability: Poorly suited channery silt loam 32 Soil Survey

Bedrock: equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and 12 to 40 inches—soft, fractured slate planting. • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Minor Soils limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. Similar soils: Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a fragments throughout desired stand is attained. • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Dissimilar soils: limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by • Intermingled areas of Junaluska and Sylco soils applying a carefully regulated thinning program. • Intermingled areas of Brasstown soils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant • Areas of Northcove soils on adjacent footslopes, competition from undesirable species. toeslopes, and benches • See table 7 for specific information concerning Use and Management potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Urban development Cropland Suitability: Poorly suited Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe • The susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the shallow limitations affecting urban uses. rooting depth, and the very low available water • Designing structures and septic tank absorption capacity are severe limitations affecting cultivated fields so that they conform to the natural slope or crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil overcome. performance. Pasture and hayland • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe limitations affecting septic tank absorption fields. Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited These limitations are difficult and expensive to Suitability for hayland: Unsuited overcome. Management measures and considerations: • Constructing roads on the contour and providing • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, hayland due to the slope, shallow rooting depth, and help to maintain road stability. very low available water capacity. • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Interpretive Group hay crops. Land capability classification: 7s • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test CaG—Cataska channery silt loam, 50 to recommendations helps to increase the availability of 80 percent slopes nutrients and maximize productivity. Setting Woodland Landscape: Blue Ridge Suitability: Poorly suited Landform: Ridges Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Summits and side slopes • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Shape of areas: Irregular reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres quality. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Composition roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Cataska soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent access roads through the use of gravel, installing Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Soil Properties and Qualities reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Drainage class: Excessively drained • The slope may limit the use of mechanized Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid Cocke County Area, Tennessee 33

Available water capacity: Very low • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent inches access roads through the use of gravel, installing Flooding: None water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Typical Profile • The slope limits the practical use of conventional Surface layer: equipment. Logs may be cabled or winched to 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and loam planting may be done by hand. • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Subsoil: limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. 2 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer loam aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a 8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely desired stand is attained. channery silt loam • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Bedrock: limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by 12 to 40 inches—soft, fractured slate applying a carefully regulated thinning program. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. fragments throughout Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Intermingled areas of Sylco soils Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of soils that have soft bedrock at • The slope is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. a depth of more than 40 inches It is difficult and expensive to overcome. Use and Management Interpretive Group Cropland Land capability classification: 7s Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: ChE—Chestnut loam, 20 to 35 percent • The susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the shallow slopes rooting depth, and the very low available water capacity are severe limitations affecting cultivated Setting crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Ridges Pasture and hayland Landform position: Summits and side slopes Suitability: Unsuited Shape of areas: Irregular Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres • The slope, shallow rooting depth, and very low Composition available water capacity are severe limitations affecting pasture and hayland. These limitations are Chestnut soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent difficult and expensive to overcome. Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderately rapid • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Available water capacity: Low reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 quality. inches 34 Soil Survey

Flooding: None disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches used. • The slope typically limits only large specialized Typical Profile equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Surface layer: use of conventional equipment is possible. 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Subsoil: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 6 to 24 inches—yellowish brown loam potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Underlying material: Urban development 24 to 30 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite Suitability: Poorly suited Bedrock: Management measures and considerations: 30 to 72 inches—soft, fractured granite • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. Minor Soils • Designing structures and septic tank absorption fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Similar soils: building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil • Random areas of Chestnut soils that have widely performance. scattered stones on the surface • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Dissimilar soils: adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • Porters soils on adjacent north- or northeast-facing help to maintain road stability. slopes Interpretive Group • Tusquitee soils on adjacent footslopes, toeslopes, and benches Land capability classification: 7e

Use and Management ChF—Chestnut loam, 35 to 50 percent Cropland slopes Suitability: Unsuited Setting Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are Landscape: Blue Ridge severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Landform: Ridges limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Landform position: Side slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Pasture and hayland Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Composition Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Chestnut soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent hay crops. Soil Properties and Qualities • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Drainage class: Well drained schedule are important management practices. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Available water capacity: Low recommendations helps to increase the availability of Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 nutrients and maximize productivity. inches Flooding: None Woodland Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Suitability: Moderately suited Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Surface layer: and culverts, using logging methods that minimize 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Cocke County Area, Tennessee 35

Subsoil: reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that 6 to 24 inches—yellowish brown loam are no longer used. • The slope may limit the use of mechanized Underlying material: equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and 24 to 30 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite planting. Bedrock: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 30 to 72 inches—soft, fractured granite competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Minor Soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: Urban development • Random areas of Chestnut soils that have widely scattered stones on the surface Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Porters soils on adjacent north- or northeast-facing • Designing structures and septic tank absorption slopes fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • Tusquitee soils on adjacent footslopes, toeslopes, building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil and benches performance. Use and Management • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Cropland help to maintain road stability. Suitability: Unsuited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 7e • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. ChG—Chestnut loam, 50 to 80 percent Pasture and hayland slopes Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Setting Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Landscape: Blue Ridge • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Landform: Ridges hayland due to the slope. Landform position: Side slopes • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Shape of areas: Irregular hay crops. Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Composition grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Chestnut soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderately rapid Suitability: Poorly suited Available water capacity: Low Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to inches reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Flooding: None quality. Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Typical Profile access roads through the use of gravel, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Surface layer: minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam 36 Soil Survey

Subsoil: Urban development 6 to 24 inches—yellowish brown loam Suitability: Unsuited Underlying material: Management measures and considerations: 24 to 30 inches—multicolored sandy loam saprolite • The slope is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. It is difficult and expensive to overcome. Bedrock: 30 to 72 inches—soft, fractured granite Interpretive Group Minor Soils Land capability classification: 7e Similar soils: • Random areas of Chestnut soils that have widely scattered stones on the surface CkD—Chiswell channery loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes Dissimilar soils: • Porters soils on adjacent north- or northeast-facing Setting slopes • Tusquitee soils on adjacent footslopes, toeslopes, Landscape: Ridges and Valleys and benches Landform: Ridges Landform position: Summits and side slopes Use and Management Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres Cropland Composition Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Chiswell soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture and hayland Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Unsuited Available water capacity: Very low Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • The slope is a severe limitation affecting pasture and inches hayland. It is difficult and expensive to overcome. Flooding: None Woodland Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Surface layer: reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water 0 to 2 inches—dark brown channery loam quality. • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Subsoil: roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent 2 to 16 inches—yellowish brown and brown very access roads through the use of gravel, installing channery loam water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Bedrock: minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and 16 to 60 inches—soft, fractured and interbedded reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that siltstone and sandstone are no longer used. • The slope limits the practical use of conventional Minor Soils equipment. Logs may be cabled or winched to Similar soils: adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock planting may be done by hand. fragments throughout • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Dissimilar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at a potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. depth of more than 20 inches Cocke County Area, Tennessee 37

Use and Management • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Cropland • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Urban development • The susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the shallow Suitability: Poorly suited rooting depth, and the very low available water Management measures and considerations: capacity are the main limitations affecting cultivated • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe crops. limitations affecting urban uses. • The potential for erosion is greater when • Designing structures and septic tank absorption conventional tillage is used. fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to performance. control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe tilth. limitations affecting septic tank absorption fields. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, These limitations are difficult and expensive to grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. overcome. Pasture and hayland • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited help to maintain road stability. Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Group • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Land capability classification: 6e hay crops. • The shallow rooting depth and very low available water capacity hinder soil productivity for pasture and hayland. CkE—Chiswell channery loam, 25 to 60 • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred percent slopes grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Setting • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Landscape: Ridges and Valleys recommendations helps to increase the availability of Landform: Ridges nutrients and maximize productivity. Landform position: Summits and side slopes Woodland Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Size of areas: 5 to 150 acres Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: Composition • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Chiswell soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Soil Properties and Qualities vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Drainage class: Well drained used. Permeability: Moderate • The slope typically limits only large specialized Available water capacity: Very low equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 use of conventional equipment is possible. inches • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Flooding: None limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Typical Profile • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Surface layer: applying a carefully regulated thinning program. 0 to 2 inches—dark brown channery loam 38 Soil Survey

Subsoil: aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a 2 to 16 inches—yellowish brown and brown very desired stand is attained. channery loam • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Bedrock: applying a carefully regulated thinning program. 16 to 60 inches—soft, fractured and interbedded • See table 7 for specific information concerning siltstone and sandstone potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock Management measures and considerations: fragments throughout • Depth to bedrock and the slope are severe Dissimilar soils: limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at a difficult and expensive to overcome. depth of more than 20 inches Interpretive Group Use and Management Land capability classification: 7e Cropland Suitability: Unsuited Cm—Combs loam, rarely flooded Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the shallow Setting rooting depth, and the very low available water Landscape: Ridges and Valleys capacity are severe limitations affecting cultivated Landform: Broad flood plains crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes overcome. Shape of areas: Elongated Pasture and hayland Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Composition Management measures and considerations: Combs soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent hayland due to the slope, shallow rooting depth, and very low available water capacity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Suitability: Poorly suited Available water capacity: Moderate or high Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to inches reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Flooding: Rare for brief duration from December to quality. May • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches access roads through the use of gravel, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Typical Profile minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Surface layer: reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that 0 to 11 inches—dark brown loam are no longer used. • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional Subsurface layer: equipment. Logs may be cabled or winched to 11 to 23 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and Subsoil: planting may be done by hand. 23 to 48 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. Underlying material: Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer 48 to 62 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam Cocke County Area, Tennessee 39

Minor Soils Shape of areas: Elongated Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres Similar soils: • Holston soils on adjacent high terraces Composition Dissimilar soils: Craigsville soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • Steadman soils in slightly concave landform Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent positions Soil Properties and Qualities • Bloomingdale soils in depressions Drainage class: Well drained Use and Management Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid Cropland Available water capacity: Low or moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Well suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: Occasional for very brief duration from • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. November to May Pasture and hayland Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from Surface layer: flooding. 0 to 10 inches—brown gravelly fine sandy loam • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Subsoil: schedule are important management practices. 10 to 30 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly sandy • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test loam recommendations helps to increase the availability of Underlying material: nutrients and maximize productivity. 30 to 80 inches—yellowish brown extremely stony Woodland sandy loam Suitability: Well suited Minor Soils Management measures and considerations: Similar soils: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock competition from undesirable species. fragments throughout • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer stones potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. and boulders on the surface Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Northcove soils on adjacent colluvial footslopes and Management measures and considerations: toeslopes • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. • Statler soils on adjacent stream terraces It is difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is Use and Management not subject to flooding should be selected. Interpretive Group Cropland Land capability classification: 2w Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Cr—Craigsville gravelly fine sandy loam, • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are 1 to 5 percent slopes, bouldery, flooding and rock fragments on and in the surface occasionally flooded layer. • The removal of large rock fragments helps to minimize damage to the equipment used for planting, Setting managing, and harvesting crops. Landscape: Blue Ridge • Tillage and harvesting operations are hindered by Landform: Flood plains the number of smaller rock fragments remaining on Landform position: Linear and slightly convex slopes and in the surface layer. 40 Soil Survey

Pasture and hayland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Flooding: None Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from flooding. Typical Profile • The removal of large rock fragments helps to Surface layer: minimize damage to the equipment used for 0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silt loam establishing and managing pasture and hayland. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Subsurface layer: grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting 8 to 20 inches—reddish brown clay loam schedule are important management practices. Subsoil: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test 20 to 31 inches—red clay recommendations helps to increase the availability of 31 to 60 inches—red and dark red clay nutrients and maximize productivity. Minor Soils Woodland Similar soils: Suitability: Well suited • Intermingled areas of soils that have gravelly surface Management measures and considerations: layers and subsoils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Dissimilar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of Talbott soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Narrow areas of Steadman soils along drainageways and in depressions Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Cropland • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. It is difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is Suitability: Moderately suited not subject to flooding should be selected. Management measures and considerations: • The potential for erosion is greater when Interpretive Group conventional tillage is used. Land capability classification: 3s • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil DeC2—Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 percent tilth. slopes, eroded • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability for pasture: Well suited Landform: Ridges Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Landform position: Summits and side slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Irregular • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres equipment for harvesting hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Composition grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Dewey soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent schedule are important management practices. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate or high Suitability: Well suited Cocke County Area, Tennessee 41

Management measures and considerations: Subsurface layer: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 8 to 20 inches—reddish brown clay loam competition from undesirable species. Subsoil: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 20 to 31 inches—red clay potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 31 to 60 inches—red and dark red clay Urban development Minor Soils Suitability: Moderately suited Similar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of soils that have gravelly surface • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the layers and subsoils careful planning and design of septic tank absorption fields may be required. Dissimilar soils: • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements • Intermingled areas of Talbott soils helps to prevent the damage caused by shrinking and • Narrow areas of Steadman soils along drainageways swelling. and in depressions • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Use and Management local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil strength. Cropland • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps to minimize the damage from surface water and Suitability: Poorly suited prevent erosion. Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the Interpretive Group main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Land capability classification: 3e • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, DeD2—Dewey silt loam, 12 to 25 percent contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to slopes, eroded control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Setting grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Pasture and hayland Landform: Ridges Landform position: Side slopes Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres Management measures and considerations: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Composition hay crops. Dewey soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Soil Properties and Qualities • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Drainage class: Well drained recommendations helps to increase the availability of Permeability: Moderate nutrients and maximize productivity. Available water capacity: Moderate or high Woodland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Suitability: Moderately suited Flooding: None Management measures and considerations: Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Typical Profile disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Surface layer: vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer 0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silt loam used. 42 Soil Survey

• The slope typically limits only large specialized Typical Profile equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Surface layer: use of conventional equipment is possible. 0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silt loam • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower Subsurface layer: moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be 8 to 20 inches—reddish brown clay loam made until a desired stand is attained. Subsoil: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 20 to 31 inches—red clay competition from undesirable species. 31 to 60 inches—red and dark red clay • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to Minor Soils plant. Similar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of soils that have gravelly surface layers and subsoils Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Intermingled areas of Talbott soils • Designing structures and septic tank absorption • Narrow areas of Steadman soils along drainageways fields so that they conform to the natural slope or and in depressions building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Use and Management performance. • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Cropland adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Group • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are Land capability classification: 4e severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Pasture and hayland DeE2—Dewey silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, eroded Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Setting • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Landscape: Ridges and Valleys hayland due to the slope. Landform: Ridges • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Landform position: Side slopes hay crops. Shape of areas: Irregular • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Composition • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Dewey soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Available water capacity: Moderate or high reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 quality. inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Flooding: None roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid access roads through the use of gravel, installing Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Cocke County Area, Tennessee 43

minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Subsurface layer: reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that 4 to 9 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam are no longer used. Subsoil: • The slope may limit the use of mechanized 9 to 29 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and sandy loam planting. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Underlying material: competition from undesirable species. 29 to 36 inches—strong brown sandy loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning Bedrock: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 36 inches—hard metasandstone Urban development Minor Soils Suitability: Poorly suited Similar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of Soco soils • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock • Designing structures and septic tank absorption fragments throughout fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Dissimilar soils: performance. • Intermingled areas of Unicoi soils • Constructing roads on the contour and providing • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Use and Management help to maintain road stability. Interpretive Group Cropland Land capability classification: 7e Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the DhD—Ditney sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent main limitations affecting cultivated crops. slopes • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. Setting • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Landscape: Blue Ridge control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Landform: Ridges tilth. Landform position: Summits and side slopes • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Shape of areas: Irregular grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Size of areas: 10 to 90 acres Composition Pasture and hayland Ditney soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Drainage class: Well drained hay crops. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Available water capacity: Low or moderate grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 schedule are important management practices. inches • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Flooding: None recommendations helps to increase the availability of Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Woodland Typical Profile Suitability: Moderately suited Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 4 inches—brown sandy loam • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating 44 Soil Survey

roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Available water capacity: Low or moderate and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing inches vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Flooding: None used. Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • The slope typically limits only large specialized Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Typical Profile use of conventional equipment is possible. • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by Surface layer: increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower 0 to 4 inches—brown sandy loam moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be Subsurface layer: made until a desired stand is attained. 4 to 9 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Subsoil: applying a carefully regulated thinning program. 9 to 29 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant sandy loam competition from undesirable species. Underlying material: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 29 to 36 inches—strong brown sandy loam potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Bedrock: Urban development 36 inches—hard metasandstone Suitability: Poorly suited Minor Soils Management measures and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are the main Similar soils: limitations affecting urban uses. • Intermingled areas of Soco soils • Designing structures and septic tank absorption • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock fields so that they conform to the natural slope or fragments throughout building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Dissimilar soils: performance. • Intermingled areas of Unicoi soils • Constructing roads on the contour and providing • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Use and Management Interpretive Group Cropland Land capability classification: 6e Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: DhE—Ditney sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope slopes are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to Setting overcome. Landscape: Blue Ridge Pasture and hayland Landform: Ridges Landform position: Side slopes Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Size of areas: 10 to 90 acres Management measures and considerations: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Composition hay crops. Ditney soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Soil Properties and Qualities • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Drainage class: Well drained recommendations helps to increase the availability of Permeability: Moderately rapid nutrients and maximize productivity. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 45

Woodland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Suitability: Moderately suited Flooding: None Management measures and considerations: Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Typical Profile disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Surface layer: vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer 0 to 4 inches—brown sandy loam used. • The slope typically limits only large specialized Subsurface layer: equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the 4 to 9 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam use of conventional equipment is possible. Subsoil: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 9 to 29 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown competition from undesirable species. sandy loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Underlying material: 29 to 36 inches—strong brown sandy loam Urban development Bedrock: Suitability: Poorly suited 36 inches—hard metasandstone Management measures and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are the main Minor Soils limitations affecting urban uses. Similar soils: • Designing structures and septic tank absorption • Intermingled areas of Soco soils fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil fragments throughout performance. • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Dissimilar soils: adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • Intermingled areas of Unicoi soils help to maintain road stability. • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop Interpretive Group Use and Management Land capability classification: 7e Cropland Suitability: Unsuited DhF—Ditney sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent Management measures and considerations: slopes • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Ridges Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Landform position: Side slopes Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Shape of areas: Irregular Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 10 to 90 acres • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and hayland due to the slope. Composition • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Ditney soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent hay crops. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Soil Properties and Qualities schedule are important management practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Permeability: Moderately rapid recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: Low or moderate nutrients and maximize productivity. 46 Soil Survey

Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderately rapid • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Available water capacity: Low or moderate reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 quality. inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Flooding: None roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid access roads through the use of gravel, installing Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Typical Profile minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Surface layer: are no longer used. 0 to 4 inches—brown sandy loam • The slope may limit the use of mechanized Subsurface layer: equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and 4 to 9 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam planting. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Subsoil: competition from undesirable species. 9 to 29 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown • See table 7 for specific information concerning sandy loam potential productivity and suggested trees to Underlying material: plant. 29 to 36 inches—strong brown sandy loam Urban development Bedrock: Suitability: Poorly suited 36 inches—hard metasandstone Management measures and considerations: Minor Soils • The slope and depth to bedrock are the main limitations affecting urban uses. Similar soils: • Designing structures and septic tank absorption • Intermingled areas of Soco soils fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil fragments throughout performance. Dissimilar soils: • Constructing roads on the contour and providing • Intermingled areas of Unicoi soils adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop help to maintain road stability. Use and Management Interpretive Group Land capability classification: 7e Cropland Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: DhG—Ditney sandy loam, 50 to 80 • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are percent slopes severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Blue Ridge Suitability: Unsuited Landform: Ridges Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Summits and side slopes • The slope is a severe limitation affecting pasture and Shape of areas: Irregular hayland. It is difficult and expensive to overcome. Size of areas: 10 to 90 acres Woodland Composition Suitability: Poorly suited Ditney soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Cocke County Area, Tennessee 47

reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Typical Profile quality. Surface layer: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent access roads through the use of gravel, installing Subsoil: water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that 5 to 31 inches—yellowish red clay minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and 31 to 50 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Underlying material: are no longer used. 50 to 80 inches—mottled yellowish red, red, and • The slope limits the practical use of conventional strong brown gravelly silty clay loam equipment. Logs may be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and Minor Soils planting may be done by hand. Similar soils: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant • Intermingled areas of Groseclose soils that have competition from undesirable species. thinner surface layers • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of Groseclose soils that contain potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. more gravel Urban development Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of Talbott soils Suitability: Unsuited • Intermingled areas of Dewey soils Management measures and considerations: • The slope is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. Use and Management It is difficult and expensive to overcome. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Moderately suited Land capability classification: 7e Management measures and considerations: • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. GcC2—Groseclose silt loam, 5 to 12 • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, percent slopes, eroded contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Setting • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Landscape: Ridges and Valleys grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landform: Ridges Pasture and hayland Landform position: Summits and side slopes Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Suitability for pasture: Well suited Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: Composition • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Groseclose soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Soil Properties and Qualities • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Drainage class: Well drained recommendations helps to increase the availability of Permeability: Slow nutrients and maximize productivity. Available water capacity: Moderate or high Woodland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Suitability: Well suited Flooding: None Management measures and considerations: Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches competition from undesirable species. 48 Soil Survey

• See table 7 for specific information concerning Subsoil: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 5 to 31 inches—yellowish red clay 31 to 50 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay Urban development Underlying material: Suitability: Poorly suited 50 to 80 inches—mottled yellowish red, red, and Management measures and considerations: strong brown gravelly silty clay loam • The restricted permeability and high shrink-swell potential are the main limitations affecting urban uses. Minor Soils • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Similar soils: careful planning and design of septic tank absorption • Intermingled areas of Groseclose soils that have fields may be required. thinner surface layers • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements • Intermingled areas of Groseclose soils that contain helps to prevent the damage caused by shrinking and more gravel swelling. • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Dissimilar soils: local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil • Intermingled areas of Talbott soils strength. • Intermingled areas of Dewey soils • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Use and Management to minimize the damage from surface water and prevent erosion. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Poorly suited Land capability classification: 3e Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. GcD2—Groseclose silt loam, 12 to 25 • The potential for erosion is greater when percent slopes, eroded conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Setting control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Landscape: Ridges and Valleys tilth. Landform: Ridges • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Landform position: Summits and side slopes grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Pasture and hayland Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Composition Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Groseclose soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Soil Properties and Qualities grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Drainage class: Well drained schedule are important management practices. Permeability: Slow • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Available water capacity: Moderate or high recommendations helps to increase the availability of Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 nutrients and maximize productivity. inches Woodland Flooding: None Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Suitability: Moderately suited Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Management measures and considerations: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Typical Profile roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Surface layer: and culverts, using logging methods that minimize 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Cocke County Area, Tennessee 49

vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Available water capacity: Moderate or high used. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • The slope typically limits only large specialized inches equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Flooding: None use of conventional equipment is possible. Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches increased rates of surface water runoff and a lower Typical Profile moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Surface layer: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam competition from undesirable species. Subsoil: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 5 to 31 inches—yellowish red clay potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 31 to 50 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay Urban development Underlying material: Suitability: Poorly suited 50 to 80 inches—mottled yellowish red, red, and Management measures and considerations: strong brown gravelly silty clay loam • The slope and shrink-swell potential are the main Minor Soils limitations affecting urban uses. • Designing structures that conform to the natural Similar soils: slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to • Intermingled areas of Groseclose soils that have improve soil performance. thinner surface layers • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps • Intermingled areas of Groseclose soils that contain to minimize the damage from surface water and more gravel prevent erosion. Dissimilar soils: • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements • Intermingled areas of Talbott soils helps to prevent the damage caused by shrinking and • Intermingled areas of Dewey soils swelling. • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Use and Management adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Unsuited Land capability classification: 4e Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. GcE2—Groseclose silt loam, 25 to 60 These limitations are difficult and expensive to percent slopes, eroded overcome.

Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Landform: Ridges Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Landform position: Side slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres hayland due to the slope. • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Composition hay crops. Groseclose soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Soil Properties and Qualities • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Drainage class: Well drained recommendations helps to increase the availability of Permeability: Slow nutrients and maximize productivity. 50 Soil Survey

Woodland Dewey soil and similar soils: 40 to 45 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Properties and Qualities of the Dewey Soil • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Drainage class: Well drained quality. Permeability: Moderate • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Available water capacity: Moderate or high roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 access roads through the use of gravel, installing inches water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Flooding: None minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches are no longer used. • The slope may limit the use of mechanized Typical Profile equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and Gullied land planting. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Gullied land is an area of narrow, deep channels, or competition from undesirable species. gullies, resulting from erosion and caused by the • See table 7 for specific information concerning concentrated but intermittent flow of water usually potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. during and immediately following heavy rains. A gully generally is an obstacle to farm machinery and is too Urban development deep to be obliterated by ordinary tillage. Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Dewey • The slope and shrink-swell potential are the main Surface layer: limitations affecting urban uses. 0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silt loam • Designing structures that conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to Subsurface layer: improve soil performance. 8 to 20 inches—reddish brown clay loam • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements Subsoil: helps to prevent the damage caused by shrinking and 20 to 31 inches—red clay swelling. 31 to 60 inches—red and dark red clay • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Minor Soils help to maintain road stability. Similar soils: Interpretive Group • Intermingled areas of soils that have gravelly surface Land capability classification: 7e layers and subsoils Dissimilar soils: GwE—Gullied land-Dewey complex, 15 to • Intermingled areas of Talbott soils 50 percent slopes Use and Management Setting Gullied land and the slope are the main limitations affecting most uses. This map unit is unsuited to Landscape: Ridges and Valleys cropland, pasture, and hayland. It is poorly suited to Landform: Ridges woodland and urban uses. In most areas, extensive Landform position: Side slopes landforming and gully reclamation are required before Shape of areas: Irregular development can occur. Size of areas: 5 to 15 acres Composition Interpretive Group Gullied land: 45 to 50 percent Land capability classification: 8e Cocke County Area, Tennessee 51

GxE—Gullied land-Nonaburg complex, 15 Use and Management to 50 percent slopes Gullied land and the slope are the main limitations affecting most uses. This map unit is unsuited to Setting cropland, pasture, and hayland. It is poorly suited to woodland and urban uses. In most areas, extensive Landscape: Ridges and Valleys landforming and gully reclamation are required before Landform: Ridges development can occur. Landform position: Side slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Interpretive Group Size of areas: 5 to 15 acres Land capability classification: 8e Composition Gullied land: 45 to 50 percent HnB—Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes Nonaburg soil: 40 to 45 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Setting Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Properties and Qualities of the Nonaburg Soil Landform: High stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Landform position: Summits Permeability: Moderately slow Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular Available water capacity: Very low Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Composition inches Flooding: None Holston soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches Soil Properties and Qualities Typical Profile Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Gullied land Available water capacity: Moderate or high Gullied land is an area of narrow, deep channels, or Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 gullies, resulting from erosion and caused by the inches concentrated but intermittent flow of water usually Flooding: None during and immediately following heavy rains. A gully Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid generally is an obstacle to farm machinery and is too Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches deep to be obliterated by ordinary tillage. Typical Profile Nonaburg Surface layer: Surface layer: 0 to 10 inches—brown loam 0 to 2 inches—brown channery silt loam Subsurface layer: Subsurface layer: 10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown loam 2 to 6 inches—strong brown channery silt loam Subsoil: Subsoil: 18 to 38 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown 6 to 14 inches—strong brown channery silty clay clay loam 38 to 60 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay Bedrock: 14 to 41 inches—soft, fractured calcareous shale Minor Soils 41 inches—hard calcareous shale Similar soils: Minor Soils • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface layers Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at a Dissimilar soils: depth of more than 20 inches • Steadman soils along adjacent drainageways • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Waynesboro soils 52 Soil Survey

Use and Management Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained Cropland Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Well suited Available water capacity: Moderate or high Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, inches contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Flooding: None control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid tilth. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Typical Profile grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Surface layer: Pasture and hayland 0 to 10 inches—brown loam Suitability: Well suited Subsurface layer: Management measures and considerations: 10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown loam • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Subsoil: schedule are important management practices. 18 to 38 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test clay loam recommendations helps to increase the availability of 38 to 60 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay nutrients and maximize productivity. Minor Soils Woodland Similar soils: Suitability: Well suited • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface Management measures and considerations: layers • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Dissimilar soils: competition from undesirable species. • Steadman soils along adjacent drainageways • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Waynesboro soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Well suited Cropland Management measures and considerations: • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Suitability: Moderately suited careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Management measures and considerations: fields may be required. • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. Interpretive Group • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Land capability classification: 2e contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. HnC—Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, slopes grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability for pasture: Well suited Landform: High stream terraces Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Landform position: Summits and side slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres equipment for harvesting hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Composition grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Holston soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent schedule are important management practices. Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Cocke County Area, Tennessee 53

recommendations helps to increase the availability of Subsoil: nutrients and maximize productivity. 18 to 38 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown clay loam Woodland 38 to 60 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay Suitability: Well suited Minor Soils Management measures and considerations: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Similar soils: competition from undesirable species. • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface • See table 7 for specific information concerning layers potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Dissimilar soils: Urban development • Steadman soils along adjacent drainageways • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Waynesboro soils Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: Use and Management • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Cropland fields may be required. Suitability: Poorly suited • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Management measures and considerations: to minimize the damage from surface water and • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the prevent erosion. main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Interpretive Group • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. Land capability classification: 3e • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to HnD—Holston loam, 12 to 25 percent control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil slopes tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Setting grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Pasture and hayland Landform: High stream terraces Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Landform position: Summits and side slopes Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Composition hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Holston soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent schedule are important management practices. Soil Properties and Qualities • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Drainage class: Well drained nutrients and maximize productivity. Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate or high Woodland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Moderately suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Typical Profile disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Surface layer: used. 0 to 10 inches—brown loam • The slope typically limits only large specialized Subsurface layer: equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the 10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown loam use of conventional equipment is possible. 54 Soil Survey

• Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Bedrock: competition from undesirable species. 29 to 40 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of Brasstown soils Suitability: Poorly suited • Sylco and Cataska soils on the adjacent steeper Management measures and considerations: side slopes • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Use and Management fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Cropland performance. • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Suitability: Moderately suited adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Management measures and considerations: help to maintain road stability. • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. Interpretive Group • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Land capability classification: 4e control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, JaC—Junaluska loam, 5 to 12 percent grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. slopes Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability for pasture: Well suited Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Landscape: Blue Ridge Management measures and considerations: Landform: Ridges • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Landform position: Summits and side slopes equipment for harvesting hay crops. Shape of areas: Irregular • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Junaluska soil: 85 to 90 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Well suited Permeability: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Low or moderate • This soil has few limitations affecting forest Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 management. inches • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Flooding: None limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Typical Profile competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Surface layer: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown loam Urban development Subsoil: 3 to 12 inches—strong brown silty clay loam Suitability: Moderately suited 12 to 29 inches—strong brown and yellowish red Management measures and considerations: channery silty clay loam • Because of the depth to bedrock, the careful Cocke County Area, Tennessee 55

planning and design of septic tank absorption fields Brasstown may be required. Surface layer: • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil strength. Subsoil: • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps 6 to 50 inches—strong brown clay loam and sandy to minimize the damage from surface water and clay loam prevent erosion. Bedrock: Interpretive Group 50 to 60 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone Land capability classification: 4e Minor Soils Dissimilar soils: JbD—Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 12 • Sylco and Cataska soils on the adjacent steeper to 20 percent slopes side slopes • Areas of Keener, Maymead, and Northcove soils on adjacent colluvial footslopes, toeslopes, and benches Setting Use and Management Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Ridges Cropland Landform position: Summits and side slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Poorly suited Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the Composition main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Junaluska soil: 45 to 55 percent • The potential for erosion is greater when Brasstown soil: 35 to 45 percent conventional tillage is used. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Soil Properties and Qualities control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Drainage class: Well drained tilth. Permeability: Moderate • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Available water capacity: Junaluska—low or moderate; grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Brasstown—moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Pasture and hayland inches Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Flooding: None Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Reaction: Junaluska—extremely acid to moderately Management measures and considerations: acid; Brasstown—very strongly acid to moderately • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting acid hay crops. Depth to bedrock: Junaluska—20 to 40 inches; • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Brasstown—40 to 60 inches grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Typical Profile schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Junaluska recommendations helps to increase the availability of Surface layer: nutrients and maximize productivity. 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown loam Woodland Subsoil: Suitability: Moderately suited 3 to 12 inches—strong brown silty clay loam Management measures and considerations: 12 to 29 inches—strong brown and yellowish red • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating channery silty clay loam roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Bedrock: and culverts, using logging methods that minimize 29 to 40 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing 56 Soil Survey

vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Reaction: Junaluska—extremely acid to moderately used. acid; Brasstown—very strongly acid to moderately • The slope typically limits only large specialized acid equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Depth to bedrock: Junaluska—20 to 40 inches; use of conventional equipment is possible. Brasstown—40 to 60 inches • Windthrow is a hazard in areas of the Junaluska soil Typical Profile because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning Junaluska program. Surface layer: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown loam competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Subsoil: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 3 to 12 inches—strong brown silty clay loam 12 to 29 inches—strong brown and yellowish red Urban development channery silty clay loam Suitability: Poorly suited Bedrock: Management measures and considerations: 29 to 40 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone • The slope and the depth to bedrock in the Junaluska soil are the main limitations affecting urban uses. Brasstown • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Surface layer: fields so that they conform to the natural slope or 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Subsoil: • Constructing roads on the contour and providing 6 to 50 inches—strong brown clay loam and sandy adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, clay loam help to maintain road stability. Bedrock: Interpretive Group 50 to 60 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone Land capability classification: 6e Minor Soils Dissimilar soils: JbE—Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 20 • Sylco and Cataska soils on the adjacent steeper to 35 percent slopes side slopes • Areas of Keener, Maymead, and Northcove soils on adjacent colluvial footslopes, toeslopes, and benches Setting Use and Management Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Ridges Cropland Landform position: Side slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Unsuited Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are Composition severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Junaluska soil: 45 to 55 percent limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Brasstown soil: 35 to 45 percent Pasture and hayland Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Available water capacity: Junaluska—low or moderate; hay crops. Brasstown—moderate • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting inches schedule are important management practices. Flooding: None • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Cocke County Area, Tennessee 57

recommendations helps to increase the availability of Brasstown soil: 35 to 45 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Moderately suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Available water capacity: Junaluska—low or moderate; roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Brasstown—moderate and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing inches vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Flooding: None used. Reaction: Junaluska—extremely acid to moderately • The slope typically limits only large specialized acid; Brasstown—very strongly acid to moderately equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the acid use of conventional equipment is possible. Depth to bedrock: Junaluska—20 to 40 inches; • Windthrow is a hazard in areas of the Junaluska soil Brasstown—40 to 60 inches because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may Typical Profile be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Junaluska • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Surface layer: competition from undesirable species. 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Subsoil: 3 to 12 inches—strong brown silty clay loam Urban development 12 to 29 inches—strong brown and yellowish red Suitability: Poorly suited channery silty clay loam Management measures and considerations: Bedrock: • The slope and the depth to bedrock in the Junaluska 29 to 40 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone soil are the main limitations affecting urban uses. • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Brasstown fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Surface layer: building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam performance. • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Subsoil: adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, 6 to 50 inches—strong brown clay loam and sandy help to maintain road stability. clay loam Interpretive Group Bedrock: 50 to 60 inches—soft, fractured metasiltstone Land capability classification: 7e Minor Soils Dissimilar soils: JbF—Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 35 • Sylco and Cataska soils on the adjacent steeper to 50 percent slopes side slopes • Areas of Keener, Maymead, and Northcove soils on Setting adjacent colluvial footslopes, toeslopes, and benches Landscape: Blue Ridge Use and Management Landform: Ridges Cropland Landform position: Side slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Unsuited Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are Composition severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Junaluska soil: 45 to 55 percent limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. 58 Soil Survey

Pasture and hayland Interpretive Group Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Land capability classification: 7e Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: • These soils are difficult to manage for pasture and KfC—Keener loam, 5 to 12 percent hayland due to the slope. slopes, stony • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Setting hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landscape: Blue Ridge grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform: Colluvial fans schedule are important management practices. Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular recommendations helps to increase the availability of Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Keener soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Drainage class: Well drained reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Permeability: Moderate quality. Available water capacity: Moderate • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent inches access roads through the use of gravel, installing Flooding: None water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Typical Profile • The slope may limit the use of mechanized Surface layer: equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and 0 to 3 inches—brown loam planting. • Windthrow is a hazard in areas of the Junaluska soil Subsurface layer: because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may 3 to 16 inches—brown loam be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning Subsoil: program. 16 to 57 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy clay • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant loam competition from undesirable species. 57 to 80 inches—yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy • See table 7 for specific information concerning loam potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: Suitability: Poorly suited • Intermingled areas of Maymead soils Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • The slope and the depth to bedrock in the • Areas of Brasstown, Cataska, and Junaluska soils Junaluska soil are the main limitations affecting urban on adjacent upland side slopes uses. • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Use and Management fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Cropland building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Suitability: Moderately suited • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Management measures and considerations: adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • The potential for erosion is greater when help to maintain road stability. conventional tillage is used. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 59

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Composition grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Keener soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Removing the larger surface stones and limiting the Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent use of equipment to the larger, open areas help to improve soil workability. Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture and hayland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability for pasture: Well suited Permeability: Moderate Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Available water capacity: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of inches equipment for harvesting hay crops. Flooding: None • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Typical Profile recommendations helps to increase the availability of Surface layer: nutrients and maximize productivity. 0 to 3 inches—brown loam Woodland Subsurface layer: Suitability: Well suited 3 to 16 inches—brown loam Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 16 to 57 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy clay competition from undesirable species. loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning 57 to 80 inches—yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. loam Urban development Minor Soils Suitability: Moderately suited Similar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of Maymead soils • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Dissimilar soils: fields may be required. • Areas of Brasstown, Cataska, and Junaluska soils • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for on adjacent upland side slopes local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil strength. Use and Management • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps to minimize the damage from surface water and Cropland prevent erosion. Suitability: Poorly suited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 3e • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. • The potential for erosion is greater when KfD—Keener loam, 12 to 20 percent conventional tillage is used. slopes, stony • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Setting control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain Landscape: Blue Ridge soil tilth. Landform: Colluvial fans 60 Soil Survey

• Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, KfE—Keener loam, 20 to 35 percent grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. slopes, stony • Removing the larger surface stones and limiting the use of equipment to the larger, open areas help to Setting improve soil workability. Landscape: Blue Ridge Pasture and hayland Landform: Colluvial fans Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Management measures and considerations: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Composition hay crops. Keener soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management Soil Properties and Qualities practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Permeability: Moderate recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: Moderate nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Woodland Flooding: None Suitability: Moderately suited Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Typical Profile roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Surface layer: disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing 0 to 3 inches—brown loam vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Subsurface layer: used. 3 to 16 inches—brown loam • The slope typically limits only large specialized equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Subsoil: use of conventional equipment is possible. 16 to 57 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy clay • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant loam competition from undesirable species. 57 to 80 inches—yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy • See table 7 for specific information concerning loam potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of Maymead soils Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Areas of Brasstown, Cataska, and Junaluska soils • Designing structures and septic tank absorption on adjacent upland side slopes fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Use and Management performance. • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Cropland adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Suitability: Poorly suited help to maintain road stability. Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the Interpretive Group main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Land capability classification: 4e • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 61

• Conservation tillage, crop residue management, LeB—Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to slopes control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Setting • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Removing the larger surface stones and limiting the Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans use of equipment to the larger, open areas help to Landform position: Footslopes improve soil workability. Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Size of areas: 5 to 30 acres Pasture and hayland Composition Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Leadvale soil: 85 to 90 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Soil Properties and Qualities • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Drainage class: Moderately well drained grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Permeability: Slow or moderately slow schedule are important management practices. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 36 inches recommendations helps to increase the availability of from January to April nutrients and maximize productivity. Flooding: None Woodland Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Depth to bedrock: More than 48 inches Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Surface layer: roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks 0 to 9 inches—brown silt loam and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Subsoil: vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer 9 to 17 inches—brownish yellow silt loam used. 17 to 31 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam • The slope typically limits only large specialized 31 to 55 inches—yellowish brown clay that has light equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the brownish gray masses of iron depletion use of conventional equipment is possible. Bedrock: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 55 to 62 inches—soft, weakly consolidated shale competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Minor Soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Dissimilar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of Holston soils • Intermingled areas of somewhat poorly drained soils Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Use and Management • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Cropland fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Suitability: Well suited performance. Management measures and considerations: • Constructing roads on the contour and providing • Wetness may delay planting or hinder harvesting adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, operations. help to maintain road stability. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Interpretive Group control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Land capability classification: 6e tilth. 62 Soil Survey

Pasture and hayland Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate or high Suitability: Well suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Management measures and considerations: inches • Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in Flooding: None soil compaction and loss of productivity. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Typical Profile • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Surface layer: recommendations helps to increase the availability of 0 to 8 inches—brown cobbly loam nutrients and maximize productivity. Subsurface layer: Woodland 8 to 14 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loam Suitability: Well suited Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 14 to 25 inches—strong brown cobbly loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 25 to 47 inches—strong brown cobbly clay loam competition from undesirable species. 47 to 80 inches—strong brown clay loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface Suitability: Poorly suited layers Management measures and considerations: • Slow permeability, wetness, and low soil strength are Dissimilar soils: severe limitations affecting urban uses. These • Steadman soils along adjacent drainageways limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. • Intermingled areas of Holston, Dewey, and • Because of the slow permeability and wetness, the Waynesboro soils careful planning and design of septic tank absorption fields may be required. Use and Management • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Cropland strength. Suitability: Moderately suited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Land capability classification: 2e contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil LsB—Leesburg cobbly loam, 2 to 5 tilth. percent slopes • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. • Removal of the larger rock fragments helps to Setting minimize damage to the equipment used for planting, Landscape: Ridges and Valleys managing, and harvesting crops. Tillage and Landform: High stream terraces harvesting operations, however, may still be hindered Landform position: Summits by the number of smaller rock fragments remaining on Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular and in the surface layer. Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres Pasture and hayland Composition Suitability: Well suited Leesburg soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Soil Properties and Qualities schedule are important management practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Cocke County Area, Tennessee 63

recommendations helps to increase the availability of Subsurface layer: nutrients and maximize productivity. 8 to 14 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loam Woodland Subsoil: 14 to 25 inches—strong brown cobbly loam Suitability: Well suited 25 to 47 inches—strong brown cobbly clay loam Management measures and considerations: 47 to 80 inches—strong brown clay loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Minor Soils • See table 7 for specific information concerning Similar soils: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface Urban development layers Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Steadman soils along adjacent drainageways • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the • Intermingled areas of Holston, Dewey, and careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Waynesboro soils fields may be required. Use and Management • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Cropland strength. Suitability: Moderately suited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 3s • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, LsC—Leesburg cobbly loam, 5 to 12 contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to percent slopes control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Setting grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Removal of the larger rock fragments helps to Landform: High stream terraces minimize damage to the equipment used for planting, Landform position: Summits and side slopes managing, and harvesting crops. Tillage and Shape of areas: Irregular harvesting operations, however, may still be hindered Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres by the number of smaller rock fragments remaining on and in the surface layer. Composition Leesburg soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Pasture and hayland Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Suitability for pasture: Well suited Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Permeability: Moderate equipment for harvesting hay crops. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and inches harvesting schedule are important management Flooding: None practices. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Typical Profile Woodland Surface layer: 0 to 8 inches—brown cobbly loam Suitability: Well suited 64 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 14 to 25 inches—strong brown cobbly loam competition from undesirable species. 25 to 47 inches—strong brown cobbly clay loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning 47 to 80 inches—strong brown clay loam potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: Suitability: Moderately suited • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface Management measures and considerations: layers • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Dissimilar soils: careful planning and design of septic tank absorption • Steadman soils along adjacent drainageways fields may be required. • Intermingled areas of Holston, Dewey, and • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Waynesboro soils local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil strength. Use and Management • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps to minimize the damage from surface water and Cropland prevent erosion. Suitability: Poorly suited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the Land capability classification: 4e main limitations affecting cultivated crops. • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. LsD—Leesburg cobbly loam, 12 to 25 • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, percent slopes contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Setting tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Landscape: Ridges and Valleys grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landform: High stream terraces • Removal of the larger rock fragments helps to Landform position: Side slopes minimize damage to the equipment used for planting, Shape of areas: Irregular managing, and harvesting crops. Tillage and Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres harvesting operations, however, may still be hindered Composition by the number of smaller rock fragments remaining on and in the surface layer. Leesburg soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Pasture and hayland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Available water capacity: Moderate or high hay crops. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred inches grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Flooding: None schedule are important management practices. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches recommendations helps to increase the availability of Typical Profile nutrients and maximize productivity. Surface layer: Woodland 0 to 8 inches—brown cobbly loam Suitability: Moderately suited Subsurface layer: Management measures and considerations: 8 to 14 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loam • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Cocke County Area, Tennessee 65

roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Typical Profile and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Surface layer: disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing 0 to 8 inches—brown loam vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Subsurface layer: • The slope typically limits only large specialized 8 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown loam equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Subsoil: use of conventional equipment is possible. 15 to 68 inches—yellowish brown loam and sandy • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant loam competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Minor Soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of Keener soils Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Northcove soils in stony or bouldery areas • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Brasstown and Junaluska soils on adjacent upland • Designing structures and septic tank absorption side slopes fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Use and Management building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Cropland • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Suitability: Poorly suited help to maintain road stability. Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the Interpretive Group main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Land capability classification: 6s • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, MaE—Maymead loam, 20 to 35 percent contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to slopes control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Setting grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landscape: Blue Ridge Pasture and hayland Landform: Colluvial fans Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Management measures and considerations: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Composition hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Maymead soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Soil Properties and Qualities recommendations helps to increase the availability of Drainage class: Well drained nutrients and maximize productivity. Permeability: Moderately rapid Woodland Available water capacity: Moderate or high Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Moderately suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches and culverts, using logging methods that minimize 66 Soil Survey

disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Subsurface layer: vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer 8 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown loam used. Subsoil: • The slope typically limits only large specialized 15 to 68 inches—yellowish brown loam and sandy equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the loam use of conventional equipment is possible. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of Keener soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Dissimilar soils: Urban development • Northcove soils in stony or bouldery areas Suitability: Poorly suited • Brasstown and Junaluska soils on adjacent upland Management measures and considerations: side slopes • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Use and Management fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Cropland performance. Suitability: Unsuited • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Management measures and considerations: adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope help to maintain road stability. are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. Interpretive Group These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Land capability classification: 6e Pasture and hayland MaF—Maymead loam, 35 to 50 percent Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited slopes Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Setting hayland due to the slope. Landscape: Blue Ridge • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Landform: Colluvial fans hay crops. Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Composition recommendations helps to increase the availability of Maymead soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderately rapid • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Available water capacity: Moderate or high reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 quality. inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Flooding: None roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid access roads through the use of gravel, installing Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Typical Profile reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Surface layer: are no longer used. 0 to 8 inches—brown loam • The slope may limit the use of mechanized Cocke County Area, Tennessee 67

equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and Subsoil: planting. 14 to 38 inches—strong brown and yellowish red clay • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 38 to 53 inches—strong brown silty clay competition from undesirable species. Underlying material: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 53 to 60 inches—strong brown silty clay potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: Suitability: Poorly suited • Intermingled areas of soils that have loamy textures Management measures and considerations: in the subsoil • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock • Designing structures and septic tank absorption fragments throughout fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Dissimilar soils: performance. • Townley soils on adjacent side slopes (not in Cocke • Constructing roads on the contour and providing County) adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Use and Management help to maintain road stability. Interpretive Group Cropland Land capability classification: 7e Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: • The potential for erosion is greater when MuC2—Muse silt loam, 5 to 12 percent conventional tillage is used. slopes, eroded • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Setting tilth. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Landform: Colluvial fans grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Pasture and hayland Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres Suitability for pasture: Well suited Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Composition Management measures and considerations: Muse soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent equipment for harvesting hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Soil Properties and Qualities grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Drainage class: Well drained schedule are important management practices. Permeability: Slow • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Available water capacity: High recommendations helps to increase the availability of Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 nutrients and maximize productivity. inches Woodland Flooding: None Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Suitability: Well suited Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Management measures and considerations: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Typical Profile competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Surface layer: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam Urban development Subsurface layer: 6 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam Suitability: Moderately suited 68 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: Underlying material: • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the 53 to 60 inches—strong brown silty clay careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Minor Soils fields may be required. • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements Similar soils: helps to prevent the damage caused by shrinking and • Intermingled areas of soils that have loamy textures swelling. in the subsoil • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil fragments throughout strength. Dissimilar soils: • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps • Townley soils on adjacent side slopes to minimize the damage from surface water and prevent erosion. Use and Management Interpretive Group Cropland Land capability classification: 3e Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: MxC2—Muse cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent • The potential for erosion is greater when slopes, eroded conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Setting control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Landscape: Ridges and Valleys tilth. Landform: Colluvial fans • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular • Removal of the larger rock fragments helps to Size of areas: 4 to 50 acres minimize damage to the equipment used for planting, managing, and harvesting crops. Tillage and Composition harvesting operations, however, may still be hindered Muse soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent by the number of smaller rock fragments remaining on Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent and in the surface layer.

Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture and hayland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability for pasture: Well suited Permeability: Slow Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Available water capacity: High Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of inches equipment for harvesting hay crops. Flooding: None • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Typical Profile recommendations helps to increase the availability of Surface layer: nutrients and maximize productivity. 0 to 6 inches—brown cobbly loam Woodland Subsurface layer: Suitability: Well suited 6 to 14 inches—yellowish brown cobbly silt loam Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 14 to 38 inches—strong brown and yellowish brown competition from undesirable species. clay • See table 7 for specific information concerning 38 to 53 inches—strong brown silty clay potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 69

Urban development Minor Soils Suitability: Moderately suited Similar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of Biltmore and Combs soils • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Dissimilar soils: careful planning and design of septic tank absorption • Moderately well drained and poorly drained soils in fields may be required. slightly concave landform positions • Reinforcing foundations, footings, and basements helps to prevent the damage caused by shrinking and Use and Management swelling. • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Cropland local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil strength. Suitability: Moderately suited • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Management measures and considerations: to minimize the damage from surface water and • The main limitations affecting cultivated crops are prevent erosion. the flooding and low available water capacity. • Supplemental irrigation may be required for high- Interpretive Group value crops during dry times of the growing season. Land capability classification: 3e Pasture and hayland Ne—Nelse sandy loam, occasionally Suitability for pasture: Well suited flooded Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from Setting flooding. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform: Flood plains grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform position: Linear slopes schedule are important management practices. Shape of areas: Elongated • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres recommendations helps to increase the availability of Slope range: 0 to 2 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Combs soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the low Soil Properties and Qualities available water capacity. Reinforcement plantings can Drainage class: Well drained be made until a desired stand is attained. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Available water capacity: Low or moderate competition from undesirable species. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • See table 7 for specific information concerning inches potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Flooding: Occasional throughout the year Urban development Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. It is difficult and expensive to overcome. A Surface layer: site that is not subject to flooding should be 0 to 16 inches—dark brown sandy loam selected. Underlying material: Interpretive Group 16 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam 31 to 80 inches—dark yellowish brown loamy sand Land capability classification: 3w 70 Soil Survey

NhB—Nolichucky loam, 2 to 5 percent Pasture and hayland slopes Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landscape: Ridges and Valleys schedule are important management practices. Landform: High stream terraces • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Landform position: Summits recommendations helps to increase the availability of Shape of areas: Irregular nutrients and maximize productivity. Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres Woodland Composition Suitability: Well suited Nolichucky soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Soil Properties and Qualities competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Drainage class: Well drained potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate or high Urban development Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Well suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches fields may be required. Typical Profile • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Surface layer: strength. 0 to 8 inches—brown loam Interpretive Group Subsurface layer: 8 to 16 inches—strong brown loam Land capability classification: 2e Subsoil: 16 to 80 inches—yellowish red clay loam NhC—Nolichucky loam, 5 to 12 percent Minor Soils slopes Similar soils: Setting • Intermingled areas of eroded Nolichucky soils • Intermingled areas of soils that have more clay in Landscape: Ridges and Valleys the subsoil Landform: High stream terraces Landform position: Summits Dissimilar soils: Shape of areas: Irregular • Areas of moderately well drained soils along Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres adjacent drainageways Composition Use and Management Nolichucky soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Cropland Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Suitability: Well suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Drainage class: Well drained contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Permeability: Moderate control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Available water capacity: Moderate or high tilth. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, inches grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Flooding: None Cocke County Area, Tennessee 71

Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid • See table 7 for specific information concerning Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Typical Profile Urban development Surface layer: Suitability: Moderately suited 0 to 8 inches—brown loam Management measures and considerations: • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Subsurface layer: careful planning and design of septic tank absorption 8 to 16 inches—strong brown loam fields may be required. Subsoil: • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for 16 to 80 inches—yellowish red clay loam local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil strength. Minor Soils • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Similar soils: to minimize the damage from surface water and • Intermingled areas of eroded Nolichucky soils prevent erosion. • Intermingled areas of soils that have more clay in Interpretive Group the subsoil Land capability classification: 3e Dissimilar soils: • Areas of moderately well drained soils along adjacent drainageways NhD—Nolichucky loam, 12 to 25 percent Use and Management slopes

Cropland Setting Suitability: Moderately suited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Management measures and considerations: Landform: High stream terraces • The potential for erosion is greater when Landform position: Summits conventional tillage is used. Shape of areas: Irregular • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Composition control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Nolichucky soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture and hayland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability for pasture: Well suited Permeability: Moderate Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Available water capacity: Moderate or high Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of inches equipment for harvesting hay crops. Flooding: None • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Typical Profile recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Surface layer: 0 to 8 inches—brown loam Woodland Subsurface layer: Suitability: Well suited 8 to 16 inches—strong brown loam Management measures and considerations: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Subsoil: competition from undesirable species. 16 to 80 inches—yellowish red clay loam 72 Soil Survey

Minor Soils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of eroded Nolichucky soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Intermingled areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Poorly suited • Areas of moderately well drained soils along Management measures and considerations: adjacent drainageways • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Use and Management fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Cropland performance. Suitability: Poorly suited • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Management measures and considerations: adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the help to maintain road stability. main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Interpretive Group • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. Land capability classification: 4e • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil NnC3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 5 to tilth. 12 percent slopes, severely eroded, • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, rocky grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. • Removing the larger surface stones and limiting the Setting use of equipment to the larger, open areas help to Landscape: Ridges and Valleys improve soil workability. Landform: Ridges Pasture and hayland Landform position: Summits Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Composition • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Nonaburg soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent hay crops. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Soil Properties and Qualities schedule are important management practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Permeability: Moderately slow recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: Very low nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Woodland Flooding: None Suitability: Moderately suited Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Typical Profile roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Surface layer: disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing 0 to 2 inches—brown channery silt loam vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Subsurface layer: used. 2 to 6 inches—strong brown channery silt loam • The slope typically limits only large specialized equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Subsoil: use of conventional equipment is possible. 6 to 14 inches—strong brown channery silty clay Cocke County Area, Tennessee 73

Bedrock: Urban development 14 to 41 inches—soft, fractured calcareous shale Suitability: Poorly suited 41 inches—hard calcareous shale Management measures and considerations: Minor Soils • Depth to bedrock is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. It is difficult and expensive to overcome. Similar soils: • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps • Intermingled areas of soils that are moderately to minimize the damage from surface water and eroded prevent erosion. • Widely scattered areas of limestone or shale rock outcrops Interpretive Group Dissimilar soils: Land capability classification: 6s • Intermingled areas of moderately deep soils

Use and Management NnD3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded, Cropland rocky Suitability: Poorly suited Setting Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion, the limited rooting Landscape: Ridges and Valleys depth, and the low available water capacity are the Landform: Ridges main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Landform position: Summits and side slopes Shape of areas: Irregular Pasture and hayland Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Composition Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Nonaburg soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent • The shallow rooting depth and low available water Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent capacity are the main limitations affecting pasture and Soil Properties and Qualities hayland. • The slope and scattered areas of rock outcrop limit Drainage class: Well drained the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Permeability: Moderately slow • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Available water capacity: Very low grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 schedule are important management practices. inches • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline recommendations helps to increase the availability of Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches nutrients and maximize productivity. Typical Profile Woodland Surface layer: 0 to 2 inches—brown channery silt loam Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: Subsurface layer: • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the 2 to 6 inches—strong brown channery silt loam limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. Subsoil: Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired 6 to 14 inches—strong brown channery silty clay stand is attained. • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Bedrock: limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by 14 to 41 inches—soft, fractured calcareous shale applying a carefully regulated thinning program. 41 inches—hard calcareous shale • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Similar soils: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Intermingled areas of soils that are moderately eroded 74 Soil Survey

• Widely scattered areas of limestone or shale rock Urban development outcrops Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Areas of moderately deep soils on summits • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are Use and Management difficult and expensive to overcome. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Unsuited Land capability classification: 7s Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion, the limited rooting depth, the low available water capacity, and the slope NnE3—Nonaburg channery silt loam, 25 are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These to 60 percent slopes, severely eroded, limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. rocky Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Landform: Ridges hayland due to the slope, shallow rooting depth, and Landform position: Summits and side slopes low available water capacity. Shape of areas: Irregular • The slope and scattered areas of rock outcrop limit Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Composition • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Nonaburg soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent schedule are important management practices. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very low Suitability: Moderately suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Management measures and considerations: inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Flooding: None roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Typical Profile used. Surface layer: • The slope typically limits only large specialized 0 to 2 inches—brown channery silt loam equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the use of conventional equipment is possible. Subsurface layer: • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the 2 to 6 inches—strong brown channery silt loam limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. Subsoil: Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer 6 to 14 inches—strong brown channery silty clay aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Bedrock: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the 14 to 41 inches—soft, fractured calcareous shale limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by 41 inches—hard calcareous shale applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Minor Soils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that are moderately potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. eroded Cocke County Area, Tennessee 75

• Widely scattered areas of limestone or shale rock • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant outcrops competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Dissimilar soils: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Areas of moderately deep soils on summits Urban development Use and Management Suitability: Poorly suited Cropland Management measures and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe Suitability: Unsuited limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are Management measures and considerations: difficult and expensive to overcome. • The susceptibility to erosion, the limited rooting depth, the low available water capacity, and the slope Interpretive Group are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Land capability classification: 7s limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Pasture and hayland Suitability: Poorly suited NoD—Northcove stony sandy loam, 5 to Management measures and considerations: 20 percent slopes, bouldery • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and hayland due to the slope, shallow rooting depth, and Setting low available water capacity. Landscape: Blue Ridge • The slope and scattered areas of rock outcrop limit Landform: Colluvial fans and coves the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Shape of areas: Long and narrow or roughly grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting rectangular schedule are important management practices. Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Composition nutrients and maximize productivity. Northcove soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Woodland Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Drainage class: Well drained reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Permeability: Moderately rapid quality. Available water capacity: Low or moderate • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent inches access roads through the use of gravel, installing Flooding: None water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Typical Profile are no longer used. • The slope may limit the use of mechanized Surface layer: equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and 0 to 5 inches—dark brown stony sandy loam planting. Subsoil: • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the 5 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. sandy loam Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer 18 to 40 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly loam aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Underlying material: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the 40 to 72 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by sandy loam applying a carefully regulated thinning program. 76 Soil Survey

Minor Soils These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of Northcove soils that have Interpretive Group fewer stones on the surface Land capability classification: 7s Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of Maymead soils Use and Management NoE—Northcove stony sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, bouldery Cropland Setting Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Landscape: Blue Ridge • The susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the stony Landform: Colluvial fans and coves surface layer, and the boulders on the soil surface are Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations Shape of areas: Long and narrow or roughly are expensive and difficult to overcome. rectangular Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres Pasture and hayland Suitability: Poorly suited Composition Management measures and considerations: Northcove soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • The stony surface layer and boulders on the soil Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent surface may increase the difficulty of establishing and maintaining pasture. Soil Properties and Qualities • The slope and boulders on the soil surface limit the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Drainage class: Well drained • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Permeability: Moderately rapid grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Available water capacity: Low or moderate schedule are important management practices. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test inches recommendations helps to increase the availability of Flooding: None nutrients and maximize productivity. Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches Woodland Suitability: Moderately suited Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • Boulders and stones on and in the surface layer may 0 to 5 inches—dark brown stony sandy loam limit the use of equipment. In most places, there may be increased difficulty and expense in operating Subsoil: wheeled equipment, building access roads, harvesting 5 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly timber, and mechanically planting seedlings. sandy loam • Seedling mortality rates may be higher due to the 18 to 40 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly loam boulders and stones on and in the surface layer. Underlying material: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 40 to 72 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly competition from undesirable species. sandy loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of Northcove soils that have Suitability: Poorly suited fewer stones on the surface Management measures and considerations: • Boulders and stones on the soil surface and the Dissimilar soils: slope are severe limitations affecting urban uses. • Intermingled areas of Maymead soils Cocke County Area, Tennessee 77

Use and Management Interpretive Group Land capability classification: 7s Cropland Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: NoF—Northcove stony sandy loam, 35 to • The susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the stony 50 percent slopes, bouldery surface layer, and the boulders on the soil surface are limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations Setting are expensive and difficult to overcome. Landscape: Blue Ridge Pasture and hayland Landform: Colluvial fans and coves Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Suitability: Poorly suited Shape of areas: Long and narrow or roughly Management measures and considerations: rectangular • The stony surface layer and boulders on the soil Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres surface may increase the difficulty of establishing and maintaining pasture. Composition • The slope and boulders on the soil surface limit the Northcove soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Soil Properties and Qualities schedule are important management practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Permeability: Moderately rapid recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: Low or moderate nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Woodland inches Flooding: None Suitability: Moderately suited Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Typical Profile and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Surface layer: disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing 0 to 5 inches—dark brown stony sandy loam vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Subsoil: • Boulders and stones on and in the surface layer may 5 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly limit the use of equipment. In most places, there may sandy loam be increased difficulty and expense in operating 18 to 40 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly loam wheeled equipment, building access roads, harvesting Underlying material: timber, and mechanically planting seedlings. 40 to 72 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly • Seedling mortality rates may be higher due to the sandy loam boulders and stones on and in the surface layer. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of Northcove soils that have potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. fewer stones on the surface Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Poorly suited • Intermingled areas of Maymead soils Management measures and considerations: Use and Management • Boulders and stones on the soil surface and the slope are severe limitations affecting urban uses. Cropland These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Suitability: Unsuited 78 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: slope are severe limitations affecting urban uses. • The susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the stony These limitations are difficult and expensive to surface layer, and the boulders on the soil surface are overcome. limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations Interpretive Group are expensive and difficult to overcome. Land capability classification: 7s Pasture and hayland Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: NoG—Northcove stony sandy loam, 50 to • The stony surface layer and boulders on the soil 80 percent slopes, bouldery surface may increase the difficulty of establishing and maintaining pasture. Setting • The slope and boulders on the soil surface limit the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. Landscape: Blue Ridge • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform: Colluvial fans and coves grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes schedule are important management practices. Shape of areas: Long and narrow or roughly • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test rectangular recommendations helps to increase the availability of Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Northcove soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Soil Properties and Qualities reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water quality. Drainage class: Well drained • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Permeability: Moderately rapid roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Available water capacity: Low or moderate access roads through the use of gravel, installing Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that inches minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Flooding: None reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid are no longer used. Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches • The slope may limit the use of mechanized equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and Typical Profile planting. Surface layer: • Boulders and stones on and in the surface layer may 0 to 5 inches—dark brown stony sandy loam limit the use of equipment. In most places, there may be increased difficulty and expense in operating Subsoil: wheeled equipment, building access roads, harvesting 5 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly timber, and mechanically planting seedlings. sandy loam • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the 18 to 40 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly loam numerous boulders and stones on and in the surface Underlying material: layer. 40 to 72 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant sandy loam competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Minor Soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of Northcove soils that have fewer stones on the surface Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • Boulders and stones on the soil surface and the • Intermingled areas of Maymead soils Cocke County Area, Tennessee 79

Use and Management These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Unsuited Land capability classification: 7s Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion, the slope, the stony surface layer, and the boulders on the soil surface are limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations Pe—Pettyjon loam, occasionally flooded are expensive and difficult to overcome. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability: Unsuited Landform: Flood plains Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Linear slopes • The slope and boulders on the soil surface are Shape of areas: Elongated severe limitations affecting pasture and hayland. Size of areas: 5 to 15 acres These limitations are difficult and expensive to Slope range: 0 to 2 percent overcome. Composition Woodland Pettyjon soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Soil Properties and Qualities reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water quality. Drainage class: Well drained • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Permeability: Moderate roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Available water capacity: Moderate access roads through the use of gravel, installing Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 60 water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that inches minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Flooding: Occasional for very brief duration from reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that December to March are no longer used. Reaction: Slightly acid to neutral • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches equipment. Logs may be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and Typical Profile planting may be done by hand. Surface layer: • Boulders and stones on and in the surface layer may 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown loam limit the use of equipment. In most places, there may be increased difficulty and expense in operating Subsoil: wheeled equipment, building access roads, harvesting 8 to 54 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown loam timber, and mechanically planting seedlings. Underlying material: • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the 54 to 80 inches—dark yellowish brown loam that has numerous boulders and stones on and in the surface pale brown and yellowish red masses of iron layer. concentration • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Minor Soils • See table 7 for specific information concerning Similar soils: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Small areas of soils that are rarely flooded Urban development • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface layers Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • Boulders and stones on the soil surface and the • Areas of Steadman soils on slightly concave slopes slope are severe limitations affecting urban uses. • Areas of Bloomingdale soils in depressions 80 Soil Survey

Use and Management Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Moderately well drained Cropland Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid Suitability: Well suited Available water capacity: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. from December to May Flooding: Occasional for very brief duration from Pasture and hayland December to May Suitability: Well suited Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Management measures and considerations: throughout the profile, except where surface layers • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from have been limed flooding. Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Typical Profile grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Surface layer: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test 0 to 8 inches—brown fine sandy loam recommendations helps to increase the availability of Subsoil: nutrients and maximize productivity. 8 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam Woodland 18 to 45 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam that has light brownish gray masses of iron Suitability: Well suited depletion and dark yellowish brown masses of iron Management measures and considerations: concentration • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Underlying material: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 45 to 53 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. loam that has light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and yellowish red masses of iron Urban development concentration Suitability: Unsuited 53 to 80 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loamy sand Management measures and considerations: that has gray masses of iron depletion and • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. yellowish red masses of iron concentration It is difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is Minor Soils not subject to flooding should be selected. Similar soils: Interpretive Group • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface Land capability classification: 2w layers Dissimilar soils: • Areas of Pope soils in the slightly higher landform Ph—Philo fine sandy loam, occasionally positions flooded Use and Management Setting Cropland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability: Well suited Landform: Flood plains Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Linear slopes • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Shape of areas: Elongated Size of areas: 5 to 15 acres Pasture and hayland Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Composition • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from Philo soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent flooding. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Cocke County Area, Tennessee 81

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Subsoil: schedule are important management practices. 4 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test brown sandy loam recommendations helps to increase the availability of 24 to 32 inches—strong brown cobbly sandy loam nutrients and maximize productivity. Underlying material: Woodland 32 to 60 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loamy sand Suitability: Well suited Minor Soils Management measures and considerations: Similar soils: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface competition from undesirable species. layers • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Dissimilar soils: • Areas of Pope soils in the slightly higher landform Urban development positions Suitability: Unsuited • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock Management measures and considerations: fragments throughout • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. Use and Management It is difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to flooding should be selected. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Well suited Land capability classification: 2w Management measures and considerations: • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Po—Pope sandy loam, occasionally Pasture and hayland flooded Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from flooding. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform: Narrow flood plains grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes schedule are important management practices. Shape of areas: Elongated • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Size of areas: 5 to 15 acres recommendations helps to increase the availability of Slope range: 0 to 3 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Pope soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Drainage class: Well drained • See table 7 for specific information concerning Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 60 Urban development inches Suitability: Unsuited Flooding: Occasional for brief duration from November Management measures and considerations: to April • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid It is difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches not subject to flooding should be selected. Typical Profile Interpretive Group Surface layer: 0 to 4 inches—brown sandy loam Land capability classification: 2w 82 Soil Survey

PsE—Porters loam, 20 to 35 percent Management measures and considerations: slopes • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. • The potential for erosion is greater when Setting conventional tillage is used. Landscape: Blue Ridge • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Landform: Ridges contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Landform position: Side slopes control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Shape of areas: Irregular tilth. Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Composition Porters soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Pasture and hayland Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Permeability: Moderate hay crops. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting inches schedule are important management practices. Flooding: None • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid recommendations helps to increase the availability of Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches nutrients and maximize productivity. Typical Profile Woodland Surface layer: 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Suitability: Moderately suited 4 to 7 inches—dark brown loam Management measures and considerations: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Subsurface layer: roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks 7 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown loam and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Subsoil: disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing 14 to 32 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer loam used. 32 to 46 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy • The slope typically limits only large specialized loam equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the use of conventional equipment is possible. Bedrock: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 46 inches—hard, slightly fractured granite competition from undesirable species. Minor Soils • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have thinner surface Urban development layers Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar soils: Management measures and considerations: • Intermingled areas of Unaka soils • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Intermingled areas of soils that have thinner surface • Designing structures and septic tank absorption layers and have hard bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 fields so that they conform to the natural slope or inches building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Use and Management performance. • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Cropland adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Suitability: Poorly suited help to maintain road stability. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 83

Interpretive Group Use and Management Land capability classification: 6e Cropland Suitability: Unsuited PsF—Porters loam, 35 to 50 percent Management measures and considerations: slopes • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Setting limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Landscape: Blue Ridge Pasture and hayland Landform: Ridges Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Landform position: Side slopes Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Shape of areas: Irregular Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Composition hayland due to the slope. • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Porters soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent hay crops. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Soil Properties and Qualities schedule are important management practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Permeability: Moderate recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: Moderate or high nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Woodland inches Flooding: None Suitability: Poorly suited Reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Typical Profile quality. Surface layer: • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown loam roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent 4 to 7 inches—dark brown loam access roads through the use of gravel, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Subsurface layer: minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and 7 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown loam reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Subsoil: are no longer used. 14 to 32 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown • The slope may limit the use of mechanized loam equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and 32 to 46 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy planting. loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Bedrock: • See table 7 for specific information concerning 46 inches—hard, slightly fractured granite potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Minor Soils Urban development Similar soils: Suitability: Poorly suited • Intermingled areas of soils that have thinner surface Management measures and considerations: layers • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. Dissimilar soils: • Designing structures and septic tank absorption • Intermingled areas of Unaka soils fields so that they conform to the natural slope or • Intermingled areas of soils that have thinner surface building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil layers and have hard bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 performance. inches • Constructing roads on the contour and providing 84 Soil Survey

adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Unaka help to maintain road stability. Surface layer: Interpretive Group 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown loam 5 to 8 inches—dark brown loam Land capability classification: 7e Subsoil: 8 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown loam PuD—Porters-Unaka complex, 15 to 30 14 to 26 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loam percent slopes, stony Bedrock: 26 to 32 inches—soft, moderately fractured granite Setting 32 inches—hard, slightly fractured granite Landscape: Blue Ridge Minor Soils Landform: Ridges Similar soils: Landform position: Side slopes • Intermingled areas of soils that have thinner surface Shape of areas: Irregular layers Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres • Porters and Unaka soils that have sandy loam surface layers Composition Dissimilar soils: Porters soil and similar soils: 55 to 60 percent • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at Unaka soil and similar soils: 30 to 35 percent a depth of more than 60 inches Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent • Chestnut soils on adjacent shoulder slopes • Tusquitee soils on adjacent colluvial footslopes and Soil Properties and Qualities toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained • Random, widely scattered areas of rock outcrop Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate or high Use and Management Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Cropland Flooding: None Suitability: Poorly suited Reaction: Porters—strongly acid or moderately acid; Management measures and considerations: Unaka—very strongly acid or strongly acid • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the Depth to bedrock: Porters—40 to 60 inches; Unaka— main limitations affecting cultivated crops. 20 to 40 inches • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. Typical Profile • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Porters contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Surface layer: tilth. 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, 4 to 7 inches—dark brown loam grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Subsurface layer: • Removing the larger surface stones and limiting the 7 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown loam use of equipment to the larger, open areas help to improve soil workability. Subsoil: 14 to 32 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown Pasture and hayland loam Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited 32 to 46 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited loam Management measures and considerations: Bedrock: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting 46 inches—hard, slightly fractured granite hay crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Cocke County Area, Tennessee 85

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. Porters soil and similar soils: 55 to 60 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Unaka soil and similar soils: 30 to 35 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Moderately suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Available water capacity: Moderate or high roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 and culverts, using logging methods that minimize inches disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Flooding: None vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Reaction: Porters—strongly acid or moderately acid; used. Unaka—very strongly acid or strongly acid • The slope typically limits only large specialized Depth to bedrock: Porters—40 to 60 inches; Unaka— equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the 20 to 40 inches use of conventional equipment is possible. • Windthrow is a hazard in areas of the Unaka soil Typical Profile because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may Porters be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Surface layer: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown loam competition from undesirable species. 4 to 7 inches—dark brown loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning Subsurface layer: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 7 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Urban development Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 14 to 32 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown Management measures and considerations: loam • The slope and the depth to bedrock in the Unaka 32 to 46 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy soil are the main limitations affecting urban uses. loam • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Bedrock: fields so that they conform to the natural slope or 46 inches—hard, slightly fractured granite building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Unaka • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Surface layer: adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown loam help to maintain road stability. 5 to 8 inches—dark brown loam Interpretive Group Subsoil: Land capability classification: 6e 8 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown loam 14 to 26 inches—yellowish brown cobbly loam PuE—Porters-Unaka complex, 30 to 50 Bedrock: percent slopes, stony 26 to 32 inches—soft, moderately fractured granite 32 inches—hard, slightly fractured granite Setting Minor Soils Landscape: Blue Ridge Similar soils: Landform: Ridges • Intermingled areas of soils that have thinner surface Landform position: Side slopes layers Shape of areas: Irregular • Porters and Unaka soils that have sandy loam Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres surface layers 86 Soil Survey

Dissimilar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. a depth of more than 60 inches Urban development • Chestnut soils on adjacent shoulder slopes • Tusquitee soils on adjacent colluvial footslopes and Suitability: Poorly suited toeslopes Management measures and considerations: • Random, widely scattered areas of rock outcrop • The slope and the depth to bedrock in the Unaka soil are the main limitations affecting urban uses. Use and Management • Designing structures and septic tank absorption fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Cropland building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Suitability: Unsuited performance. Management measures and considerations: • Constructing roads on the contour and providing • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These help to maintain road stability. limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Interpretive Group Pasture and hayland Land capability classification: 7e Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: RuG—Rock outcrop-Unicoi complex, 50 • These soils are difficult to manage for pasture and to 99 percent slopes hayland due to the slope. • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Setting hay crops. Landscape: Blue Ridge • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform: Ridges grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Landform position: Summits and side slopes schedule are important management practices. Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Size of areas: 10 to several hundred acres recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Composition Woodland Rock outcrop: 50 to 70 percent Unicoi soil and similar soils: 25 to 45 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Properties and Qualities of the Unicoi Soil reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Drainage class: Excessively drained quality. Permeability: Moderately rapid • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Available water capacity: Very low roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 access roads through the use of gravel, installing inches water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Flooding: None minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches are no longer used. • The slope may limit the use of mechanized Typical Profile equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and Rock outcrop planting. • Windthrow is a hazard in areas of the Unaka soil Rock outcrop consists of intermingled areas of because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may exposed sandstone or quartzite and areas that have be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning less than 2 or 3 inches of soil over bedrock. Rock program. outcrop is scattered throughout the map unit and also • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant occurs as vertical bluffs ranging from 10 to about 300 competition from undesirable species. feet in height on Bluff Mountain and English Mountain. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 87

Most outcrops protrude from a few inches to about 24 reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that inches above the surface. Rock outcrop supports little are no longer used. or no vegetation. • The slope may limit the practical use of conventional equipment. Logs may be cabled or winched to Unicoi adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and Surface layer: planting may be done by hand. 0 to 5 inches—very dark gray and yellowish brown • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the cobbly sandy loam limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer Subsoil: aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a 5 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly desired stand is attained. sandy loam • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Bedrock: limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by 18 inches—hard metasandstone applying a carefully regulated thinning program. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Minor Soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments throughout Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • The slope, rock outcrops, and depth to bedrock are • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at severe limitations affecting for urban uses. These a depth of more than 40 inches limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. • Intermingled areas of Ditney and Soco soils • Areas of Northcove soils on adjacent colluvial fans Interpretive Group Use and Management Land capability classification: 8s

Cropland Suitability: Unsuited Sh—Shady loam, occasionally flooded Management measures and considerations: • The rock outcrops, the susceptibility to erosion, and Setting the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated Landscape: Ridges and Valleys crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to Landform: Stream terraces overcome. Landform position: Linear slopes Pasture and hayland Shape of areas: Elongated Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres Suitability: Unsuited Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Management measures and considerations: • The rock outcrops and the slope are severe Composition limitations affecting pasture and hayland. These Shady soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Permeability: Moderate reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Available water capacity: Moderate quality. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 60 • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating inches roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Flooding: Occasional for very brief duration from access roads through the use of gravel, installing February to April water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches 88 Soil Survey

Typical Profile It is difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to flooding should be selected. Surface layer: 0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Interpretive Group Subsurface layer: Land capability classification: 1 9 to 13 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Subsoil: 13 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam SoE—Soco fine sandy loam, 20 to 35 30 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown loam percent slopes, stony Underlying material: Setting 42 to 80 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Landscape: Blue Ridge Minor Soils Landform: Ridges Similar soils: Landform position: Summits and side slopes • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface Shape of areas: Irregular layers Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres Dissimilar soils: Composition • Intermingled areas of Steadman soils Soco soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent • Areas of Shady soils that are rarely flooded or not Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent flooded Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Drainage class: Well drained Cropland Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Moderate or high Suitability: Well suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Management measures and considerations: inches • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Flooding: None Pasture and hayland Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from flooding. Surface layer: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Subsoil: schedule are important management practices. 4 to 18 inches—yellowish brown channery loam • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test 18 to 28 inches—brownish yellow channery fine sandy recommendations helps to increase the availability of loam nutrients and maximize productivity. Bedrock: Woodland 28 to 42 inches—soft, moderately fractured Suitability: Well suited metasandstone Management measures and considerations: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. fragments throughout Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Areas of Ditney and Unicoi soils on shoulder slopes Management measures and considerations: and the steeper side slopes • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. • Intermingled areas of Stecoah soils Cocke County Area, Tennessee 89

Use and Management adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Unsuited Land capability classification: 7e Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. SoF—Soco fine sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes, stony Pasture and hayland Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Setting Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Landscape: Blue Ridge Management measures and considerations: Landform: Ridges • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Landform position: Summits and side slopes hay crops. Shape of areas: Irregular • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Composition • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Soco soil and similar soils: 85 to 90 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Moderately suited Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderately rapid • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Available water capacity: Moderate or high roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 and culverts, using logging methods that minimize inches disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Flooding: None vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid used. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • The slope typically limits only large specialized equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Typical Profile use of conventional equipment is possible. Surface layer: • Windthrow is a hazard in areas of the Soco soil 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning Subsoil: program. 4 to 18 inches—yellowish brown channery loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 18 to 28 inches—brownish yellow channery fine sandy competition from undesirable species. loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning Bedrock: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 28 to 42 inches—soft, moderately fractured Urban development metasandstone Suitability: Poorly suited Minor Soils Management measures and considerations: Similar soils: • The slope and depth to bedrock are the main • Intermingled areas of soils that have more rock limitations affecting urban uses. fragments throughout • Designing structures and septic tank absorption fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Dissimilar soils: building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil • Areas of Ditney and Unicoi soils on shoulder slopes performance. and the steeper side slopes • Constructing roads on the contour and providing • Intermingled areas of Stecoah soils 90 Soil Survey

Use and Management building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Cropland • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Suitability: Unsuited help to maintain road stability. Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are Interpretive Group severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Land capability classification: 7e limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Pasture and hayland SoG—Soco-Stecoah complex, 50 to 95 Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited percent slopes Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Setting • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and hayland due to the slope. Landscape: Blue Ridge • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Landform: Ridges hay crops. Landform position: Side slopes • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Shape of areas: Irregular grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Size of areas: 5 to 70 acres schedule are important management practices. Composition • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soco soil and similar soils: 45 to 55 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Stecoah soil and similar soils: 30 to 40 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Woodland Suitability: Poorly suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Permeability: Moderately rapid reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Available water capacity: Moderate or high quality. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating inches roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Flooding: None access roads through the use of gravel, installing Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Depth to bedrock: Soco—20 to 40 inches; Stecoah— minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and 40 to 60 inches reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Typical Profile • The slope may limit the use of mechanized Soco equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and planting. Surface layer: • Windthrow is a hazard because of the limited rooting 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam depth. This hazard may be reduced by applying a Subsoil: carefully regulated thinning program. 4 to 18 inches—yellowish brown channery loam • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 18 to 28 inches—brownish yellow channery fine sandy competition from undesirable species. loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Bedrock: 28 to 42 inches—soft, moderately fractured Urban development metasandstone Suitability: Poorly suited Stecoah Management measures and considerations: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. Surface layer: • Designing structures and septic tank absorption 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy fields so that they conform to the natural slope or loam Cocke County Area, Tennessee 91

Subsurface layer: because of the limited rooting depth. This hazard may 2 to 5 inches—brown fine sandy loam be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Subsoil: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 5 to 48 inches—light yellowish brown and yellowish competition from undesirable species. brown sandy loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning Bedrock: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 48 to 63 inches—soft metasandstone that is Urban development interbedded with phyllite Suitability: Unsuited Minor Soils Management measures and considerations: • The slope is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. Similar soils: It is difficult and expensive to overcome. • Soils that have thicker, dark surface layers, on north or northeast aspects Interpretive Group Dissimilar soils: Land capability classification: 7e • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop • Areas of Cataska, Ditney, and Unicoi soils near rock outcrops Sr—Statler loam, occasionally flooded Use and Management Setting Cropland Landscape: Blue Ridge Suitability: Unsuited Landform: Low stream terraces Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Linear slopes • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are Shape of areas: Elongated or roughly rectangular severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Size of areas: 5 to 30 acres limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Pasture and hayland Composition Suitability: Unsuited Statler soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • The slope is a severe limitation affecting pasture and hayland. It is difficult and expensive to overcome. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Poorly suited Permeability: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water inches quality. Flooding: Occasional for very brief duration from • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating February to April roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid access roads through the use of gravel, installing Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Typical Profile reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Surface layer: are no longer used. 0 to 8 inches—dark brown loam • The slope limits the practical use of conventional equipment. Logs may be cabled or winched to Subsoil: adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and 8 to 22 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam planting may be done by hand. 22 to 53 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam • Windthrow is a hazard in areas of the Soco soil 53 to 80 inches—dark yellowish brown loam 92 Soil Survey

Minor Soils Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Similar soils: • Areas of Statler soils that are rarely flooded or not Composition flooded Steadman soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent Dissimilar soils: Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent • Biltmore soils on adjacent flood plains Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Drainage class: Moderately well drained Permeability: Moderate Cropland Available water capacity: High Suitability: Well suited Depth to seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet Management measures and considerations: from December to April • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Flooding: Occasional for brief duration from December to April Pasture and hayland Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly alkaline Suitability: Well suited Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from flooding. Surface layer: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred 0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Subsoil: schedule are important management practices. 9 to 20 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test 20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has recommendations helps to increase the availability of light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and nutrients and maximize productivity. yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Woodland Underlying material: Suitability: Well suited 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has Management measures and considerations: light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant yellowish brown masses of iron concentration competition from undesirable species. Minor Soils • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: • Intermingled soils that have less silt in the subsoil Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Intermingled areas of Pope soils Management measures and considerations: • Shady soils on low stream terraces • Flooding is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. • Bloomingdale soils in depressions It is difficult and expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to flooding should be selected. Use and Management Interpretive Group Cropland Land capability classification: 2w Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Su—Steadman silt loam, occasionally • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. flooded • Wetness may delay planting or hinder harvesting operations. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability: Well suited Landform: Flood plains and drainageways Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Linear or slightly concave slopes • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from Shape of areas: Long and narrow or irregular flooding. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 93

• Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in Typical Profile soil compaction and loss of productivity. Surface layer: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred 0 to 5 inches—brown channery silt loam grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Subsoil: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test 5 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt recommendations helps to increase the availability of loam nutrients and maximize productivity. 12 to 33 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt loam Woodland Bedrock: Suitability: Well suited 33 inches—hard, slightly fractured phyllite Management measures and considerations: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Similar soils: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments throughout Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Intermingled areas of Cataska soils Management measures and considerations: • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop • Flooding and wetness are severe limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and Use and Management expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to flooding should be selected. Cropland Interpretive Group Suitability: Unsuited Land capability classification: 2w Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These SyE—Sylco channery silt loam, 20 to 35 limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. percent slopes Pasture and hayland Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Setting Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Landscape: Blue Ridge Management measures and considerations: Landform: Ridges • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Landform position: Side slopes hay crops. Shape of areas: Irregular • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Size of areas: 10 to 90 acres grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Composition • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Sylco soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent nutrients and maximize productivity.

Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Suitability: Moderately suited Permeability: Moderately rapid Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Low or moderate • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks inches and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Flooding: None disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches used. 94 Soil Survey

• The slope typically limits only large specialized Typical Profile equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Sylco use of conventional equipment is possible. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Surface layer: competition from undesirable species. 0 to 5 inches—brown channery silt loam • See table 7 for specific information concerning Subsoil: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 5 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt Urban development loam 12 to 33 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt Suitability: Poorly suited loam Management measures and considerations: • The slope and depth to bedrock are the main Bedrock: limitations affecting urban uses. 33 inches—hard, slightly fractured phyllite • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Cataska fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Surface layer: performance. 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt • Constructing roads on the contour and providing loam adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Subsoil: help to maintain road stability. 2 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt Interpretive Group loam 8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Land capability classification: 7e channery silt loam Bedrock: SyF—Sylco-Cataska complex, 35 to 50 12 to 40 inches—soft, fractured slate percent slopes Minor Soils Setting Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock Landscape: Blue Ridge fragments throughout Landform: Ridges Landform position: Side slopes Dissimilar soils: Shape of areas: Irregular • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres • Areas of Ditney and Unicoi soils near rock outcrops • Areas of Northcove and Maymead soils on adjacent Composition colluvial footslopes, toeslopes, and benches Sylco soil and similar soils: 45 to 55 percent Use and Management Cataska soil and similar soils: 35 to 45 percent Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Cropland Suitability: Unsuited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Sylco—well drained; Cataska— • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are excessively drained severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Permeability: Sylco—moderately rapid; Cataska— limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. moderately rapid or rapid Pasture and hayland Available water capacity: Sylco—low or moderate; Cataska—very low Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability for hayland: Unsuited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • These soils are difficult to manage for pasture and Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid hayland due to the slope. Depth to bedrock: Sylco—20 to 40 inches; Cataska— • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting 10 to 20 inches hay crops. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 95

• Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred SyG—Sylco-Cataska complex, 50 to 80 grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting percent slopes schedule are important management practices. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Setting recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Ridges Woodland Landform position: Side slopes Suitability: Poorly suited Shape of areas: Irregular Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 5 to 250 acres • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Composition reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water quality. Sylco soil and similar soils: 45 to 55 percent • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Cataska soil and similar soils: 35 to 45 percent roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent access roads through the use of gravel, installing Soil Properties and Qualities water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Drainage class: Sylco—well drained; Cataska— reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that excessively drained are no longer used. Permeability: Sylco—moderately rapid; Cataska— • The slope may limit the use of mechanized moderately rapid or rapid equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and Available water capacity: Sylco—low or moderate; planting. Cataska—very low • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. inches Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer Flooding: None aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid desired stand is attained. Depth to bedrock: Sylco—20 to 40 inches; Cataska— • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the 10 to 20 inches limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Typical Profile • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Sylco competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Surface layer: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 0 to 5 inches—brown channery silt loam Urban development Subsoil: 5 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt Suitability: Poorly suited loam Management measures and considerations: 12 to 33 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt • Designing structures and septic tank absorption loam fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Bedrock: performance. 33 inches—hard, slightly fractured phyllite • The slope and depth to bedrock are severe Cataska limitations affecting septic tank absorption fields and other urban uses. These limitations are difficult and Surface layer: expensive to overcome. 0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt • Constructing roads on the contour and providing loam adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Subsoil: help to maintain road stability. 2 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt loam Interpretive Group 8 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Land capability classification: 7s channery silt loam 96 Soil Survey

Bedrock: reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning 12 to 40 inches—soft, fractured slate program. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Minor Soils competition from undesirable species. Similar soils: • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. fragments throughout Urban development Dissimilar soils: Suitability: Unsuited • Widely scattered areas of rock outcrop Management measures and considerations: • Areas of Ditney and Unicoi soils near rock outcrops • The slope is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. • Areas of Northcove and Maymead soils on adjacent It is difficult and expensive to overcome. colluvial footslopes, toeslopes, and benches Interpretive Group Use and Management Land capability classification: 7s Cropland Suitability: Unsuited TaD2—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 10 Management measures and considerations: to 25 percent slopes, eroded • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These Setting limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Pasture and hayland Landform: Ridges Landform position: Summits and side slopes (fig. 3) Suitability: Unsuited Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres • The slope is a severe limitation affecting pasture and hayland. It is difficult and expensive to overcome. Composition Woodland Talbott soil: 55 to 75 percent Rock outcrop: 20 to 35 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Properties and Qualities of the Talbott Soil reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water quality. Drainage class: Well drained • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Permeability: Moderately slow roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Available water capacity: Low or moderate access roads through the use of gravel, installing Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that inches minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Flooding: None reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid are no longer used. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches • The slope limits the practical use of conventional equipment. Logs may be cabled or winched to Typical Profile adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and Talbott planting may be done by hand. • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the Surface layer: limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. 0 to 6 inches—brown silty clay loam Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer Subsoil: aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a 6 to 32 inches—yellowish red clay desired stand is attained. • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of Bedrock: the limited rooting depth. This hazard may be 32 inches—hard limestone Cocke County Area, Tennessee 97

Figure 3.—An area of Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to 25 percent slopes, eroded. The extensive areas of rock outcrop are a severe limitation affecting management practices that require the frequent use of equipment.

Rock outcrop • Intermingled areas of Dewey soils • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a Rock outcrop consists of intermingled areas of depth of less than 20 inches exposed limestone and areas that have less than 2 or 3 inches of soil over limestone bedrock. Rock outcrop Use and Management is scattered throughout the map unit. Most outcrops protrude from a few inches to about 24 inches above Cropland the surface. Rock outcrop supports little or no vegetation. Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Minor Soils • The susceptibility to erosion, the rock outcrops, the Dissimilar soils: slope, and the limited rooting depth are severe • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations a depth of more than 40 inches are difficult and expensive to overcome. 98 Soil Survey

Pasture and hayland TaE2—Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 25 Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited to 60 percent slopes, eroded Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Setting • The slope and rock outcrops limit the use of Landscape: Ridges and Valleys equipment for harvesting hay crops. Landform: Ridges • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Landform position: Side slopes grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular schedule are important management practices. Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Composition nutrients and maximize productivity. Talbott soil: 55 to 75 percent Woodland Rock outcrop: 20 to 35 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent Suitability: Moderately suited Management measures and considerations: Properties and Qualities of the Talbott Soil • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Drainage class: Well drained roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Permeability: Moderately slow and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Available water capacity: Low or moderate disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer inches used. Flooding: None • Damage to tree roots from soil compaction and Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid rutting can occur when the soil is wet. Forestry Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches operations should be planned for drier times of the year. Typical Profile • The slope typically limits only large specialized equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Talbott use of conventional equipment is possible. Surface layer: • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by the 0 to 6 inches—brown silty clay loam surface texture, increased rates of surface water runoff, and lower moisture supply. Reinforcement Subsoil: plantings can be made until a desired stand is 6 to 32 inches—yellowish red clay attained. Bedrock: • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the 32 inches—hard limestone limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Rock outcrop • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Rock outcrop consists of intermingled areas of competition from undesirable species. exposed limestone and areas that have less than 2 or • See table 7 for specific information concerning 3 inches of soil over limestone bedrock. Rock outcrop potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. is scattered throughout the map unit. Most outcrops Urban development protrude from a few inches to about 12 inches above the surface. Rock outcrop supports little or no Suitability: Poorly suited vegetation. Management measures and considerations: • The slope, rock outcrops, and depth to bedrock are Minor Soils severe limitations affecting urban uses. These Dissimilar soils: limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches Interpretive Group • Intermingled areas of Dewey soils Land capability classification: Talbott—6e; Rock • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a outcrop—8s depth of less than 20 inches Cocke County Area, Tennessee 99

Use and Management • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Cropland • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Urban development • The susceptibility to erosion, the rock outcrops, the Suitability: Poorly suited slope, and the limited rooting depth are severe Management measures and considerations: limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations • The slope, rock outcrops, and depth to bedrock are are difficult and expensive to overcome. severe limitations affecting urban uses. These Pasture and hayland limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Interpretive Group Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Land capability classification: Talbott—7e; Rock Management measures and considerations: outcrop—8s • The slope and rock outcrops may increase the difficulty of establishing and maintaining pasture. • The slope and rock outcrops limit the use of equipment for harvesting hay crops. TuE—Tusquitee loam, 20 to 35 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred slopes grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Setting • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Landscape: Blue Ridge recommendations helps to increase the availability of Landform: Colluvial fans and coves nutrients and maximize productivity. Landform position: Footslopes, toeslopes, and Woodland benches Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Suitability: Poorly suited Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Composition reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Tusquitee soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent quality. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Soil Properties and Qualities access roads through the use of gravel, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Drainage class: Well drained minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Permeability: Moderate reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Available water capacity: Moderate or high are no longer used. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • Damage to tree roots from soil compaction and inches rutting can occur when the soil is wet. Forestry Flooding: None operations should be planned for drier times of the Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid year. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The slope may limit the use of mechanized Typical Profile equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and planting. Surface layer: • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by the 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown loam surface texture, increased rates of surface water Subsoil: runoff, and lower moisture supply. Reinforcement 8 to 36 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown loam plantings can be made until a desired stand is 36 to 48 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam attained. • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Underlying material: limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by 48 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly sandy applying a carefully regulated thinning program. loam 100 Soil Survey

Minor Soils • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have lighter colored Urban development surface layers Suitability: Poorly suited • Soils that contain more rock fragments throughout, Management measures and considerations: along drainageways • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. Dissimilar soils: • Designing structures and septic tank absorption • Areas of Chestnut, Porters, and Unaka soils on fields so that they conform to the natural slope or adjacent upland side slopes building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Use and Management • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Cropland help to maintain road stability. Suitability: Poorly suited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: Land capability classification: 6e • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the main limitations affecting cultivated crops. • The potential for erosion is greater when TuF—Tusquitee loam, 35 to 50 percent conventional tillage is used. slopes • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Setting control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. Landscape: Blue Ridge • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Landform: Colluvial fans and coves grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landform position: Footslopes, toeslopes, and benches Pasture and hayland Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Composition Management measures and considerations: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Tusquitee soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent hay crops. Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Soil Properties and Qualities grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Permeability: Moderate recommendations helps to increase the availability of Available water capacity: Moderate or high nutrients and maximize productivity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 inches Woodland Flooding: None Suitability: Moderately suited Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Typical Profile roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Surface layer: disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown loam vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Subsoil: used. 8 to 36 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown loam • The slope typically limits only large specialized 36 to 48 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the use of conventional equipment is possible. Underlying material: • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 48 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly sandy competition from undesirable species. loam Cocke County Area, Tennessee 101

Minor Soils • See table 7 for specific information concerning potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have lighter colored Urban development surface layers Suitability: Poorly suited • Soils that contain more rock fragments throughout, Management measures and considerations: along drainageways • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. Dissimilar soils: • Designing structures and septic tank absorption • Areas of Chestnut, Porters, and Unaka soils on fields so that they conform to the natural slope or adjacent upland side slopes building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Use and Management • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Cropland help to maintain road stability. Suitability: Unsuited Interpretive Group Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are Land capability classification: 7e severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Ty—Tyler silt loam Pasture and hayland Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Setting Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Management measures and considerations: Landform: Stream terraces • This soil is difficult to manage for pasture and Landform position: Linear or concave slopes hayland due to the slope. Shape of areas: Oval or elongated • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Size of areas: 10 to 30 acres hay crops. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. Tyler soil and similar soils: 80 to 90 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 10 to 20 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Permeability: Slow Suitability: Poorly suited Available water capacity: Moderate or high Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: 6 to 24 inches • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to from November to May reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water Flooding: None quality. Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating surface layer, subsurface layer, and subsoil and roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent neutral or slightly alkaline in the underlying access roads through the use of gravel, installing material water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that Typical Profile are no longer used. Surface layer: • The slope may limit the use of mechanized 0 to 7 inches—olive brown silt loam that has dark equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and yellowish brown masses of iron concentration planting. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Subsurface layer: competition from undesirable species. 7 to 13 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has 102 Soil Survey

strong brown masses of iron concentration and Management measures and considerations: light brownish gray masses of iron depletion • Excessive soil damage caused by rutting and miring may occur when the soil is wet. Forestry operations Subsoil: should be planned for drier times of the year. Where 13 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that possible, roads should be located on nearby soils that has yellowish brown masses of iron concentration are better suited to roads. and grayish brown masses of iron depletion • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by soil 19 to 37 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that wetness. Preparing the seedbed so that seedlings can has yellowish red masses of iron concentration be planted on ridges helps to overcome the wetness 37 to 62 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that limitation. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a has yellowish brown masses of iron concentration desired stand is attained. and light brownish gray masses of iron depletion • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of Underlying material: wetness. This hazard may be reduced by applying a 62 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown stratified silty carefully regulated thinning program. clay loam and silt loam having grayish brown • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant masses of iron depletion competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Minor Soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of soils that have darker surface layers Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • Slow permeability, wetness, and low soil strength are • Intermingled areas of poorly drained and moderately severe limitations affecting urban uses. These well drained soils limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. • Because of the slow permeability and wetness, the Use and Management careful planning and design of septic tank absorption fields may be required. Cropland • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Suitability: Moderately suited local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Management measures and considerations: strength. • The main limitation affecting cultivated crops is Interpretive Group wetness. • Wetness may delay planting or hinder harvesting Land capability classification: 3w operations. • Soil rutting and clodding caused by equipment use during wet periods may decrease soil productivity. Ud—Udorthents, loamy

Pasture and hayland Setting Suitability: Well suited Landscape: Blue Ridge and Ridges and Valleys Management measures and considerations: Landform: Cut and fill areas, landfills, and highway • The main limitation affecting pasture and hayland is roadbeds and interchanges wetness. Landform position: Linear or concave slopes • Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular soil compaction and loss of productivity. Size of areas: 2 to 45 acres • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Composition grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Udorthents and similar soils: 85 to 100 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 0 to 15 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities nutrients and maximize productivity. Drainage class: Well drained or moderately well Woodland drained Suitability: Moderately suited Permeability: Variable Cocke County Area, Tennessee 103

Available water capacity: Variable Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid Depth to seasonal high water table: Variable Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches Flooding: None Typical Profile Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately alkaline Depth to bedrock: Variable Unicoi Typical Profile Surface layer: 0 to 5 inches—very dark gray and yellowish brown Because of the variability of the soils in this map cobbly sandy loam unit, a typical profile is not described. This map unit consists of soils in areas where the natural soil layers Subsoil: and characteristics have been altered or destroyed by 5 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly earthmoving activities, such as grading, backfilling, sandy loam trenching, and excavating. Bedrock: Minor Soils 18 inches—hard metasandstone Similar soils: Rock outcrop • Areas of undisturbed or partially disturbed soils Rock outcrop consists of intermingled areas of Dissimilar soils: exposed sandstone or quartzite and areas that have • Areas of urban land less than 2 or 3 inches of soil over bedrock. Rock outcrop is scattered throughout the map unit and also Use and Management occurs as vertical bluffs. Most outcrops protrude from The characteristics of the soil material within this a few inches to about 24 inches above the surface. map unit are so variable that accurate interpretive Rock outcrop supports little or no vegetation. statements cannot be made. A careful onsite Minor Soils investigation is needed to determine the suitability and limitations of any area of this unit for any land use. Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock Interpretive Group fragments throughout Land capability classification: 7e Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at UnF—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to a depth of more than 40 inches 50 percent slopes • Intermingled areas of Ditney and Soco soils Use and Management Setting Cropland Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Ridges Suitability: Unsuited Landform position: Summits and side slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular • The rock outcrops, the susceptibility to erosion, and Size of areas: 10 to several hundred acres the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to Composition overcome. Unicoi soil and similar soils: 50 to 70 percent Pasture and hayland Rock outcrop: 25 to 45 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Properties and Qualities of the Unicoi Soil Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Excessively drained • This map unit is difficult to manage for pasture and Permeability: Moderately rapid hayland due to the slope, rock outcrops, shallow Available water capacity: Very low rooting depth, and very low available water capacity. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • The slope and rock outcrops limit the use of inches equipment for harvesting hay crops. Flooding: None • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred 104 Soil Survey

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. Unicoi soil and similar soils: 50 to 70 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Rock outcrop: 25 to 45 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent nutrients and maximize productivity. Properties and Qualities of the Unicoi Soil Woodland Drainage class: Excessively drained Suitability: Poorly suited Permeability: Moderately rapid Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Very low • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water inches quality. Flooding: None • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches access roads through the use of gravel, installing water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that Typical Profile minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and Unicoi reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer used. Surface layer: • The slope may limit the use of mechanized 0 to 5 inches—very dark gray and yellowish brown equipment for harvesting, site preparation, and cobbly sandy loam planting. Subsoil: • Seedling mortality rates may be high due to the 5 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly limited rooting depth and low available water capacity. sandy loam Available moisture is also reduced on the warmer aspects. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a Bedrock: desired stand is attained. 18 inches—hard metasandstone • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the Rock outcrop limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by applying a carefully regulated thinning program. Rock outcrop consists of intermingled areas of • See table 7 for specific information concerning exposed sandstone or quartzite and areas that have potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. less than 2 or 3 inches of soil over bedrock. Rock outcrop is scattered throughout the map unit and also Urban development occurs as vertical bluffs. Most outcrops protrude from Suitability: Unsuited a few inches to about 24 inches above the surface. Management measures and considerations: Rock outcrop supports little or no vegetation. • The slope, rock outcrops, and depth to bedrock are Minor Soils severe limitations affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Similar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have fewer rock Interpretive Group fragments throughout Land capability classification: 7s Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches UnG—Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 50 • Intermingled areas of Ditney and Soco soils to 80 percent slopes Use and Management Setting Cropland Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Ridges Suitability: Unsuited Landform position: Side slopes Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Roughly rectangular or irregular • The rock outcrops, the susceptibility to erosion, and Size of areas: 10 to several hundred acres the slope are severe limitations affecting cultivated Cocke County Area, Tennessee 105

crops. These limitations are difficult and expensive to 10 to 30 feet above the stream level. The largest areas overcome. are on or near the major highways within or near the city limits of Newport. Stream channels and drainage Pasture and hayland patterns have been altered in some areas in order to Suitability: Unsuited control flooding. Most areas are roughly oval or Management measures and considerations: rectangular in shape and range from about 5 to 50 • The rock outcrops and the slope are severe acres in size. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. limitations affecting pasture and hayland. These Composition limitations are difficult and expensive to overcome. Urban land: 85 to 90 percent Woodland Dissimilar soils: 10 to 15 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • Careful planning is needed in forestry operations to Examination and identification of properties and reduce the hazard of erosion and maintain water qualities of Urban land is impractical. quality. Minor Soils • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating roads and trails on the contour, protecting permanent Dissimilar soils: access roads through the use of gravel, installing • Small areas of Dewey, Leadvale, Steadman, Shady, water breaks and culverts, using logging methods that and Pope soils in most map unit delineations minimize disturbance of the surface layer, and • Small areas that are flooded, immediately adjacent reestablishing vegetation on roads and landings that to streams are no longer used. • Areas of Udorthents • The slope limits the practical use of conventional Use and Management equipment. Logs may be cabled or winched to adjacent areas that have smoother slopes, and Most areas of this map unit are used for urban planting may be done by hand. development. Areas of included soils and fill material • Windthrow is a hazard in some areas because of the may be suited for uses other than urban uses. The limited rooting depth. This hazard may be reduced by small size and location of these areas may be a applying a carefully regulated thinning program. limitation for some uses. Intensive onsite investigations • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant are needed to determine the potential and limitations competition from undesirable species. for any proposed use. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Interpretive Group potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Land capability classification: None assigned Urban development Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: W—Water • The slope is a severe limitation affecting urban uses. This map unit consists of bodies of water, such as It is difficult and expensive to overcome. lakes and ponds, and occurs throughout the survey Interpretive Group area. It also includes areas of perennial streams that are wide enough to be shown within double lines on Land capability classification: 7s the detailed soil maps. This map unit is not assigned a land capability Ur—Urban land classification.

Setting WaB2—Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent Urban land consists of areas where the surface is slopes, eroded covered by asphalt, concrete, buildings, and other impervious surfaces. Parking lots, shopping centers, Setting office buildings, and industrial areas are included in most areas. Most of this map unit is located on Landscape: Ridges and Valleys smooth, broad stream terraces that range from about Landform: High stream terraces 106 Soil Survey

Landform position: Summits recommendations helps to increase the availability of Shape of areas: Oval or irregular nutrients and maximize productivity. Size of areas: 5 to 30 acres Woodland Composition Suitability: Well suited Waynesboro soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant competition from undesirable species. Soil Properties and Qualities • See table 7 for specific information concerning Drainage class: Well drained potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Permeability: Moderate Urban development Available water capacity: Moderate or high Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 Suitability: Well suited inches Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid careful planning and design of septic tank absorption Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches fields may be required. • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for Typical Profile local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil Surface layer: strength. 0 to 9 inches—brown loam Interpretive Group Subsoil: Land capability classification: 2e 9 to 20 inches—red clay 20 to 72 inches—dark red clay Minor Soils WaC2—Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent Similar soils: slopes, eroded • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Holston soils • Intermingled areas of Waynesboro soils that have a Setting gravelly or cobbly surface layer Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Dissimilar soils: Landform: High stream terraces • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at a Landform position: Summits and side slopes depth of less than 60 inches Shape of areas: Oval or irregular Size of areas: 5 to 40 acres Use and Management Composition Cropland Waynesboro soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent Management measures and considerations: • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Soil Properties and Qualities contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to Drainage class: Well drained control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Permeability: Moderate tilth. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. inches Pasture and hayland Flooding: None Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Suitability: Well suited Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Management measures and considerations: • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Typical Profile grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting schedule are important management practices. Surface layer: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test 0 to 9 inches—brown loam Cocke County Area, Tennessee 107

Subsoil: • Providing suitable subgrade or base material for 9 to 20 inches—red clay local roads and streets helps to overcome the low soil 20 to 72 inches—dark red clay strength. • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Minor Soils to minimize the damage from surface water and Similar soils: prevent erosion. • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Holston soils Interpretive Group • Intermingled areas of Waynesboro soils that have a gravelly or cobbly surface layer Land capability classification: 3e Dissimilar soils: • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches WaD2—Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 Use and Management percent slopes, eroded

Cropland Setting Suitability: Moderately suited Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Management measures and considerations: Landform: High stream terraces • The potential for erosion is greater when Landform position: Side slopes conventional tillage is used. Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil Composition tilth. Waynesboro soil and similar soils: 80 to 90 percent • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Dissimilar soils: 10 to 20 percent grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Pasture and hayland Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability for pasture: Well suited (fig. 4) Drainage class: Well drained Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Permeability: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Moderate or high • In the steeper areas, the slope may limit the use of Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 equipment for harvesting hay crops. inches • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Flooding: None grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid schedule are important management practices. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Typical Profile nutrients and maximize productivity. Surface layer: Woodland 0 to 9 inches—brown loam Suitability: Well suited Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 9 to 20 inches—red clay • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant 20 to 72 inches—dark red clay competition from undesirable species. • See table 7 for specific information concerning Minor Soils potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. Similar soils: Urban development • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Holston soils • Intermingled areas of Waynesboro soils that have a Suitability: Moderately suited gravelly or cobbly surface layer Management measures and considerations: • Because of the restricted soil permeability, the Dissimilar soils: careful planning and design of septic tank absorption • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at a fields may be required. depth of less than 60 inches 108 Soil Survey

Figure 4.—An area of Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded. This soil is well suited to pasture.

Use and Management Pasture and hayland Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Cropland Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the hay crops. main limitations affecting cultivated crops. • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred • The potential for erosion is greater when grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting conventional tillage is used. schedule are important management practices. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to recommendations helps to increase the availability of control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil nutrients and maximize productivity. tilth. Woodland • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Suitability: Moderately suited Cocke County Area, Tennessee 109

Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 72 • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating inches roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Flooding: None and culverts, using logging methods that minimize Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Typical Profile used. • The slope typically limits only large specialized Surface layer: equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the 0 to 9 inches—brown cobbly loam use of conventional equipment is possible. Subsoil: • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by 9 to 20 inches—red clay increased rates of surface water runoff and lower 20 to 72 inches—dark red clay moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a desired stand is attained. Minor Soils • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Similar soils: competition from undesirable species. • Intermingled areas of Dewey and Holston soils • See table 7 for specific information concerning • Intermingled areas of Waynesboro soils that have potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. clay loam surface layers Urban development • Intermingled areas of Waynesboro soils that have fewer cobbles in the surface layer Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. • Intermingled areas of soils that have bedrock at a • Designing structures and septic tank absorption depth of less than 60 inches fields so that they conform to the natural slope or Use and Management building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Cropland • Constructing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Suitability: Poorly suited help to maintain road stability. Management measures and considerations: • The susceptibility to erosion and the slope are the Interpretive Group main limitations affecting cultivated crops. Land capability classification: 4e • The potential for erosion is greater when conventional tillage is used. • Conservation tillage, crop residue management, WcD2—Waynesboro cobbly loam, 12 to contour farming, and the use of cover crops help to 25 percent slopes, eroded control erosion, increase infiltration, and maintain soil tilth. • Surface water runoff can be controlled by terraces, Setting grassed waterways, field borders, and filter strips. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys • Removal of the larger rock fragments helps to Landform: High stream terraces minimize damage to the equipment used for planting, Landform position: Side slopes managing, and harvesting crops. Tillage and Shape of areas: Roughly oval or irregular harvesting operations, however, may still be hindered Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres by the number of smaller rock fragments remaining on and in the surface layer. Composition Pasture and hayland Waynesboro soil and similar soils: 80 to 90 percent Dissimilar soils: 10 to 20 percent Suitability for pasture: Moderately suited Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • The slope limits the use of equipment for harvesting Permeability: Moderate hay crops. Available water capacity: Moderate or high • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred 110 Soil Survey

grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Composition schedule are important management practices. Whitesburg soil and similar soils: 90 to 95 percent • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test Dissimilar soils: 5 to 10 percent recommendations helps to increase the availability of nutrients and maximize productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Drainage class: Moderately well drained Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Moderately suited Available water capacity: High Management measures and considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: 2.0 to 4.0 feet • The hazard of erosion can be reduced by locating from December to March roads and trails on the contour, installing water breaks Flooding: Occasional for very brief duration from and culverts, using logging methods that minimize December to March disturbance of the surface layer, and reestablishing Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline vegetation on roads and landings that are no longer Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches used. • The slope typically limits only large specialized Typical Profile equipment. Slopes are normally short enough that the Surface layer: use of conventional equipment is possible. 0 to 4 inches—brown silt loam • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by increased rates of surface water runoff and lower Subsoil: moisture supply. Reinforcement plantings can be 4 to 18 inches—yellowish brown silt loam made until a desired stand is attained. 18 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant has pale brown and strong brown masses of iron competition from undesirable species. concentration • See table 7 for specific information concerning Underlying material: potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. 25 to 53 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that Urban development has light brownish gray masses of iron depletion and yellowish brown masses of iron concentration Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Bedrock: • The slope is the main limitation affecting urban uses. 53 to 60 inches—soft calcareous shale • Designing structures and septic tank absorption Minor Soils fields so that they conform to the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil Similar soils: performance. • Intermingled areas of Steadman soils • Constructing roads on the contour and providing Dissimilar soils: adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, • Nonaburg soils on adjacent uplands help to maintain road stability. • Bloomingdale soils in depressional areas Interpretive Group Use and Management Land capability classification: 4e Cropland Suitability: Well suited Wf—Whitesburg silt loam, occasionally Management measures and considerations: flooded • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. • Wetness may delay planting or hinder harvesting operations. Setting Pasture and hayland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Landform: Drainageways Suitability for pasture: Well suited Landform position: Linear slopes Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Shape of areas: Long and narrow Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from Slope range: 1 to 5 percent flooding. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 111

• Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in Flooding: Occasional for very brief duration from soil compaction and loss of productivity. December to March • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Reaction: Neutral or slightly alkaline grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches schedule are important management practices. Typical Profile • Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations helps to increase the availability of Surface layer: nutrients and maximize productivity. 0 to 9 inches—brown loam Woodland Subsurface layer: 9 to 13 inches—yellowish brown loam Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by soil 13 to 24 inches—yellowish brown clay loam that has wetness. Preparing the seedbed so that seedlings can yellowish red masses of iron concentration be planted on ridges helps to overcome the wetness 24 to 40 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam that limitation. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a has yellowish red masses of iron concentration desired stand is attained. and light brownish gray masses of iron depletion • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Underlying material: competition from undesirable species. 40 to 80 inches—yellowish brown loam that has light • See table 7 for specific information concerning reddish brown masses of iron concentration and potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. light brownish gray and pinkish gray masses of Urban development iron depletion Suitability: Unsuited Minor Soils Management measures and considerations: • Flooding and wetness are severe limitations Similar soils: affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and • Intermingled areas of Steadman soils expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to Dissimilar soils: flooding should be selected. • Areas of Holston or Waynesboro soils on the Interpretive Group adjacent higher stream terraces • Areas of Shady soils on the slightly higher or more Land capability classification: 2w convex slopes • Areas of Bloomingdale soils in depressional areas Wt—Whitwell loam, occasionally flooded Use and Management Setting Cropland Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Suitability: Well suited Landform: Low stream terraces Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Linear or slightly concave slopes • There is a potential for crop damage from flooding. Shape of areas: Elongated • Wetness may delay planting or hinder harvesting Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres operations. Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Pasture and hayland Composition Suitability for pasture: Well suited Whitwell soil and similar soils: 85 to 95 percent Suitability for hayland: Moderately suited Dissimilar soils: 5 to 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • There is a potential for damage to hay crops from Soil Properties and Qualities flooding. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Livestock grazing when the soil is wet can result in Permeability: Moderate soil compaction and loss of productivity. Available water capacity: High • Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, deferred Depth to seasonal high water table: 2.0 to 3.0 feet grazing, and a well planned clipping and harvesting from December to March schedule are important management practices. 112

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test • See table 7 for specific information concerning recommendations helps to increase the availability of potential productivity and suggested trees to plant. nutrients and maximize productivity. Urban development Woodland Suitability: Unsuited Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Flooding and wetness are severe limitations • Seedling mortality rates may be affected by soil affecting urban uses. These limitations are difficult and wetness. Preparing the seedbed so that seedlings can expensive to overcome. A site that is not subject to be planted on ridges helps to overcome the wetness flooding should be selected. limitation. Reinforcement plantings can be made until a Interpretive Group desired stand is attained. • Proper site preparation helps to reduce plant Land capability classification: 2w competition from undesirable species. 113

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of by the Natural Resources Conservation Service is the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust explained, and prime farmland is described. land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural Planners of management systems for individual resources and the environment. Also, it can help to fields or farms should consider the detailed prevent soil-related failures in land uses. information given in the description of each soil under In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific conservationists, engineers, and others collect information can be obtained from the local office of the extensive field data about the nature and behavioral Natural Resources Conservation Service or the characteristics of the soils. They collect data on Cooperative Extension Service. erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that In 1992, according to the Census of Agriculture, affect various soil uses and management. Field approximately 84,000 acres in the survey area were experience and collected data on soil properties and used for crops and pasture. Of this total, approximately performance are used as a basis in predicting soil 17,000 acres were used as harvested cropland, behavior. 65,000 acres were used for pasture or grazing, and Information in this section can be used to plan the 1,800 acres were used as irrigated land. use and management of soils for crops and pasture; Farming is competing with other land uses in the as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, survey area. The acreage in crops and pasture is highways and other transportation systems, and parks decreasing as more and more land is used for urban and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat. development. The 1992 Census shows an 8 percent It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations decrease in harvested crops and a 1 percent of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent decrease in total cropland, which includes grazing construction failures caused by unfavorable soil land and other cropland, for the same period. In 1987, properties. the county had 1,081 farms and the average farm size Planners and others using soil survey information was 83 acres. In 1992, the county had 995 farms and can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on the average farm size was 84 acres. During the 5-year productivity and on the environment in all or part of the period from 1987 to 1992, the number of farms survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain decreased by 86 but the average size remained or create a land use pattern in harmony with the approximately the same. Much of the acreage that is natural soil. being developed has been well suited to crops and Contractors can use this survey to locate sources pasture. In general, the soils in the survey area that of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use are well suited to crops and pasture are also well it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very suited to urban development, with the exception of firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. soils that are subject to flooding. Data on specific soils Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and in the soil survey can be used in determining future others may also find this survey useful. The survey land use priorities. Potential productivity capacity of can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and the soils for agricultural products should be weighed locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, against the limitations and potential for non-farm playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. development. Protecting the soils used for cultivated crops from Crops and Pasture damaging erosion is not difficult because most of this acreage is on the nearly level and gently sloping General management needed for crops and pasture bottom lands and stream terraces. is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of On livestock farms, which require pasture and hay, the main crops and pasture plants are listed for each including legumes and grasses forage crops in the soil, the system of land capability classification used cropping system reduces erosion on sloping land, 114 Soil Survey

provides nitrogen, and improves tilth for the following commercially on a small acreage in the survey area. crop. Because there is a large vegetable canning and In areas of Dewey and Groseclose soils, most warehouse operation in the adjacent county, the slopes are so short that terracing is not practical. On potential is good for expanding the acreage for the these soils, a cropping system that provides a production of adapted vegetables and small fruits. substantial surface cover is required to control erosion The latest information and suggestions on growing unless minimum tillage is practiced. Minimizing tillage specialty crops can be obtained from the local office of and leaving crop residue on the surface conserve the Cooperative Extension Service or the Natural moisture and reduce the hazards of runoff and Resources Conservation Service. erosion. Yields per Acre Diversions reduce the length of slope and thus reduce the hazards of runoff and erosion. They are The average yields per acre that can be expected effective on sites that have steep or long slopes above of the principal crops under a high level of soils on top slopes. management are shown in table 5. In any given year, Contouring and contour stripcropping are effective yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in erosion-control practices in the survey area. They are the table because of variations in rainfall and other best adapted to soils that have fairly smooth uniform climatic factors. The land capability classification of slopes, including many areas of the sloping Dewey each map unit also is shown in the table. Absence of a soils. yield indicates that the crop is not suited to or is not Information on the design of erosion-control commonly grown on that soil map unit. practices for each kind of soil is contained in the “Field The yields are based mainly on the experience and Office Technical Guide,” which is available at the local records of farmers, conservationists, and extension office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and Soil drainage is a minor management need on most results of field trials and demonstrations are also of the acreage used for crops and pasture in the considered. survey area. There are about 600 acres of poorly The management needed to obtain the indicated drained Bloomingdale soils in the survey area. About yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil half of these soils are in their native forest. Artificial and the crop. Management can include drainage, drainage has been used on some of these soils and is erosion control, and protection from flooding; the needed if they are used for crops and pasture. A proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- combination of surface drainage and tile drainage is yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; needed on these soils if they are intensively row control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; cropped. Finding adequate outlets for tile drainage favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, systems is difficult in many areas of these soils. phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each Most soils on uplands are very strongly acid or crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, strongly acid in their natural state. Unless previously and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures limed, these soils require applications of ground the smallest possible loss. limestone to raise the pH level sufficiently for crops The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity that grow best on slightly acid or neutral soils. of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are Available phosphorous and potash levels are naturally likely to increase as new production technology is low in most of these soils. developed. The productivity of a given soil compared Soils on flood plains, such as Biltmore, Combs, with that of other soils, however, is not likely to Nelse, Philo, Pope, Statler, Steadman, and change. Whitesburg, range from very strongly acid to Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown moderately alkaline in reaction and are naturally in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed higher in plant nutrients than upland soils. because the acreage of such crops is small. The local On all soils, additions of lime and fertilizer should be office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service based on the results of soil tests, on the needs of the or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide crop, and on the expected level of yields. The soil information about the management and productivity of testing laboratory of the Cooperative Extension the soils for those crops. Service can help in determining the kind and amounts Land Capability Classification of fertilizer and lime to be applied. Specialty crops, including vegetables, fruits, and Land capability classification shows, in a general greenhouse and nursery plants, are now grown way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 115

Crops that require special management are excluded. survey area is given in the section “Detailed Soil Map The soils are grouped according to their limitations for Units” and in the yields table. field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for Prime Farmland crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important and generally expensive land forming that would farmland defined by the U.S. Department of change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is substitute for interpretations designed to show limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes suitability and limitations of groups of soils for that responsible levels of government, as well as woodland and for engineering purposes. individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise In the capability system, soils are generally use of our Nation’s prime farmland. grouped at three levels—capability class, subclass, Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department and unit. Only class and subclass are used in this of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of survey. physical and chemical characteristics for producing Capability classes, the broadest groups, are food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is designated by numerals 1 through 8. The numerals available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not choices for practical use. The classes are defined as urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, follows: growing season, and moisture supply are those Class 1 soils have few limitations that restrict their needed for the soil to economically produce sustained use. high yields of crops when proper management, Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that reduce including water management, and acceptable farming the choice of plants or that require moderate methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has conservation practices. an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from Class 3 soils have severe limitations that reduce the precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and choice of plants or that require special conservation growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an practices, or both. acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful excessively erodible or saturated with water for long management, or both. periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during Class 5 soils are not likely to erode but have other the growing season or is protected from flooding. The limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make information about the criteria for prime farmland is them generally unsuitable for cultivation. available at the local office of the Natural Resources Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make Conservation Service. them unsuitable for cultivation. About 38,800 acres in the survey area, or nearly 15 Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have percent of the total acreage, meets the soil limitations that nearly preclude their use for requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of commercial crop production. this land are throughout the county, but most are in the Capability subclasses are soil groups within one northern part, mainly in general soil map units 1, 2, 4, class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, and 5, which are described under the heading w, or s to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The letter “General Soil Map Units.” About 15,000 acres of this e shows that the main hazard is the risk of erosion prime farmland is used for crops. The crops grown on unless close-growing plant cover is maintained; w this land, mainly corn and soybeans, account for an shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant estimated two-thirds of the county’s total agricultural growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be income each year. partly corrected by artificial drainage); and s shows A recent trend in land use in some parts of the that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland droughty, or stony. to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime In class 1 there are no subclasses because the farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal soils of this class have few limitations. lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, The capability classification of the map units in this and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. 116 Soil Survey

The map units in the survey area that are Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. The considered prime farmland are listed in table 6. This table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils list does not constitute a recommendation for a assigned the same ordination symbol require the particular land use. On some soils included in the list, same general management and have about the same measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such potential productivity. as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. In the table, slight, moderate, and severe indicate Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or the degree of the major soil limitations to be not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by considered in management. corrective measures. The extent of each listed map Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will unit is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire and management are described under the heading lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have “Detailed Soil Map Units.” been burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion. Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no Woodland Management and Productivity particular prevention measures are needed under Joseph H. Paugh, Forester, Natural Resources Conservation ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that Service, helped prepare this section. erosion-control measures are needed in certain silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that Forestland makes up 182,000 acres, or about 66 special precautions are needed to control erosion in percent of the total area of Cocke County. Nearly most silvicultural activities. 120,000 acres are privately owned, and the rest is Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and publicly owned. Of the publicly owned forest, 18,600 conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment acres are withheld from commercial utilization and generally needed in woodland management or 44,300 acres are managed as commercial forest. harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions Oak-hickory, which makes up 114,000 acres, is the considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the most common forest type in the county and is usually surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the found on upland soils. The oak-pine forest type, which surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under makes up 26,000 acres, typically is on dry ridges and normal conditions the kind of equipment and season steep south- and west-facing slopes. Pure natural of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. stands of shortleaf or Virginia pine, or mixtures of the Soil wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet two, make up 17,000 acres. These pines are usually period does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate growing in old fields and on the driest of ridgetops. indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted Bottomland oaks and gums are found on about 6,000 because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet, acres. They grow along the larger rivers, where the the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1 soils are too wet to farm. to 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that Cocke County is in an area of Tennessee where the equipment use is severely restricted either as to the average growth rate of saw timber is exceeding the kind of equipment that can be used or the season of removal rate by more than 3 to 1. This ratio is common use. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment when the forest reaches a stage of development use for more than 3 months. where many trees of pole timber size have recently Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally matured into trees of saw timber size. It is worth noting occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by that although saw timber growth rates are exceeding the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic removal rates, the volume of grade 1 logs is declining. conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for This is an indication that the highest grade timber is seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, being selectively removed. depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of Woodland areas are also valuable as wildlife the period when the water table is high, rock habitat, for recreation, for natural beauty, and as fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, watershed protection. Forested riparian buffers and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that adjacent to streams and rivers provide numerous seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under environmental benefits to water quality and to the normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 wildlife that inhabit those areas. percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some Table 7 can be used by woodland owners or forest problems from seedling mortality can be expected. managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops. Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is Cocke County Area, Tennessee 117

25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that Suggested trees to plant are those that are suitable seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra for commercial wood production. precautions are important. Replanting may be necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50 percent. Recreation Windthrow hazard is the likelihood that trees will be Joseph H. Paugh, Forester, Natural Resources Conservation uprooted by the wind because the soil is not deep Service, helped prepare this section. enough for adequate root anchorage. The main restrictions that affect rooting are a seasonal high Cocke County has the potential for a wide variety of water table and the depth to bedrock, a fragipan, or recreational activities. The county has high potential other limiting layers. A rating of slight indicates that for use as water sports areas; sites for vacation under normal conditions no trees are blown down by cabins, vacation farms, and riding stables; camping the wind. Strong winds may damage trees, but they do grounds; picnicking and field sport areas; golf courses; not uproot them. A rating of moderate indicates that warm-water fishing areas; small game hunting areas; some trees can be blown down during periods when and natural, scenic, and historic areas. It has medium the soil is wet and winds are moderate or strong. A potential for use as cold-water fishing areas, shooting rating of severe indicates that many trees can be preserves, and big game and waterfowl hunting areas. blown down during these periods. The soils in Cocke County generally have fair Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to ratings for recreational activities. Attention should be which undesirable species are expected to invade and given to soil depth, permeability, texture, slope, grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The surface stones, and drainage when developing main factors that affect plant competition are depth to recreational areas. Most problems presented by soil the water table and the available water capacity. A characteristics can be overcome by careful site rating of slight indicates that competition from selection and planning. undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural The soils of the survey area are rated in table 8 regeneration or suppress the more desirable according to limitations that affect their suitability for species. Planted seedlings can become established recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil without undue competition. A rating of moderate features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the indicates that competition may delay the establishment surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. of desirable species. Competition may hamper stand Not considered in the ratings, but important in development, but it will not prevent the eventual evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of development of fully stocked stands. A rating of severe the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic indicates that competition can be expected to prevent quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water regeneration unless precautionary measures are impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. applied. The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent The potential productivity of merchantable or and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for and as a volume number. The site index is the average recreational uses by the duration and intensity of height, in feet, that dominant and codominant trees of flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In a given species attain in a specified number of years. planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of unmanaged stands. Commonly grown trees are those flooding is essential. that woodland managers generally favor in In the table, the degree of soil limitation is intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value, means that soil properties are generally favorable and and marketability. that limitations are minor and easily overcome. Volume of wood fiber, a number, is the yield likely to Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or be produced by the most important trees. This alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance. number, expressed as cubic feet per acre per year, Severe means that soil properties are unfavorable and indicates the amount of fiber produced in a fully that limitations can be offset only by costly soil stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand. reclamation, special design, intensive maintenance, The first species listed under common trees for a limited use, or a combination of these measures. soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is The information in the table can be supplemented the most common species on the soil. by other information in this survey, for example, 118 Soil Survey

interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in cottontail rabbits, bobwhite quail, mourning dove, table 11 and interpretations for dwellings without meadowlark, eastern bluebird, groundhog, and basements and for local roads and streets in table 10. cardinal. These species are most abundant where Camp areas require site preparation, such as there is a variety of vegetative conditions. Species that shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, prefer the forested conditions of woodlots and timber stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and tracts include white-tailed deer, gray squirrel, raccoon, installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp and several non-game birds. Shallow lakes and other areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some wetlands provide breeding habitat for wood ducks and vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and resting and feeding areas for other migratory are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of waterfowl. These wetlands are also important to use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, furbearers, such as mink and muskrat, and to aquatic absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not non-game birds. Most areas in the county could be dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders improved for use as wildlife habitat by increasing the can greatly increase the cost of constructing available amount of food, water, and cover needed by campsites. wildlife. Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most The streams, lakes, and ponds of Cocke County vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and support crappie, bream, smallmouth bass, largemouth parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm bass, trout, and catfish. Non-game species such as when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to carp are also abundant, especially in lakes. flooding during the period of use, and do not have Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also shaping sites or of building access roads and parking affect the construction of water impoundments. The areas. kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the Playgrounds require soils that can withstand amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting and are not wet or subject to flooding during the the appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing season of use. The surface is free of stones and plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. of desirable plants. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock In table 9, the soils in the survey area are rated or a hardpan should be considered. according to their potential for providing habitat for Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used should require little or no cutting and filling. The best in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than that are suitable for establishing, improving, or once a year during the period of use. They have maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on determining the intensity of management needed for the surface. each element of the habitat. Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or established, improved, or maintained in most places. greens is not considered in rating the soils. Moderately intensive management is required for satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that Wildlife Habitat limitations are severe for the designated element or kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or Cocke County has a diverse population of wildlife maintained in most places, but management is difficult and fish. The abundance and distribution of any and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates particular species depend on the land use, amount of that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are water, and kind of vegetation present. Species that very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be prefer the open areas of cropland, pasture, brushy expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat fencerows, thickets, and scattered woodlots include is impractical or impossible. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 119

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the Shallow water areas have an average depth of less following paragraphs. than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and created by dams, levees, or other water-control seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties structures. Soil properties and features affecting and features that affect the growth of grain and seed shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface of shallow water areas are marshes, lake shorelines, stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil and ponds. moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, soybeans, and in the following paragraphs. barley. Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, and wild herbaceous plants. available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture deciduous plants or coniferous plants, or both, and are also considerations. Examples of grasses and associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous legumes are fescue, lovegrass, orchardgrass, clover, plants. annual lespedeza, and alfalfa. Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally or swampy shallow water areas. established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil properties and features that affect the growth of these Engineering plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, This section provides information for planning land surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and uses related to urban development and to water soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the herbaceous plants are crabgrass, goldenrod, most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given beggarweed, and partridge pea. for building site development, sanitary facilities, Hardwood trees and woody understory produce construction materials, and water management. The nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and ratings are based on observed performance of the foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the soils and on the estimated data and test data in the growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the “Soil Properties” section. root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. Information in this section is intended for land use Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, ash, planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for sweetgum, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and walnut. planning site investigations prior to design and Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are suitable construction. The information, however, has limitations. for planting on soils rated good are shrub lespedeza, For example, estimates and other data generally apply autumn-olive, and crabapple. only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil Because of the map scale, small areas of different properties and features that affect the growth of soils may be included within the mapped areas of a coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth specific soil. of the root zone, available water capacity, and The information is not site specific and does not wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils spruce, fir, cedar, and juniper. or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild the design and construction of engineering works. herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. Government ordinances and regulations that Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. restrict certain land uses or impose specific design Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants criteria were not considered in preparing the are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, information in this section. Local ordinances and salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of regulations should be considered in planning, in site wetland plants are smartweed, wild millet, rushes, selection, and in design. sedges, and reeds. Soil properties, site features, and observed 120 Soil Survey

performance were considered in determining the feasibility studies may be required where the soil ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil limitations are severe. survey, determinations were made about grain-size Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural observed performance of the soils. The ease of soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of to bedrock or a very firm dense layer; stone content; the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed soil texture; and slope. The time of the year that cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of the available water capacity, and other behavioral soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls characteristics affecting engineering uses. or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil This information can be used to evaluate the texture and depth to the water table. potential of areas for residential, commercial, Dwellings and small commercial buildings are industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed estimates of construction conditions; evaluate soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate made for small commercial buildings without alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank basements, for dwellings with basements, and for absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed dwellings without basements. The ratings are based onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate on soil properties, site features, and observed potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, and shrinking and swelling can cause the movement terraces, and other structures for soil and water of footings. A high water table, depth to bedrock, large conservation; and predict performance of proposed stones, slope, and flooding affect the ease of small structures and pavements by comparing the excavation and construction. Landscaping and grading performance of existing similar structures on the same that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are or similar soils. not considered. The information in the tables, along with the soil Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. this survey, can be used to make additional They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base interpretations. of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally special meaning in soil science and are defined in the limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on Glossary. soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, a high Building Site Development water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings inferred from the engineering classification of the soil), with and without basements, small commercial shrink-swell potential, and depth to a high water table buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and affect the traffic-supporting capacity. landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf soil properties and site features are generally and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established favorable for the indicated use and limitations are and maintained. The ratings are based on soil minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties properties, site features, and observed performance of or site features are not favorable for the indicated use the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to and special planning, design, or maintenance is bedrock, and the available water capacity in the upper needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and 40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness, severe if soil properties or site features are so slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficability design, significant increases in construction costs, and after vegetation is established. possibly increased maintenance are required. Special Cocke County Area, Tennessee 121

Sanitary Facilities of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, is required to minimize seepage and contamination of sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations ground water. are considered slight if soil properties and site features The table gives ratings for the natural soil that are generally favorable for the indicated use and makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface soil properties or site features are not favorable for the layer are excavated to provide material for the indicated use and special planning, design, or embankments. The ratings are based on soil maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the properties, site features, and observed performance of limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, special design, significant increases in construction flooding, and large stones. costs, and possibly increased maintenance are Excessive seepage resulting from rapid required. permeability in the soil or a water table that is high The table also shows the suitability of the soils for enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution indicates that soil properties and site features are results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater favorable for the use and good performance and low overtops the lagoon. Slope and bedrock can cause maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil construction problems, and large stones can hinder properties and site features are moderately favorable compaction of the lagoon floor. for the use and one or more soil properties or site Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is features make the soil less desirable than the soils disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste properties or site features are unfavorable for the use is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that layer of soil from a source away from the site. part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- site features, and observed performance of the soils. water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and should be considered. flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones The ratings in the table are based on soil and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with properties, site features, and observed performance of installation. the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding absorption fields, including excessively slow affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside boulders, and soil reaction affect trench landfills. seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. water table is near the surface. There must be Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field used to cover compacted solid waste in an area to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, require that this material be of a certain thickness. transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the affect the ease of removing and spreading the material solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best 122 Soil Survey

cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. wind erosion. They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of After soil material has been removed, the soil 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water material remaining in the borrow area must be thick table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity enough over bedrock or the water table to permit index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, revegetation. The soil material used as the final cover many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than layer generally has the best workability, more organic 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from the material is less than 3 feet thick. the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for final cover. commercial use with a minimum of processing. They are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications Construction Materials for each use vary widely. In the table, only the Table 12 gives information about the soils as a probability of finding material in suitable quantity is source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable excavation of the material. source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source soil properties and site features that affect the removal of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), compaction, minor processing, and other standard the thickness of suitable material, and the content of construction practices are assumed. Each soil is rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index place and used in road embankments in another properties. place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is feet high and less exacting in design than higher up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at embankments. least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, The ratings are for the soil material below the large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting gravel. suitability within their profile. The table showing Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation engineering index properties provides detailed can be established and maintained. The upper 40 information about each soil layer. This information can inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also help to determine the suitability of each layer for use evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized area. with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by The ratings are based on soil properties, site such properties as soil reaction, available water features, and observed performance of the soils. The capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by in place after it has been compacted and drained is slope, a water table, rock fragments, and bedrock. determined by its strength (as inferred from the Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones potential. and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes Soils rated good contain significant amounts of of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have Cocke County Area, Tennessee 123

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that can affect performance and safety of the embankment. have an appreciable amount of gravel or stones, or Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are determine these properties. not so wet that excavation is difficult. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features amount of gravel or stones, have slopes of more than include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water table at or content of stones or boulders. A high water table near the surface. affects the amount of usable material. It also affects The surface layer of most soils is generally trafficability. preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts content. Organic matter greatly increases the that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds plant growth. that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the Water Management original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by Table 13 gives information on the soil properties depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the and site features that affect water management. The aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and large stones affect the ease of excavation. aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are Drainage is the removal of excess surface and considered slight if soil properties and site features are subsurface water from the soil. How easily and generally favorable for the indicated use and effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to limitations are minor and are easily overcome; bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that moderate if soil properties or site features are not affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth favorable for the indicated use and special planning, to a high water table or depth of standing water if the design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or soil is subject to ponding; slope; and susceptibility to minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or flooding. Excavating and grading and the stability of site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to ditchbanks are affected by depth to bedrock or to a overcome that special design, significant increase in cemented pan, large stones, slope, and the hazard of construction costs, and possibly increased cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after maintenance are required. drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity. This table also gives for each soil the restrictive Availability of drainage outlets is not considered in the features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and ratings. diversions, and grassed waterways. Irrigation is the controlled application of water to Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low design and management of an irrigation system are seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The affected by depth to the water table, the need for seepage potential is determined by the permeability of drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the construction of a system is affected by large stones storage capacity of the reservoir area. and depth to bedrock. The performance of a system is Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised affected by the depth of the root zone and soil structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet reaction. high, constructed to impound water or to protect land Terraces and diversions are embankments or a against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a combination of channels and ridges constructed source of material for embankment fill. The ratings across a slope to control erosion and conserve apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will stones, and depth to bedrock affect the construction of be uniformly mixed and compacted during terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a construction. severe hazard of wind erosion or water erosion, an The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a adversely affect maintenance. depth even greater than the height of the embankment Grassed waterways are natural or constructed 124

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct water capacity, restricted rooting depth, and restricted surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large permeability adversely affect the growth and stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect maintenance of the grass after construction. the construction of grassed waterways. A low available 125

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during The Unified system classifies soils according to the course of the soil survey. The data and the properties that affect their use as construction estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, material. Soils are classified according to grain-size are explained on the following pages. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse Engineering Index Properties grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine Table 14 gives estimates of the engineering grained. classification and of the range of index properties for Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a soils have layers of contrasting properties within the percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The upper 5 or 6 feet. percentages are estimates determined mainly by Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each converting volume percentage in the field to weight layer is indicated. The range in depth and information percentage. on other properties of each layer are given for each Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 Morphology.” inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The Texture is given in the standard terms used by the sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less field. than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” estimates are based on test data from the survey area Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. or from nearby areas and on field examination. Classification of the soils is determined according to The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, the Unified soil classification system (2) and the and plasticity index are generally rounded to the system adopted by the American Association of State nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and Highway and Transportation Officials (1). Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 126 Soil Survey

percentage points) across classification boundaries, structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the considered in the design of soil drainage systems and table. septic tank absorption fields. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of Physical and Chemical Properties water that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants. The capacity for water storage is given in Table 15 shows estimates of some characteristics inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey properties that affect the retention of water and the area. The estimates are based on field observations depth of the root zone. The most important properties and on test data for these and similar soils. are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is layer is indicated. The range in depth and information an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to on other properties of each layer are given for each be grown and in the design and management of soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an Morphology.” estimate of the quantity of water actually available to Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil plants at any given time. particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 volume change between the water content of the clod 1 1 millimeters in diameter. at /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) and The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the oven dryness. The volume change is reported in the fertility and physical condition of the soil. They table as percent change for the whole soil. Volume determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and change is influenced by the amount and type of clay to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell minerals in the soil. potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrink- dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and swell potential of soils. The shrink-swell potential is low kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving if the soil has a linear extensibility of less than 3 operations. percent; moderate if 3 to 6 percent; high if 6 to 9 Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per percent; and very high if more than 9 percent. If the unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at linear extensibility is more than 3, shrinking and field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after other structures and to plant roots. Special design drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the commonly is needed. estimated moist bulk density of each major soil Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of the soil at various stages of decomposition. In the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. table, the estimated content of organic matter is Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil potential, available water capacity, total pore space, material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a The content of organic matter in a soil can be soil indicates the pore space available for water and maintained or increased by returning crop residue to roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict the soil. Organic matter affects the available water water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. matter, and soil structure. Erosion factors are shown in table as the K factor

Permeability (Ksat ) refers to the ability of a soil to (Kw and Kf) and the T factor. Erosion factor K indicates transmit water or air. The term “permeability,” as used the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by in soil surveys, indicates saturated hydraulic water. Factor K is one of six factors used in the conductivity (Ksat ). The estimates in the table indicate Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Revised the rate of water movement, in inches per hour, when Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to predict the the soil is saturated. They are based on soil average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill characteristics observed in the field, particularly erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are Cocke County Area, Tennessee 127

based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and moisture and frozen soil layers also influence wind organic matter and on soil structure and permeability. erosion. Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the more susceptible Water Features the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the Table 16 gives estimates of various water features. whole soil. The estimates are modified by the The estimates are used in land use planning that presence of rock fragments. involves engineering considerations. Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fine- Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of earth fraction, or the material less than 2 millimeters in runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four size. groups according to the rate of water infiltration when Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum the soils are not protected by vegetation, are average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- that can occur without affecting crop productivity over duration storms. a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per The four hydrologic soil groups are: year. Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist have similar properties affecting their resistance to mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. The soils of water transmission. assigned to group 1 are the most susceptible to wind Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate erosion, and those assigned to group 8 are the least when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of susceptible. The groups are as follows: moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to sands. moderately coarse texture. These soils have a 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine moderate rate of water transmission. sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when soil material. thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a 3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy layer that impedes the downward movement of water loams, and very fine sandy loams. or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. 4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. silty clay loams. Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell clay. potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that 5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious clays, and hemic soil material. material. These soils have a very slow rate of water 6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are transmission. more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay The months in the table indicate the portion of the loams that are less than 35 percent clay. year in which the feature is most likely to be a 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are concern. less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. Water table refers to a saturated zone in the soil. 8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion Table 16 indicates, by month, depth to the top (upper because of coarse fragments on the surface or limit) and base (lower limit) of the saturated zone in because of surface wetness. most years. Estimates of the upper and lower limits Wind erodibility index is a numerical value indicating are based mainly on observations of the water table the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion, or the tons at selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone, per acre per year that can be expected to be lost to namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic wind erosion. There is a close correlation between features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for wind erosion and the texture of the surface layer, the less than a month is not considered a water table. size and durability of surface clods, rock fragments, Ponding is standing water in a closed depression. organic matter, and a calcareous reaction. Soil Unless a drainage system is installed, the water is 128 Soil Survey

removed only by percolation, transpiration, or surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific evaporation. Table 16 indicates the duration and flood frequency levels. frequency of ponding. Duration is expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long if 7 to Soil Features 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days. Frequency is expressed as none, rare, occasional, Table 17 gives estimates of various soil features. and frequent. None means that ponding is not The estimates are used in land use planning that probable; rare that it is unlikely but possible under involves engineering considerations. unusual weather conditions (the chance of ponding is A restrictive layer is a nearly continuous layer that nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); occasional has one or more physical, chemical, or thermal that it occurs, on the average, once or less in 2 years properties that significantly impede the movement of (the chance of ponding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); water and air through the soil or that restrict roots or and frequent that it occurs, on the average, more than otherwise provide an unfavorable root environment. once in 2 years (the chance of ponding is more than Examples are bedrock, cemented layers, dense 50 percent in any year). layers, and frozen layers. The table indicates the Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area hardness and thickness of the restrictive layer, both of caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from which significantly affect the ease of excavation. Depth adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for to top is the vertical distance from the soil surface to short periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not the upper boundary of the restrictive layer. considered flooding, and water standing in swamps Potential for frost action is the likelihood of upward and marshes is considered ponding rather than or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation flooding. of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the Duration and frequency are estimated. Duration is subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on expressed as extremely brief if 0.1 hour to 4 hours, thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves very brief if 4 hours to 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days. density, permeability, content of organic matter, and Frequency is expressed as none, very rare, rare, depth to the water table are the most important factors occasional, frequent, and very frequent. None means considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It that flooding is not probable; very rare that it is very is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation unlikely but possible under extremely unusual weather or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly conditions (the chance of flooding is less than 1 structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in percent in any year); rare that it is unlikely but possible winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well under unusual weather conditions (the chance of drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year); occasional that susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during it occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions thawing cause damage to pavements and other rigid (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); structures. frequent that it is likely to occur often under normal Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more electrochemical or chemical action that corrodes or than 50 percent in any year but is less than 50 percent weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of in all months in any year); and very frequent that it is corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors likely to occur very often under normal weather as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50 electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion percent in all months of any year). of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium The information is based on evidence in the soil content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay soil. Special site examination and design may be deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic needed if the combination of factors results in a severe matter content with increasing depth; and little or no hazard of corrosion. The steel or concrete in horizon development. installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers Also considered are local information about the is more susceptible to corrosion than the steel or extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each concrete in installations that are entirely within one soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on kind of soil or within one soil layer. the extent of flooding based on soil data is less For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed specific than that provided by detailed engineering as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage Cocke County Area, Tennessee 129

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract. extract. For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed

131

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the typifies the great group. An example is Typic National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories Hapludults. (4). Beginning with the broadest, these categories are FAMILY. Families are established within a the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical series. Classification is based on soil properties properties and other characteristics that affect observed in the field or inferred from those management. Generally, the properties are those of observations or from laboratory measurements. horizons below plow depth where there is much Table 18 shows the classification of the soils in the biological activity. Among the properties and survey area. The categories are defined in the characteristics considered are particle size, mineral following paragraphs. content, soil temperature regime, soil depth, and ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The reaction. A family name consists of the name of a differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil forming processes and the degree of soil formation. properties. An example is fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An Typic Hapludults. example is Ultisol. SERIES. The series consists of soils within a SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders family that have horizons similar in color, texture, primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical genesis and are important to plant growth or composition, and arrangement in the profile. properties that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a Soil Series and Their Morphology suborder indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, meaning humid, plus ult, from Ultisol). In this section, each soil series recognized in the GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, and the material in which it formed are identified for arrangement, and degree of development of each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each described. The detailed description of each soil great group is identified by the name of a suborder horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An (6). Many of the technical terms used in the example is Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (4) and in horizonation, plus udults, the suborder of the Ultisols “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (5). Unless otherwise that has a udic moisture regime). indicated, colors in the descriptions are for moist soil. SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic Following the pedon description is the range of subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or important characteristics of the soils in the series. extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept The map units of each soil series are described in of the great group; it is not necessarily the most the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some properties that are not representative of the great Biltmore Series group but do not indicate transitions to any other taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or Depth class: Very deep more adjectives preceding the name of the great Drainage class: Well drained group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that Permeability: Rapid 132 Soil Survey

Parent material: Alluvium Bloomingdale Series Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Flood plains Depth class: Very deep Landform position: Linear and convex slopes adjacent Drainage class: Poorly drained to rivers and streams Permeability: Slow Slope range: 0 to 5 percent Parent material: Alluvium Taxonomic class: Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Landform: Flood plains Typical Pedon Landform position: Linear to concave slopes Biltmore fine sandy loam, occasionally flooded; on the Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Fox Farm in Inman Bend, on the south bank of the Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Nolichucky River; USGS Springvale Topographic Endoaquepts Quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 8 minutes 44 seconds N. Typical Pedon and long. 83 degrees 13 minutes 30 seconds W. Bloomingdale silt loam, occasionally ponded; from the Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) intersection of Briar Thicket Road and Knob Creek fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very Road, 200 feet to Briar Thicket Church, 100 feet friable; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; southwest of the church, in a pasture; USGS Rankin few fine mica flakes; neutral; clear smooth Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 6 minutes 30 boundary. seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 7 minutes 51 C1—6 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) seconds W. loamy sand; single grain; loose; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt neutral; clear smooth boundary. loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; C2—19 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) common fine and medium roots; common medium loamy fine sand; single grain; loose; few very fine, distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) irregularly shaped fine, and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; masses of iron concentration in the matrix; slightly neutral; clear smooth boundary. acid; abrupt smooth boundary. C3—33 to 48 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) BAg—5 to 10 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; weak loamy sand; single grain; loose; common very fine, medium subangular blocky structure; friable; fine, and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; common fine and medium roots; common fine and neutral; clear smooth boundary. medium continuous tubular pores; many medium C4—48 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) and yellowish brown loamy sand; single grain; loose; common very fine, (10YR 5/8) irregularly shaped masses of iron fine, and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; concentration in the matrix; slightly alkaline; clear neutral. smooth boundary. Btg1—10 to 15 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; Range in Characteristics moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches friable; common fine and medium roots; common Content of rock fragments: Less than 10 percent, by continuous pores; common medium prominent volume, throughout the profile yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and common fine Reaction: Slightly acid or neutral throughout the profile prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration in the matrix; Ap horizon: moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and Btg2—15 to 33 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; moderate chroma of 2 to 4; where value and chroma are medium subangular blocky structure; firm; 3 or less, the horizon is less than 10 inches common fine and medium roots; common fine and thick medium continuous tubular pores; many medium Texture—fine sandy loam prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and brown C horizon: (7.5YR 4/4) irregularly shaped masses of iron Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and concentration in the matrix; moderately alkaline; chroma of 4 to 8 clear smooth boundary. Texture—loamy sand, loamy fine sand, or sand in Cg1—33 to 41 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; massive; the fine-earth fraction firm; common fine and medium roots; common Cocke County Area, Tennessee 133

fine and medium continuous tubular pores; Landscape: Blue Ridge common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR Landform: Ridges 4/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) irregularly Landform position: Summits and side slopes shaped masses of iron concentration in the matrix; Slope range: 2 to 80 percent moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Cg2—41 to 80 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; massive; Hapludults firm; common fine and medium continuous pores; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR Typical Pedon 5/8) irregularly shaped masses of iron Brasstown loam in an area of Junaluska-Brasstown concentration in the matrix; moderately alkaline. 3 complex, 12 to 20 percent slopes; /4 mile from Forest Range in Characteristics Service boundary on Forest Service road 5141, at the gate at Forest Service road 5141A, in woods; USGS Thickness of solum: 14 to 40 inches Waterville Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 51 Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches minutes 53 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 4 Content of rock fragments: Less than 5 percent, by minutes 1 second W. volume, in the upper 40 inches and less than 20 percent below a depth of 40 inches Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood Reaction: Slightly acid to moderately alkaline leaves and twigs. throughout the profile A—0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Ap horizon: common fine and medium roots; 10 percent, by Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma volume, metasiltstone channers; very strongly of 2 to 4 acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—silt loam Bt1—6 to 20 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay BAg horizon: loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces chroma of 1 or 2 of peds; 5 percent, by volume, metasiltstone Texture—silt loam or loam channers; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of Bt2—20 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay iron concentration in shades of brown loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces Btg horizon: of peds; 5 percent, by volume, metasiltstone Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and channers; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. chroma of 0 to 2 Bt3—30 to 50 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy Texture—silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of iron concentration in shades of brown peds; 5 percent, by volume, metasiltstone Cg horizon: channers; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and Cr—50 to 60 inches; weathered, highly fractured chroma of 0 to 2 metasiltstone. Texture—silty clay or clay Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of Range in Characteristics iron concentration in shades of red or brown Thickness of solum: 26 to 59 inches Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by Brasstown Series volume, throughout the profile Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Depth class: Deep throughout the profile Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate A horizon: Parent material: Residuum weathered from Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma metasiltstone, in some areas interbedded with of 4 to 8 metasandstone Texture—loam 134 Soil Survey

Bt horizon: shale channers; strongly acid; clear smooth Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and boundary. chroma of 4 to 8 Cr—12 to 40 inches; weathered, fractured slate. Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay R—40 inches; unweathered, slightly fractured slate. loam in the fine-earth fraction Range in Characteristics BC and C horizons (if they occur): Thickness of solum: 10 to 20 inches Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches chroma of 4 to 8 Content of rock fragments: 15 to 45 percent, by Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, or silt loam in the volume, in the A horizon and 30 to 80 percent in fine-earth fraction the Bw horizon Cr horizon: Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Bedrock—weathered, fractured metasiltstone that the profile is interbedded with metasandstone in some A horizon: areas Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 6; value of 3 is limited to thin upper A Cataska Series horizons; horizon has value of 4 when soil materials are mixed to a depth of 7 inches Depth class: Shallow Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction Drainage class: Excessively drained Bw horizon: Permeability: Moderately rapid and rapid Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and Parent material: Residuum weathered from slate or chroma of 4 to 8 phyllite Texture—silt loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Ridges Cr horizon: Landform position: Summits and side slopes Bedrock—weathered slate or phyllite Slope range: 20 to 80 percent Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrochrepts Chestnut Series Typical Pedon Depth class: Moderately deep Cataska channery silt loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained (fig. 5); on Forest Service road 110, about 2,500 feet Permeability: Moderately rapid from a gate and 20 feet west of the road, in woods; Parent material: Residuum weathered from granite or USGS Hartford Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 gneiss degrees 50 minutes 5 seconds N. and long. 83 Landscape: Blue Ridge degrees 8 minutes 16 seconds W. Landform: Ridges Landform position: Summits and side slopes Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood Slope range: 15 to 80 percent leaves and twigs. Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic A—0 to 2 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Dystrochrepts channery silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 30 percent, Typical Pedon by volume, shale channers; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Chestnut loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes; approximately Bw1—2 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very 2,000 feet south of Locust Gap on Forest Service road channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky 96, about 600 feet west in woods; USGS Lemon Gap structure; friable; common fine roots; 45 percent, Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 57 minutes by volume, shale channers; strongly acid; clear 53 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 55 minutes 27 smooth boundary. seconds W. Bw2—8 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) extremely channery silt loam; weak fine Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood subangular blocky structure; friable; 70 percent leaves and twigs. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 135

A—0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Chiswell Series loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; 5 percent, by Depth class: Shallow volume, granitic gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt Drainage class: Well drained smooth boundary. Permeability: Moderate Bw1—6 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Parent material: Residuum from shale, siltstone, or loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; fine-grained sandstone friable; common fine roots; 5 percent, by volume, Landscape: Ridges and Valleys granitic gravel; very strongly acid; gradual smooth Landform: Ridges boundary. Landform position: Summits and side slopes Bw2—13 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Slope range: 12 to 60 percent loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, friable; common fine roots; 10 percent, by volume, shallow Typic Dystrochrepts granitic gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth Typical Pedon boundary. C—24 to 30 inches; multicolored sandy loam saprolite; Chiswell channery loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes; massive; friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; approximately 0.25 mile northeast of the intersection abrupt wavy boundary. of State Route 340 and Happy Hollow Road, on a Cr—30 to 72 inches; weathered, fractured granite. northeast-facing slope in woods; USGS Neddy Mountain Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 58 Range in Characteristics minutes 8 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 2 minutes 41 seconds W. Thickness of solum: 15 to 39 inches Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by leaves, twigs, and roots. volume, throughout the profile A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) channery Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; throughout the profile many fine, medium, and coarse roots; 25 percent, by volume, sandstone and fine-grained siltstone A horizon: channers and gravel; moderately acid; abrupt Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma smooth boundary. of 3 to 6; value and chroma of 3 are limited to Bw1—2 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very thin upper A horizons; horizon has value of 4 channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky when soil materials are mixed to a depth of 7 structure; friable; common fine, medium, and inches coarse roots; 35 percent, by volume, siltstone and Texture—loam fine-grained sandstone channers and gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. BA horizon (if it occurs): Bw2—7 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky or 4 structure; friable; common fine roots; 45 percent Texture—loam or fine sandy loam siltstone and fine-grained sandstone channers and Bw horizon: gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and Cr—16 to 60 inches; weathered, fractured and chroma of 4 to 8 interbedded siltstone and sandstone. Texture—loam or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth Range in Characteristics fraction Thickness of solum: 5 to 19 inches C horizon: Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Color—horizon is multicolored or has colors Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent, by similar to those of the Bw horizon volume, in the A horizon and 35 to 80 percent in Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam the Bw horizon Cr horizon: Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid Bedrock—weathered granite or gneiss throughout the profile 136 Soil Survey

A horizon: by volume, quartzite gravel; moderately acid; clear Color—hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 3 or smooth boundary. 4 Bw2—34 to 48 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction 4/4) sandy loam that has thin strata of dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) loam; weak coarse Bw horizon: subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and roots; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. chroma of 4 to 6 C—48 to 62 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Texture—loam or silt loam in the fine-earth fraction sandy loam that has thin strata of yellowish brown Cr horizon: (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; massive; very friable; Bedrock—weathered siltstone, shale, or fine- slightly acid. grained sandstone Range in Characteristics Thickness of solum: More than 40 inches Combs Series Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Thickness of mollic epipedon: 10 to 24 inches Depth class: Very deep Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent, by volume Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral throughout the Permeability: Moderately rapid profile Parent material: Alluvium Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Ap and A horizons: Landform: Broad flood plains Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3, and chroma of 2 Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes or 3 Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Texture—loam Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Bw horizon: Fluventic Hapludolls Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Typical Pedon of 4 to 6; thin strata with value of 3 and chroma of 4 are common Combs loam, rarely flooded; in Sevier County; 6.5 Texture—loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam miles north of the intersection of State Route 66 and U.S. Highway 441 on State Route 66, about 0.5 mile C horizon: west on State Route 338, about 1.4 miles south on Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Yarberry Farm road to a flood plain, 0.2 mile south of 4 to 6; thin strata with value of 5 and chroma along a drainageway, 500 feet east of the drainageway, of 4 are common 300 feet north of the French Broad River; USGS Texture—sandy loam or loam Douglas Dam Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 55 minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 35 minutes 47 seconds W. Craigsville Series Ap—0 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; Depth class: Very deep weak medium granular structure; very friable; Drainage class: Well drained common fine roots; few fine continuous tubular Permeability: Moderately rapid and rapid pores; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Parent material: Alluvium A—11 to 23 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Landscape: Blue Ridge 3/2) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky Landform: Narrow flood plains structure; very friable; few fine roots; few fine and Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes common medium continuous tubular pores; 2 Slope range: 1 to 5 percent percent, by volume, quartzite gravel; moderately Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic acid; clear wavy boundary. Fluventic Dystrochrepts Bw1—23 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Typical Pedon 4/4) sandy loam that has thin strata of dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) loam; weak coarse Craigsville gravelly fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine slopes, bouldery, occasionally flooded; from Forest roots; few fine continuous tubular pores; 2 percent, Service road 110, approximately 1,400 feet from a Cocke County Area, Tennessee 137

gate and east of the road, in the creek bank; USGS Parent material: Residuum weathered from limestone Hartford Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 49 Landscape: Ridges and Valleys minutes 56 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 8 Landform: Ridges minutes 19 seconds W. Landform position: Summits and side slopes Slope range: 5 to 60 percent Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic leaves, twigs, and roots. Paleudults A—0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very Typical Pedon friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; 20 Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded percent, by volume, gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and (fig. 6); in Sevier County; 6.2 miles north on State 5 percent stones; very strongly acid; clear smooth Route 66 from the intersection of U.S Highway 411 boundary. and State Route 66, about 0.5 mile southeast on Bw—10 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very Kyker Ferry Road, 0.3 mile east to a farmstead, 0.2 cobbly sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky mile east of the farmstead, in pasture; USGS Douglas structure; very friable; common fine and medium Dam Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 32 degrees 32 roots; 20 percent, by volume, gravel, 20 percent minutes 6 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 57 cobbles, and 10 percent stones; very strongly minutes 00 seconds W. acid; clear wavy boundary. C—30 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt extremely stony sandy loam; massive; very friable; loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; few medium and coarse roots; 15 percent, by many fine roots; 2 percent, by volume, chert volume, gravel, 20 percent cobbles, and 30 gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. percent stones; very strongly acid. BA—8 to 20 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Range in Characteristics friable; many fine roots; 2 percent, by volume, Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches chert gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Bt1—20 to 31 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by medium subangular blocky structure; friable; volume, in the Ap horizon and 35 to 70 percent or common fine roots; common fine continuous more in the Bw and C horizons tubular pores; common distinct discontinuous clay Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid films on faces of peds; 5 percent, by volume, chert throughout the profile gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2—31 to 40 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; few Ap or A horizon: medium prominent light brown (7.5YR 6/4) Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky chroma of 2 to 4 structure; friable; few fine roots; many distinct Texture—fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction continuous clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent, Bw horizon: by volume, chert gravel; strongly acid; clear Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and smooth boundary. chroma of 4 to 6 Bt3—40 to 51 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; Texture—sandy loam or loam in the fine-earth common medium prominent light brown (7.5YR fraction 6/4) mottles; moderate medium angular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many distinct C or 2C horizon: continuous clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent, Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and by volume, chert gravel; strongly acid; clear chroma of 3 to 6 smooth boundary. Texture—sandy loam or loamy sand in the fine- Bt4—51 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate earth fraction medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct continuous clay films on faces of Dewey Series peds; 10 percent, by volume, chert gravel; strongly acid. Depth class: Very deep Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches 138 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches by volume, metasandstone gravel; very strongly Content of rock fragments: Less than 15 percent, by acid; clear smooth boundary. volume, throughout the profile Bw1—9 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky throughout the profile, except where surface layers structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 5 have been limed percent, by volume, metasandstone gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Ap horizon: Bw2—18 to 29 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR and value and sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky chroma of 3 or 4 structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 5 Texture—silt loam percent, by volume, metasandstone gravel; very BA horizon: strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4, and C—29 to 36 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy chroma of 4 to 6 loam; common medium distinct brownish yellow Texture—clay loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam (10YR 6/6) mottles; massive; friable; 10 percent, by volume, metasandstone gravel; very strongly Bt horizon: acid; clear smooth boundary. Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 to 5, and R—36 inches; unweathered arkosic metasandstone. chroma of 6 to 8 Mottles—none to common in shades of brown and Range in Characteristics yellow Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches Texture—clay or silty clay Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A and Bw horizons and 10 to 20 percent in Ditney Series the C horizon Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Depth class: Moderately deep the profile Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid A horizon: Parent material: Residuum weathered from arkosic Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma metasandstone, quartzite, or graywacke of 1 to 4; value of 3 is limited to thin upper A Landscape: Blue Ridge horizons; horizon has value of 4 or more when Landform: Ridges soil materials are mixed to a depth of 7 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes Texture—sandy loam Slope range: 12 to 80 percent BA horizon: Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma Dystrochrepts of 3 to 6 Texture—sandy loam or loam Typical Pedon Bw horizon: Ditney sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes (fig. 7); Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and approximately 0.4 mile southeast of Little Pine Gap, in chroma of 3 to 8 woods; USGS Waterville Topographic Quadrangle; lat. Texture—sandy loam or loam 35 degrees 49 minutes 36 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 1 minute 53 seconds W. C horizon: Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood chroma of 4 to 8 leaves, twigs, and roots. Mottles—common or many in shades of brown A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; and yellow moderate fine granular structure; very friable; Texture—sandy loam or loam many medium and few coarse roots; 5 percent, by volume, metasandstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Groseclose Series BA—4 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Very deep friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent, Drainage class: Well drained Cocke County Area, Tennessee 139

Permeability: Slow Range in Characteristics Parent material: Residuum weathered from limestone, Thickness of solum: 30 to 60 inches shale, siltstone, or sandstone Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by Landform: Ridges volume, throughout the profile Landform position: Summits and side slopes Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Slope range: 5 to 60 percent the profile Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults A horizon: Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Typical Pedon chroma of 3 or 4 Groseclose silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded; Texture—silt loam approximately 500 feet south of the intersection of Bt horizon: Pond Road and Franklin Road, on the west bank of Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and Peanut Road: chroma of 6 to 8 Ap—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, fine granular structure; friable; many fine and very and red fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; Texture—clay or silty clay in the fine-earth fraction 5 percent, by volume, chert gravel; strongly acid; C horizon: abrupt smooth boundary. Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, Bt1—5 to 24 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay; and chroma of 6 or 8 common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, 5/8) mottles; strong medium subangular blocky and red structure; firm; many very fine roots; common fine Texture—silty clay loam or clay loam in the fine- and medium continuous tubular pores; common earth fraction thin discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent, by volume, chert gravel intermingled with interbedded shale; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Holston Series Bt2—24 to 31 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay; Depth class: Very deep many medium distinct dark red (2.5YR 4/6) and Drainage class: Well drained strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate Permeability: Moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few Parent material: Old alluvium very fine roots; common fine and medium Landscape: Ridges and Valleys continuous tubular pores; common thin Landform: High stream terraces discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 10 Landform position: Summits and side slopes percent, by volume, chert gravel intermingled with Slope range: 2 to 25 percent interbedded shale; very strongly acid; clear Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic smooth boundary. Paleudults Bt3—31 to 50 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) gravelly clay; many medium distinct dark red (2.5YR 4/6) Typical Pedon and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes; in Sevier roots; few fine and medium continuous tubular County; 2.7 miles north on State Route 66 from the pores; many thin discontinuous films on faces of intersection of U.S Highway 411 and State Route 66, peds; 20 percent, by volume, chert gravel about 2.9 miles northeast on State Route 338, about intermingled with interbedded shale; extremely 0.5 mile east on Providence Road to Providence acid; clear wavy boundary. Baptist Church, 100 feet west of the church, in a C—50 to 80 inches; mottled yellowish red (5YR 5/8), wooded area; USGS Douglas Dam Topographic red (2.5YR 4/8), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 55 minutes 26 seconds N. gravelly silty clay loam; massive; friable; few fine and long. 83 degrees 31 minutes 26 seconds W. and medium continuous tubular pores; 20 percent, by volume, chert gravel intermingled with A1—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate interbedded shale; very strongly acid. fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and 140 Soil Survey

coarse roots; common fine continuous A or Ap horizon: tubular pores; 2 percent, by volume, rounded Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma quartzite gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth of 3 or 4 boundary. Texture—loam A2—3 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate BE horizon: fine granular structure; very friable; many fine, Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma medium, and coarse roots; common fine of 3 to 6 continuous tubular pores; 2 percent, by volume, Texture—loam rounded quartzite gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt horizon: BE—10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5, and loam; moderate medium subangular blocky chroma of 6 or 8 in the upper part of horizon; structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and common fine continuous tubular pores; 2 percent, chroma of 6 to 8 in the lower part by volume, rounded quartzite gravel; strongly acid; Mottles—none to many in shades of brown, gradual smooth boundary. yellow, and red Bt1—18 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay Texture—clay loam in the upper part of horizon loam; moderate medium subangular blocky and clay in the lower part structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; common faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 2 Junaluska Series percent, by volume, rounded quartzite gravel; very Depth class: Moderately deep strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bt2—27 to 38 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay Permeability: Moderate loam; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR Parent material: Residuum weathered from 5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky metasiltstone, slate, or thinly bedded structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine metasandstone continuous tubular pores; many distinct continuous Landscape: Blue Ridge clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; Landform: Ridges clear smooth boundary. Landform position: Summits and side slopes Bt3—38 to 48 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; Slope range: 5 to 50 percent many medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic mottles; moderate medium angular blocky Hapludults structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine continuous tubular pores; many distinct continuous Typical Pedon

clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; 3 Junaluska loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes; /4 mile from a clear smooth boundary. gate at Forest Service roads 5141 and 5141A; USGS Bt4—48 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; Waterville Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 51 many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) minutes 45 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 3 mottles; moderate medium angular blocky minutes 51 seconds W. structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; common distinct Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood continuous clay films on faces of peds; very leaves, twigs, and roots. strongly acid. A—0 to 3 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; Range in Characteristics common fine and medium roots; 2 percent, by Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches volume, metasiltstone channers; very strongly Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches acid; clear smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, Bt1—3 to 12 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty throughout the profile clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; throughout the profile, except where surface layers common fine continuous tubular pores; common have been limed faint clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent, by Cocke County Area, Tennessee 141

volume, metasiltstone channers; very strongly Landform: Colluvial fans acid; clear smooth boundary. Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Bt2—12 to 22 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Slope range: 5 to 35 percent channery silty clay loam; moderate medium Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine Hapludults and medium roots; common fine continuous Typical Pedon tubular pores; common faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent, by volume, Keener loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, stony; 1,600 metasiltstone channers; very strongly acid; clear feet north-northwest from a gate on Forest Service smooth boundary. road 402; USGS Neddy Mountain Topographic Bt3—22 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 56 minutes 12 seconds N. channery silty clay loam; moderate medium and long. 83 degrees 6 minutes 2 seconds W. subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood and medium roots; common fine continuous leaves, twigs, and roots. tubular pores; common faint discontinuous clay A—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine films on faces of peds; 15 percent, by volume, granular structure; very friable; common fine to metasiltstone channers; very strongly acid; abrupt coarse roots; 10 percent, by volume, smooth boundary. metasandstone gravel; strongly acid; abrupt Cr—29 to 40 inches; weathered, fractured smooth boundary. metasiltstone. BE—3 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak fine Range in Characteristics subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine to coarse roots; 10 percent, by volume, Thickness of solum: 15 to 39 inches metasandstone gravel; strongly acid; abrupt Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by Bt—16 to 57 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) volume, throughout the profile gravelly sandy clay loam; weak medium Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine throughout the profile to medium roots; thin discontinuous clay films on A horizon: faces of peds; 20 percent, by volume, Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and metasandstone gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy chroma of 3 to 6; value of 3 is limited to thin boundary. upper A horizons; horizon has value of 4 or BC—57 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) more when soil materials are mixed to a depth gravelly fine sandy loam; common medium distinct of 7 inches pale brown (10YR 6/3) mottles; weak medium Texture—loam subangular blocky structure; friable; 25 percent, by volume, metasandstone gravel; strongly acid. Bt horizon: Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and Range in Characteristics chroma of 4 to 8 Thickness of solum: More than 40 inches Texture—silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam in the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches fine-earth fraction Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by Cr horizon: volume, throughout the profile Bedrock—weathered metasiltstone, slate, or thinly Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid bedded metasandstone throughout the profile A horizon: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma Keener Series of 2 to 4; value of 3 is limited to thin upper A horizons; horizon has value of 4 when soil Depth class: Very deep materials are mixed to a depth of 7 inches Drainage class: Well drained Texture—loam Permeability: Moderate Parent material: Colluvium weathered from arkosic BE horizon: metasandstone, metagraywacke, or quartzite Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma Landscape: Blue Ridge of 3 or 4 142 Soil Survey

Texture—loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam in and manganese concretions; strongly acid; clear the fine-earth fraction smooth boundary. Btx1—17 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Bt horizon: silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and structure parting to strong medium and fine chroma of 4 to 8 subangular blocky; very firm; few fine roots on Texture—sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam in faces of prisms; few fine discontinuous tubular the fine-earth fraction pores; few faint discontinuous clay films on faces BC horizon: of peds; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration in chroma of 6 to 8 the matrix; common fine and medium iron and Mottles—few or common in shades of brown, manganese stains and concretions; very strongly yellow, and red acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam in Btx2—31 to 44 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) the fine-earth fraction clay; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; Leadvale Series few faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent light brownish gray Depth class: Deep (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped masses of iron Drainage class: Moderately well drained depletion and few fine faint strong brown (7.5YR Permeability: Slow and moderately slow 5/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron Parent material: Residuum weathered from shale, concentration in the matrix; common fine and siltstone, or sandstone medium manganese concretions and stains; very Landscape: Ridges and Valleys strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans B´t—44 to 55 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; Landform position: Footslopes weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; Slope range: 2 to 5 percent few fine continuous tubular pores; few faint clay Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic films on faces of peds; common medium distinct Fragiudults light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped masses of iron depletion in the matrix; common Typical Pedon fine and medium manganese stains and Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes; in Sevier concretions; strongly acid; abrupt smooth County; from the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and boundary. State Route 66, about 12.6 miles northwest on U.S. Cr—55 to 62 inches; weathered, weakly consolidated Highway 441, about 3.9 miles northeast on State shale. Route 338, about 0.7 mile southeast on Gibson Circle, Range in Characteristics 0.1 mile southeast on a private driveway to a homestead, 0.5 mile southeast of the homestead Thickness of solum: 40 to 60 inches along a field road to the beginning of a second fence Depth to bedrock: 48 to more than 96 inches row, 100 feet southeast, in a field; USGS Boyds Creek Depth to fragipan: 16 to 38 inches Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 54 minutes 2 Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 41 minutes 8 throughout the profile seconds W. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; A or Ap horizon: moderate fine granular structure; friable; common Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; of 2 or 3 very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—silt loam Bt—9 to 17 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Bt horizon: friable; few fine roots; common fine continuous Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and tubular pores; few distinct discontinuous clay films chroma of 6 to 8 on faces of peds; common fine and medium iron Texture—silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam Cocke County Area, Tennessee 143

Redoximorphic features—none or few masses of BE—8 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) iron concentration in shades of brown; none or cobbly loam; weak medium subangular blocky few masses of iron depletion in shades of gray structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; 10 Btx horizon: percent, by volume, rounded quartzite gravel and Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and 15 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth chroma of 4 to 8 boundary. Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam Bt1—14 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) cobbly Redoximorphic features—none or few masses of loam; moderate medium subangular blocky iron concentration in shades of brown; none to structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; common masses of iron depletion in shades of common fine continuous tubular pores; few faint gray discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 10 B´t horizon: percent, by volume, rounded quartzite gravel and Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and 10 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear chroma of 4 to 8 smooth boundary. Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Bt2—25 to 47 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) cobbly Redoximorphic features—none or few masses of clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky iron concentration in shades of brown; common structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine or many masses of iron depletion in shades of continuous tubular pores; many distinct continuous gray clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent, by volume, rounded quartzite gravel and 10 percent cobbles; Cr horizon: very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bedrock—weathered shale, siltstone, or Bt3—47 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay sandstone loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles; Leesburg Series moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine continuous tubular Depth class: Very deep pores; many distinct continuous clay films on Drainage class: Well drained faces of peds; 10 percent, by volume, rounded Permeability: Moderate quartzite gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth Parent material: Old alluvium boundary. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Bt4—65 to 80 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay Landform: High stream terraces loam; many medium distinct yellowish red (5YR Landform position: Summits and side slopes 4/6) and few medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) Slope range: 2 to 25 percent mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine Paleudults continuous tubular pores; common distinct continuous clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent, Typical Pedon by volume, rounded quartzite gravel; very strongly Leesburg cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes; in acid. Sevier County; 2.7 miles north on State Route 66 from the intersection of U.S Highway 411 and State Route Range in Characteristics 66, about 2.9 miles northeast on State Route 338, Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches about 0.5 mile east on Providence Road to Providence Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Baptist Church and 100 feet west of the church, in a Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent, by wooded area; USGS Douglas Dam Topographic volume, throughout the profile Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 55 minutes 26 seconds N. Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid and long. 83 degrees 31 minutes 26 seconds W. throughout the profile, except where surface layers A—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly loam; have been limed moderate fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and coarse roots; common fine A or Ap horizon: continuous tubular pores; 10 percent, by volume, Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma rounded quartzite gravel and 15 percent cobbles; of 3 or 4 strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction 144 Soil Survey

BE horizon: Bw2—30 to 68 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky of 3 or 4 structure; friable; few medium and coarse roots; 5 Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction percent, by volume, metasandstone gravel; strongly acid. Bt horizon: Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and Range in Characteristics chroma of 6 to 8 in the upper part of horizon; hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and Thickness of solum: 40 to 70 inches chroma of 6 to 8 in the lower part Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by and red volume, throughout the profile Texture—loam or clay loam in the fine-earth Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid fraction in the upper part of horizon; clay loam throughout the profile or clay in the fine-earth fraction in the lower part A horizon: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Maymead Series of 2 or 3 Texture—loam Depth class: Very deep BA horizon: Drainage class: Well drained Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Permeability: Moderately rapid of 4 to 6 Parent material: Colluvium weathered from arkosic Texture—loam or sandy loam in the fine-earth metasandstone or metagraywacke fraction Landscape: Blue Ridge Landform: Colluvial fans Bw horizon: Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Slope range: 20 to 50 percent chroma of 4 to 6 Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Texture—loam or sandy loam in the fine-earth Dystrochrepts fraction Typical Pedon Maymead loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes; Forest Muse Series Service road 110 to Devil’s Backbone, 5,600 feet north along a crest then just west of the summit, in the Depth class: Very deep concave head slope; USGS Hartford Topographic Drainage class: Well drained Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 51 minutes 16 seconds N. Permeability: Slow and long. 83 degrees 9 minutes 3 seconds W. Parent material: Colluvium weathered from siltstone or shale Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood Landscape: Ridges and Valleys leaves, twigs, and roots. Landform: Colluvial fans A—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes fine granular structure; very friable; many fine to Slope range: 5 to 25 percent coarse roots; 10 percent, by volume, Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic metasandstone gravel; strongly acid; abrupt wavy Hapludults boundary. BA—8 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Typical Pedon loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine to coarse roots; 10 percent, by Muse silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded (fig. 8); volume, metasandstone gravel; strongly acid; clear in Sevier County; 4.7 miles south on U.S. Highway 441 smooth boundary. from the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and State Bw1—15 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Route 66, about 0.5 mile north on Davis Road to a loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; road bank behind Belz Mall, at the edge of a pasture; friable; common medium and coarse roots; 5 USGS Pigeon Forge Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 percent, by volume, metasandstone gravel; degrees 48 minutes 30 seconds N. and long. 83 strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. degrees 34 minutes 16 seconds W. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 145

A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; Bt horizon: moderate fine and medium granular structure; Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and friable; common fine roots; few fine and medium chroma of 4 to 8 manganese concretions; moderately acid; clear Mottles—few to many in shades of brown, yellow, wavy boundary. and red AB—6 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay silt loam; many medium faint pale brown (10YR BC horizon: 6/3) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and structure; very friable; common fine roots; few fine chroma of 4 to 8 and medium manganese concretions; strongly Mottles—common or many in shades of brown, acid; gradual smooth boundary. yellow, red, and gray Bt1—14 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; Texture—silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay common medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky C horizon: structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and continuous clay films on faces of peds; few fine chroma of 4 to 6 and medium manganese concretions; strongly Mottles—common or many in shades of brown, acid; clear smooth boundary. red, and gray Bt2—28 to 38 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; Texture—silty clay or clay common medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct Nelse Series continuous clay films on faces of peds; very Depth class: Very deep strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained BC—38 to 53 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty Permeability: Moderately rapid clay; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR Parent material: Alluvium 4/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky Landscape: Ridges and Valleys structure; firm; few faint discontinuous clay films Landform: Flood plains on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth Landform position: Linear slopes boundary. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent C—53 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, clay; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR mesic Mollic Udifluvents 4/6) mottles; massive; firm; common manganese concentrations; very strongly acid. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Nelse sandy loam, occasionally flooded; from the Thickness of solum: 40 to 60 inches intersection of Highway 25-70 and Arc Way in Del Rio, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches south to Chickasaw Way then west to the end of the Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, street, approximately 1,800 feet towards the river, in a throughout the profile crop field; USGS Neddy Mountain Topographic Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 55 minutes 14 seconds N. throughout the profile, except where surface layers and long. 83 degrees 1 minute 44 seconds W. have been limed Ap—0 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy A horizon: loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 common very fine and fine roots; common fine or 4 tubular pores; few fine mica flakes; 2 percent, by Texture—silt loam volume, rounded gravel; strongly acid; clear AB horizon: smooth boundary. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma C1—16 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) of 4 to 6 sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine Mottles—few to many in shades of brown and continuous tubular pores; few fine mica flakes; yellow slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—silt loam C2—31 to 80 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) 146 Soil Survey

loamy sand; massive; very friable; few fine mica loam; moderate medium subangular blocky flakes; neutral. structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine and medium continuous tubular pores; few distinct Range in Characteristics discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Bt2—25 to 40 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay Content of rock fragments: Less than 15 percent, by loam; common distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) volume, throughout the profile mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Reaction: Moderately acid to neutral throughout the structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; profile common medium continuous pores; few distinct discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in Ap horizon: pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3, and chroma of 2 Bt3—40 to 80 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay or 3 loam; common distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Texture—sandy loam mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky C horizon: structure; friable; common fine and medium Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma continuous tubular pores; few distinct of 4 to 6 discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in Texture—sandy loamy or loam in the upper part of pores; very strongly acid. horizon and loamy sand in the lower part Range in Characteristics Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches Nolichucky Series Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Content of rock fragments: Less than 30 percent, by Depth class: Very deep volume, throughout the profile Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Permeability: Moderate throughout the profile Parent material: Old alluvium Landscape: Ridges and Valleys A horizon: Landform: High stream terraces Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Landform position: Summits and side slopes chroma of 3 or 4 Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Texture—loam Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic BA horizon: Paleudults Color—hue of 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Typical Pedon of 6 Mottles—few or common in shades of brown Nolichucky loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes; 3.1 miles Texture—loam in the fine-earth fraction north from the intersection of Smith Street and Rankin Road, approximately 180 feet east of a barn; USGS Bt horizon: Rankin Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 00 Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and minutes 1 second N. and long. 83 degrees 11 minutes chroma of 6 to 8 37 seconds W. Mottles—few or common in shades of brown Texture—clay loam or sandy clay loam in the fine- Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine earth fraction granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; common very fine and fine continuous tubular pores; strongly acid; abrupt Nonaburg Series smooth boundary. BA—8 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam; Depth class: Shallow common prominent brown (10YR 4/3) mottles; Drainage class: Well drained weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; Permeability: Moderately slow common very fine and fine roots; common fine Parent material: Residuum weathered from calcareous and medium continuous tubular pores; very shale strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Bt1—16 to 25 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay Landform: Ridges Cocke County Area, Tennessee 147

Figure 5.—Typical profile of Cataska channery silt loam. Figure 6.—Typical profile of Dewey silt loam. Dewey soils are Cataska soils are excessively drained and shallow. They well drained and very deep. They formed in residuum formed in residuum weathered from slate or phyllite in weathered from limestone in the Ridges and Valleys. the Blue Ridge. In this profile, weathered slate bedrock Depth is marked in feet. occurs at a depth of 1.0 foot. Depth is marked in feet. 148 Soil Survey

Figure 7.—Typical profile of Ditney sandy loam. Ditney soils are well drained and moderately deep. They formed in residuum from metasandstone, quartzite, or graywacke in the Blue Ridge. In this profile, hard metasandstone bedrock occurs at a depth of 3.0 feet. Depth is marked in feet. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 149

Figure 8.—Typical profile of Muse silt loam. Muse soils are well drained and very deep. They formed in colluvium weathered from siltstone or shale in the Ridges and Valleys. Depth is marked in feet. 150 Soil Survey

Figure 9.—Typical profile of Philo fine sandy loam. Philo soils are moderately well drained and very deep. They formed in alluvium on flood plains in the Ridges and Valleys. Depth is marked in feet. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 151

Landform position: Summits and side slopes Bt horizon: Slope range: 5 to 60 percent Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Taxonomic class: Clayey, mixed, thermic, shallow chroma of 4 to 6 Ochreptic Hapludalfs Texture—silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam in the fine-earth fraction Typical Pedon Cr horizon: Nonaburg channery silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, Bedrock—weathered calcareous shale severely eroded; in Sevier County; 4.0 miles east of the intersection of U.S. Highway 411 and State Route R horizon: 66 on U.S. Highway 411, about 0.4 mile north on a Bedrock—weathered calcareous shale gravel road to the City of Sevierville water tank, 800 feet northeast on a side slope; USGS Pigeon Forge Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 52 minutes Northcove Series 23 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 30 minutes 15 Depth class: Very deep seconds W. Drainage class: Well drained A—0 to 2 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery silt Permeability: Moderately rapid loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many Parent material: Colluvium weathered from very fine and fine roots in mat at top of the metasandstone or slate horizon; common very fine and fine continuous Landscape: Blue Ridge tubular pores; 25 percent, by volume, shale Landform: Colluvial fans and coves channers; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes BA—2 to 6 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) channery Slope range: 5 to 80 percent silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots Dystrochrepts throughout the horizon; common very fine and fine Typical Pedon continuous tubular pores; 25 percent, by volume, shale channers; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Northcove stony sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes, Bt—6 to 14 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) bouldery; in Sevier County; 4.7 miles south of the channery silty clay; moderate medium subangular intersection of U.S. Highways 441 and State Route 66 blocky structure; friable; common very fine and on U.S. Highway 442, about 2.8 miles west on State fine roots; common very fine and fine continuous Route 416, about 0.5 mile west on Walden Creek tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of Road, 0.5 mile north on Goose Gap Road, 3.4 miles peds; 25 percent, by volume, shale channers; north on Bluff Mountain Road, 50 feet west of Bluff neutral; clear smooth boundary. Mountain Road, in a bank near a sharp curve in the Cr—14 to 41 inches; weathered, fractured calcareous road; USGS Walden Creek Topographic Quadrangle; shale; few fine roots in weathered seams. lat. 35 degrees 47 minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 83 R—41 inches; hard calcareous shale. degrees 39 minutes 50 seconds W. Range in Characteristics Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed leaves, twigs, Thickness of solum: 8 to 20 inches and pine needles. Depth to bedrock: 8 to 20 inches A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) stony sandy Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent, by loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; volume, in the A horizon and 10 to 35 percent in many fine roots; 10 percent, by volume, gravel, 5 the Bt horizon percent cobbles, and 15 percent stones; very Reaction: Slightly acid or neutral throughout the profile strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bw1—5 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) A horizon: very cobbly sandy loam; weak fine subangular Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4, and blocky structure; very friable; many fine and chroma of 2 to 4 medium and few coarse roots; 25 percent, by Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction volume, gravel and 15 percent cobbles; very BA horizon: strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and Bw2—18 to 40 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) chroma of 4 to 6 very cobbly loam; moderate medium subangular Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium 152 Soil Survey

roots; 20 percent, by volume, gravel and 25 Typical Pedon percent cobbles; very strongly acid; gradual Pettyjon loam, occasionally flooded; from a site in a smooth boundary. creek bank, north on State Route 160 at Fowler Grove C—40 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Road, 300 feet west into a hay field along Clay Creek, extremely cobbly sandy loam; weak fine adjacent to a walnut tree; USGS Rankin Topographic subangular blocky structure; very friable; 20 Quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 1 minute 32 seconds N. percent, by volume, gravel and 45 percent and long. 83 degrees 9 minutes 53 seconds W. cobbles; very strongly acid. Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Range in Characteristics loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common very fine and fine roots; many fine Thickness of solum: 35 to more than 60 inches continuous tubular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches boundary. Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent, by Bw1—8 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) volume, in the A horizon, 35 to 60 percent in the loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Bw horizon, and 35 to 80 percent in the C horizon friable; few very fine and fine roots; common fine Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid continuous tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth throughout the profile boundary. A horizon: Bw2—27 to 42 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few of 2 to 4; value of 3 is limited to thin upper A fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; horizons; horizon has value of 4 or more when neutral; clear smooth boundary. soil materials are mixed to a depth of 7 inches Bw3—42 to 54 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Texture—sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine continuous tubular BA horizon (if it occurs): pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma C—54 to 80 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) of 3 to 6 loam; massive; friable; common continuous tubular Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in pores; 5 percent, by volume, rounded gravel; many the fine-earth fraction fine distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) and prominent Bw horizon: yellowish red (5YR 4/6) irregularly shaped masses Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and of iron concentration in the matrix; neutral. chroma of 4 to 8 Range in Characteristics Texture—sandy loam, loam, or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction Thickness of solum: More than 40 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches C horizon: Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent throughout Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and the profile chroma of 4 to 8 Reaction: Slightly acid to mildly alkaline throughout the Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy profile sand in the fine-earth fraction Ap horizon: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 Pettyjon Series or 4 Texture—loam Depth class: Very deep Bw horizon: Drainage class: Well drained Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Permeability: Moderate chroma of 3 or 4 Parent material: Alluvium Texture—loam, silt loam, or clay loam Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Landform: Flood plains C horizon: Landform position: Linear slopes Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Slope range: 0 to 2 percent of 3 or 4 Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Dystric Texture—loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam Fluventic Eutrochrepts Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of Cocke County Area, Tennessee 153

iron concentration in shades of brown, yellow, percent, by volume, rounded gravel; many medium or red distinct gray (10YR 5/1) irregularly shaped masses of iron depletion and prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron Philo Series concentration in the matrix; very strongly acid. Depth class: Very deep Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Moderately well drained Thickness of solum: 20 to 48 inches Permeability: Moderate and moderately rapid Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Parent material: Alluvium Content of rock fragments: Less than 15 percent in the Landscape: Ridges and Valleys A, Bw, and C horizons and 15 to 35 percent in the Landform: Flood plains 2C horizon Landform position: Linear slopes Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Slope range: 0 to 2 percent throughout the profile, except where surface layers Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic have been limed Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts A horizon: Typical Pedon Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma Philo fine sandy loam, occasionally flooded (fig. 9); of 2 or 3; where value is 3, the horizon is less from the intersection of U.S. Highway 321 and Middle than 10 inches thick 1 Creek Road, /2 mile on Middle Creek Road to a paved Texture—fine sandy loam driveway, 150 feet southeast of the driveway, in a Bw horizon: streambank; USGS Hartford Topographic Quadrangle; Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and lat. 35 degrees 51 minutes 47 seconds N. and long. 83 chroma of 4 to 6 degrees 13 minutes 44 seconds W. Texture—fine sandy loam or loam Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; iron concentration in shades of brown, yellow, weak fine granular structure; very friable; many or red; few to many masses of iron depletion in fine and medium roots; common fine continuous shades of gray tubular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Bw1—8 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) C horizon: fine sandy loam; many fine and medium roots; Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and common fine continuous tubular pores; strongly chroma of 3 or 4 acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam Bw2—18 to 45 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of 4/4) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular iron concentration in shades of brown, yellow, blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium or red; few to many masses of iron depletion in roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; few shades of gray fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) 2C horizon: irregularly shaped masses of iron depletion and Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) chroma of 3 or 4 irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration in Texture—loamy sand in the fine-earth fraction the matrix; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of boundary. iron concentration in shades of brown, yellow, C—45 to 53 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) or red; few to many masses of iron depletion in fine sandy loam; massive; friable; common fine shades of gray continuous tubular pores; common fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped masses of iron depletion and medium prominent Pope Series yellowish red (5YR 4/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration in the matrix; very strongly Depth class: Very deep acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained 2C—53 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Permeability: Moderate and moderately rapid gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; 25 Parent material: Alluvium 154 Soil Survey

Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent, by volume, Landform: Narrow flood plains throughout the profile Landform position: Linear to slightly convex slopes Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Slope range: 0 to 3 percent the profile Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic A horizon: Fluventic Dystrochrepts Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 Typical Pedon or 4 Texture—sandy loam Pope sandy loam, occasionally flooded; in Sevier County; 4.3 miles east on U.S. Highway 411 from the Bw horizon: intersection of U.S. Highway 411 and State Route 66, Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and about 7.5 miles southeast on State Route 339, about chroma of 4 to 6 0.5 mile north on Obes Branch Road to a road bank; Texture—sandy loam or fine sandy loam in the USGS Richardson Cove Topographic Quadrangle; lat. fine-earth fraction 35 degrees 51 minutes 48 sconds N. and long. 83 C horizon: degrees 23 minutes 52 seconds W. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; chroma of 4 to 6 moderate fine granular structure; very friable; Texture—loamy sand, sandy loam, or loam in the many fine, medium, and coarse roots; many fine fine-earth fraction continuous tubular pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw1—4 to 7 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Porters Series sandy loam; weak fine and medium subangular Depth class: Deep blocky structure; very friable; many fine, medium, Drainage class: Well drained and coarse roots; common fine continuous tubular Permeability: Moderate pores; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Parent material: Residuum weathered from granite or Bw2—7 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gneiss sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky Landscape: Blue Ridge structure; very friable; common fine, medium, and Landform: Ridges coarse roots; common fine continuous tubular Landform position: Side slopes pores; 2 percent, by volume, sandstone gravel; Slope range: 15 to 50 percent strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Bw3—18 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Dystrochrepts sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine, medium, and Typical Pedon coarse roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; 2 percent, by volume, sandstone gravel; Porters loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes; Laurel strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Mountain, 200 feet from end of Forest Service road Bw4—24 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) 22491; USGS Lemon Gap Topographic Quadrangle; cobbly sandy loam; weak medium subangular lat. 35 degrees 50 minutes 12 seconds N. and long. 82 blocky structure; very friable; few fine, medium, degrees 56 minutes 6 seconds W. and coarse roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; 10 percent, by volume, gravel and 10 Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed leaves, twigs, percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth and pine needles. boundary. A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) C—32 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; cobbly loamy sand; massive; very friable; common many fine and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; fine and medium and few coarse continuous strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. tubular pores; 10 percent, by volume, gravel and A2—4 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak 20 percent cobbles; very strongly acid. medium granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; Range in Characteristics strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Thickness of solum: 30 to 50 inches BA—7 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Cocke County Area, Tennessee 155

friable; few fine and medium roots; few fine mica Shady Series flakes; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw1—14 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Depth class: Very deep loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Drainage class: Well drained structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; few Permeability: Moderate fine mica flakes; strongly acid; clear smooth Parent material: Alluvium boundary. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Bw2—24 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; Landform: Steam terraces moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Landform position: Linear slopes friable; few fine mica flakes; strongly acid; clear Slope range: 0 to 3 percent wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic BC—32 to 46 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Hapludalfs fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky Typical Pedon structure; friable; few fine mica flakes; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Shady loam, occasionally flooded; on the Fox Farm in R—46 inches; unweathered, slightly fractured granite. Inman Bend, in a pasture approximately 700 feet from the Nolichucky River; USGS Springvale Topographic Range in Characteristics Quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 8 minutes 30 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 13 minutes 17 seconds W. Thickness of solum: 20 to 50 inches Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) volume, throughout the profile loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; Reaction: Strongly acid or moderately acid throughout common very fine and fine roots; few fine mica the profile flakes; 5 percent, by volume, well rounded sandstone cobbles; neutral; clear smooth A horizon: boundary. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and BA—9 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) chroma of 1 to 4 loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Texture—loam friable; common very fine and fine roots; few fine BA horizon: mica flakes; 5 percent, by volume, well rounded Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and sandstone cobbles; neutral; abrupt smooth chroma of 3 to 6 boundary. Texture—loam or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth Bt—13 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) fraction clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common faint Bw horizon: discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; few fine Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and mica flakes; 5 percent, by volume, well rounded chroma of 3 to 8 sandstone cobbles; neutral; clear smooth Texture—loam or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth boundary. fraction BC—30 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) BC horizon: loam; few fine distinct light yellowish brown (10YR Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and 6/4) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky chroma of 3 to 8 structure; friable; few fine mica flakes; 5 percent, Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam in by volume, well rounded sandstone cobbles; the fine-earth fraction neutral; clear smooth boundary. C—42 to 80 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) C horizon (if it occurs): loam; common fine distinct light yellowish brown Color—horizon has colors similar to those of the (10YR 6/4) mottles; massive; friable; few fine mica BC horizon or is multicolored flakes; 10 percent, by volume, well rounded Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy sandstone cobbles; neutral. sand in the fine-earth fraction Range in Characteristics R horizon: Bedrock—unweathered granite or gneiss Thickness of solum: 30 to 60 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches 156 Soil Survey

Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by Slope range: 20 to 95 percent volume, throughout the profile Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline throughout Dystrochrepts the profile Typical Pedon Ap horizon: Color—hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 3 or Soco fine sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, stony; 4 Hickorynut Gap below Rich Top; USGS Hartford Texture—loam Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 49 minutes 36 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 10 minutes 10 BA horizon (if it occurs): seconds W. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6 Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter. Texture—loam or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth A—0 to 4 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine fraction sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very Bt horizon: friable; common fine and medium and few coarse Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and roots; 10 percent, by volume, metasandstone chroma of 4 to 8 channers; very strongly acid; clear smooth Texture—clay loam or loam in the fine-earth boundary. fraction Bw1—4 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky BC horizon: structure; very friable; common fine, medium, and Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and coarse roots; 25 percent, by volume, chroma of 4 to 8 metasandstone channers; strongly acid; clear Mottles—few or common in shades of brown and smooth boundary. yellow Bw2—10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Texture—loam or clay loam in the fine-earth channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky fraction structure; very friable; few fine, medium, and C horizon: coarse roots; 30 percent, by volume, Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and metasandstone channers; very strongly acid; chroma of 4 to 6 gradual smooth boundary. Mottles—common in shades of brown and yellow BC—18 to 28 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Texture—loam or sandy loam in the fine-earth channery fine sandy loam; weak coarse fraction subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; 20 percent, by volume, The Shady soils in Cocke County are considered metasandstone channers; strongly acid; abrupt taxadjuncts to the series because the base saturation smooth boundary. at the critical depth for classification placement is Cr—28 to 42 inches; weathered, moderately fractured outside the range in characteristics for the series. This metasandstone. difference, however, does not significantly affect the use and management of the soils for most uses. Range in Characteristics Thickness of solum: 15 to 39 inches or more Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Soco Series Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by volume, throughout the profile Depth class: Moderately deep Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Drainage class: Well drained the profile Permeability: Moderately rapid Parent material: Residuum weathered from A horizon: metasandstone, in some areas interbedded with Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2 to 5, and phyllite chroma of 2 to 6; horizon has value of 4 or Landscape: Blue Ridge more when soil materials are mixed to a depth Landform: Ridges of 7 inches Landform position: Summits and side slopes Texture—fine sandy loam Cocke County Area, Tennessee 157

Bw horizon: faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; few Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and fine mica flakes; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. chroma of 4 to 8 Bt2—22 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Texture—loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam in silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular the fine-earth fraction blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; common BC horizon: faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; few Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and fine mica flakes; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. chroma of 4 to 8 Bt3—31 to 53 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Mottles—few or common in shades of brown and silty clay loam; common medium distinct dark yellow brown (10YR 3/3) mottles; moderate medium Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam in subangular blocky structure; friable; common very the fine-earth fraction fine and fine roots; common fine continuous pores; C horizon (if it occurs): common faint discontinuous clay films on faces of Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and peds; few fine mica flakes; neutral; clear smooth chroma of 4 to 8 boundary. Mottles—few or common in shades of brown and BC—53 to 80 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) yellow loam; common medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3) Texture—loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand in the mottles; weak medium subangular blocky fine-earth fraction structure; friable; common fine continuous tubular pores; few fine mica flakes; neutral. Cr horizon: Bedrock—weathered metasandstone that is Range in Characteristics interbedded with phyllite in some areas Thickness of solum: 30 to 80 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Statler Series Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by volume, throughout the profile Depth class: Very deep Reaction: Slightly acid to slightly alkaline throughout Drainage class: Well drained the profile Permeability: Moderate A horizon: Parent material: Alluvium Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3, and Landscape: Blue Ridge chroma of 2 to 4 Landform: Stream terraces Texture—loam Landform position: Linear slopes Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Bt horizon: Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Mollic Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Hapludalfs chroma of 4 to 8 Mottles—few or common in shades of brown and Typical Pedon yellow Statler loam, occasionally flooded; on the Fox Farm in Texture—clay loam or silty clay loam Inman Bend, approximately 400 feet east of the BC horizon: Nolichucky River, in a ditch bank along a field road; Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and USGS Springvale Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 36 chroma of 4 to 8 degrees 8 minutes 25 seconds N. and long. 83 Mottles—few or common in shades of brown and degrees 13 minutes 10 seconds W. yellow Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; few Texture—loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam fine faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) mottles; moderate fine granular structure; friable; common The Statler soils in Cocke County are considered very fine and fine roots; common fine continuous taxadjuncts to the series because the base saturation tubular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. at the critical depth for classification placement is Bt1—8 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) outside the range in characteristics for the series. This clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky difference, however, does not significantly affect the structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; use and management of the soils. common fine continuous tubular pores; common 158 Soil Survey

Steadman Series masses of iron concentration in the matrix; common brown and black iron and manganese Depth class: Very deep stains; moderately acid. Drainage class: Moderately well drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderate Parent material: Alluvium Thickness of solum: 35 to more than 60 inches Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landform: Flood plains and drainageways Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent, by volume, Landform position: Linear or slightly concave slopes in the Ap and Bw horizons and 0 to 35 percent in Slope range: 0 to 3 percent the C horizon Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Reaction: Moderately acid to slightly alkaline Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts throughout the profile Typical Pedon Ap horizon: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 Steadman silt loam, occasionally flooded; in Sevier or 4 County; from the intersection of U.S. Highway 441 and Texture—silt loam State Route 66, about 12.6 miles northwest on U.S. Highway 441, about 3.9 miles northeast on State Bw horizon: Route 338, about 0.5 mile southeast on Gibson Circle, Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma 0.3 mile south on Matthew Lane, 200 feet east of of 4 to 6 Matthew Lane in a field, 60 feet north of Boyds Creek; Texture—silt loam USGS Boyds Creek Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 Redoximorphic features—none to common degrees 53 minutes 49 seconds N. and long. 83 masses of iron concentration in shades of degrees 41 minutes 33 seconds W. brown; common or many masses of iron depletion in shades of gray in the lower part of Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) horizon silt loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; slightly acid; clear C horizon: smooth boundary. Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma Bw1—9 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt of 3 to 6 loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Texture—silt loam or loam friable; few fine roots; common fine pores; Redoximorphic features—none to common moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. masses of iron concentration in shades of Bw2—16 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt brown; common or many masses of iron loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; depletion in shades of gray friable; few fine roots; common fine pores; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration in Stecoah Series the matrix; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Deep Bw3—20 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Drainage class: Well drained loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Permeability: Moderately rapid friable; few fine roots; common fine distinct light Parent material: Residuum weathered from brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped metasandstone interbedded with phyllite masses of iron depletion and few fine distinct Landscape: Blue Ridge yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) irregularly shaped Landform: Ridges masses of iron concentration in the matrix; Landform position: Summits and side slopes common brown and black iron and manganese Slope range: 50 to 95 percent stains and concretions; moderately acid; abrupt Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic smooth boundary. Dystrochrepts C—35 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Typical Pedon loam; massive; friable; many fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped Stecoah fine sandy loam in an area of Soco-Stecoah masses of iron depletion and common fine distinct complex, 50 to 95 percent slopes; in Madison County, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) irregularly shaped North Carolina; from Marshall 1.9 miles north on U.S. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 159

Highway 25/70 Business, 10.5 miles north on U.S. Range in Characteristics Highway 25/70 to Hurricane, 2.1 miles west on U.S. Thickness of solum: 24 to 50 inches Highway 25/70 to Tanyard Gap, 1.4 miles south on Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches U.S. Forest Service road 113, about 0.15 mile south Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by on U.S. Forest Service road 3515, about 15 feet above volume the road on a forested side slope; USGS Hot Springs Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 53 minutes the profile 59 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 47 minutes 32 seconds W. A horizon: Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed leaf litter. Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2 to 5, and A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) chroma of 1 to 6; value of 2 or 3 is limited to fine sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) thin upper A horizons; horizon has value of 4 or dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; more when soil materials are mixed to a depth many very fine and fine, common medium, and of 7 inches few coarse roots; many very fine to medium and Texture—fine sandy loam common coarse tubular pores; 5 percent, by BA horizon: volume, channers and 2 percent flagstones; very Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. of 3 or 4 BA—2 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; Texture—fine sandy loam weak medium granular structure; friable; common very fine to medium and few coarse roots; Bw horizon: common very fine to medium and few coarse Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and tubular pores; 5 percent, by volume, channers; chroma of 3 to 8 strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Mottles—few or common in shades of brown, Bw1—5 to 24 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) yellow, and gray (inherited from parent material) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in structure; friable; common very fine to medium the fine-earth fraction and few coarse roots; common very fine to BC horizon: medium tubular pores; few fine mica flakes; 5 Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and percent, by volume, channers; very strongly acid; chroma of 3 to 8 gradual wavy boundary. Mottles—few or common in shades of brown, Bw2—24 to 34 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR yellow, and gray (inherited from parent material) 6/4) sandy loam; few medium distinct strong Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in brown (7.5YR 4/6), common fine faint light gray the fine-earth fraction; horizon has pockets of (10YR 7/2), and common fine faint brownish loamy sand or sandy loam saprolite in some yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles; weak fine subangular pedons blocky structure; friable; few very fine to medium and few coarse roots; common very fine to Cr layer: medium tubular pores; few very fine mica flakes; 5 Bedrock—weathered metasandstone that is percent, by volume, channers; very strongly acid; interbedded with phyllite gradual wavy boundary. BC—34 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sandy loam; few medium distinct strong brown Sylco Series (7.5YR 4/6), common fine faint light gray (10YR 7/2), and common fine faint brownish yellow Depth class: Moderately deep (10YR 6/8) mottles; weak coarse subangular Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained blocky structure; friable; few very fine to coarse Permeability: Moderately rapid roots; few very fine to coarse tubular pores; few Parent material: Residuum weathered from very fine mica flakes; 10 percent, by volume, metasiltstone, slate, or phyllite channers; very strongly acid; gradual irregular Landscape: Blue Ridge boundary. Landform: Ridges Cr—48 to 63 inches; multicolored, weathered Landform position: Summits and side slopes metasandstone that is interbedded with phyllite. Slope range: 20 to 80 percent 160 Soil Survey

Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic R horizon: Dystrochrepts Bedrock—unweathered metasiltstone, slate, or phyllite Typical Pedon Sylco channery silt loam in an area of Sylco-Cataska Talbott Series complex, 35 to 50 percent slopes; from the intersection of Forest Service road 96-1, about 1,000 Depth class: Moderately deep feet west on Forest Service road 5115, about 150 feet Drainage class: Well drained north of the road; USGS Paint Rock Topographic Permeability: Moderately slow Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 54 minutes 24 seconds N. Parent material: Residuum weathered from limestone and long. 82 degrees 55 minutes 31 seconds W. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Landform: Ridges Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed leaf litter. Landform position: Summits and side slopes A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery silt Slope range: 10 to 60 percent loam; weak medium granular structure; very Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, thermic Typic friable; many fine and medium roots; 20 percent, Hapludalfs by volume, phyllite channers; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Bw1—5 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Talbott silty clay loam in an area of Talbott-Rock channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky outcrop complex, 10 to 25 percent slopes, eroded; in structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 30 Sevier County; 6.7 miles north of the intersection of percent, by volume, phyllite channers; strongly U.S. Highway 441 and State Route 66 on U.S. acid; clear smooth boundary. Highway 441, about 0.2 mile east on State Route 139, Bw2—12 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) about 0.8 mile north on Bryan Road, 2,000 feet very channery silt loam; weak medium and fine northeast, in pasture; USGS Douglas Dam subangular blocky structure; friable; common very Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 58 minutes fine to medium roots; 50 percent, by volume, 10 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 35 minutes 29 phyllite channers; strongly acid; clear smooth seconds W. boundary. R—33 inches; unweathered, slightly fractured phyllite. Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; Range in Characteristics common fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches boundary. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Bt1—6 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; Content of rock fragments: 15 to 30 percent, by moderate medium subangular blocky structure; volume, in the A horizon and 25 to 50 percent in friable; common fine roots; few faint discontinuous the Bw horizon clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; clear Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout smooth boundary. the profile Bt2—22 to 32 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) A horizon: mottles; strong medium subangular blocky Color—hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 3 or structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct 4; value of 3 is limited to thin upper A horizons; discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; slightly horizon has value of 4 or more when soil acid; abrupt smooth boundary. materials are mixed to a depth of 7 inches R—32 inches; unweathered limestone. Texture—silt loam in the fine-earth fraction Bw horizon: Range in Characteristics Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches chroma of 4 to 8 Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Texture—silt loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, Cr horizon (if it occurs): throughout the profile Bedrock—weathered metasiltstone, slate, or Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid throughout the phyllite profile Cocke County Area, Tennessee 161

Ap or A horizon: fine mica flakes; strongly acid; clear wavy Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma boundary. of 2 to 4 BC—36 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Texture—silty clay loam gravelly loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few medium and coarse roots; Bt horizon: few fine mica flakes; 20 percent, by volume, Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. and chroma of 4 to 8 C—48 to 80 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Mottles—few or common in shades of brown and gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine yellow mica flakes; 30 percent, by volume, gravel; Texture—clay or silty clay strongly acid. R horizon: Range in Characteristics Bedrock—unweathered limestone Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Tusquitee Series Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent, by volume, in the A and Bw horizons and 15 to 60 Depth class: Very deep percent in the C horizon Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Permeability: Moderate throughout the profile, except where surface layers Parent material: Colluvium weathered from granite or have been limed gneiss Landscape: Blue Ridge A horizon: Landform: Colluvial fans and coves Color—hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma Landform position: Footslopes, toeslopes, and of 1 to 4 benches Texture—loam Slope range: 20 to 50 percent Bw horizon: Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and Dystrochrepts chroma of 3 to 8 Typical Pedon Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction Tusquitee loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes; Lemon Prong Branch, 2,000 feet east from the intersection of BC horizon: Shelton Branch; USGS Lemon Gap Quadrangle; lat. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and 35 degrees 49 minutes 55 seconds N. and long. 82 chroma of 3 to 8 degrees 56 minutes 53 seconds W. Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction Oi—4 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed forest litter of hardwood leaves and twigs. C horizon: Oe—2 inches to 1 inch; moderately decomposed Color—horizon has colors similar to those of the forest litter of hardwood leaves and twigs. BC horizon or is multicolored Oa—1 inch to 0; highly decomposed forest litter of Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or hardwood leaves and twigs. loamy sand in the fine-earth fraction A—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; few fine mica flakes; Tyler Series strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bw1—8 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Depth class: Very deep loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained friable; common medium and coarse roots; few Permeability: Slow fine mica flakes; strongly acid; clear wavy Parent material: Alluvium boundary. Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Bw2—18 to 36 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; Landform: Stream terraces moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Landform position: Linear or concave slopes friable; common medium and coarse roots; few Slope range: 0 to 2 percent 162 Soil Survey

Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aeric gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped masses of iron Fragiaqualfs depletion in the matrix and in pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Typical Pedon 2C—62 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Tyler silt loam; from the intersection of Briar Thicket stratified silty clay loam and silt loam; massive; Road and Knob Creek Road, north on Briar Thicket firm; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR Road 3,400 feet, south 1,200 feet, in pasture, 5/2) irregularly shaped masses of iron depletion in approximately 900 feet west of Knob Creek; USGS the matrix; neutral. Rankin Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 6 Range in Characteristics minutes 37 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 8 minutes 32 seconds W. Thickness of solum: 40 to 80 inches Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Ap—0 to 7 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) silt loam; Depth to fragipan: 15 to 36 inches weak fine granular structure; friable; common very Content of rock fragments: Less than 15 percent, by fine and fine roots; common medium distinct dark volume, throughout the profile yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) irregularly shaped Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid in the Ap, E, masses of iron concentration in the matrix; very Bt, and Btx horizons and neutral or slightly alkaline strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. in the 2Bt and 2C horizons E—7 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; A horizon: friable; common very fine and fine roots; common Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and fine and medium continuous pores; common chroma of 1 to 3 medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Texture—silt loam irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration Redoximorphic features—none to common and many medium distinct light brownish gray masses of iron concentration in shades of (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped masses of iron brown depletion in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear E horizon: smooth boundary. Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and Bt—13 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty chroma of 2 to 4 clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Texture—silt loam structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine Redoximorphic features—few or common masses continuous tubular pores; few faint discontinuous of iron concentration in shades of brown; clay films on faces of peds; common medium common or many masses of iron depletion in distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) irregularly shades of gray shaped masses of iron concentration in the matrix; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Bt horizon: irregularly shaped masses of iron depletion in the Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and matrix and in pores; extremely acid; clear smooth chroma of 4 to 6 boundary. Texture—silty clay loam Btx—19 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty Redoximorphic features—few or common masses clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure; of iron concentration in shades of brown; firm; brittle; few faint discontinuous clay films on common or many masses of iron depletion in faces of peds; common fine continuous tubular shades of gray pores; common medium prominent yellowish red Btx horizon: (5YR 5/8) irregularly shaped masses of iron Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and concentration in the matrix; very strongly acid; chroma of 4 to 6 clear smooth boundary. Texture—silty clay loam 2Bt—37 to 62 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty Redoximorphic features—few or common masses clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky of iron concentration in shades of brown or red; structure; firm; sticky; plastic; few faint common or many masses of iron depletion in discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; shades of brown or gray common fine continuous tubular pores; common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 2Bt horizon: irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration in Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and the matrix; many medium distinct light brownish chroma of 4 to 6 Cocke County Area, Tennessee 163

Texture—silty clay loam Parent material: Residuum weathered from granite or Redoximorphic features—few or common masses gneiss of iron concentration in shades of brown; Landscape: Blue Ridge common or many masses of iron depletion in Landform: Ridges shades of gray Landform position: Summits and side slopes Slope range: 15 to 50 percent 2C horizon: Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and Dystrochrepts chroma of 4 to 6 Texture—stratified silty clay loam and silt loam Typical Pedon Redoximorphic features—common or many masses of iron depletion in shades of gray or Unaka loam in an area of Porters-Unaka complex, 30 brown to 50 percent slopes, stony; in Madison County, North Carolina; from Marshall, 1.9 miles north on U.S. The Tyler soils in Cocke County are considered Highway 25/70 Business, 16.5 miles northeast on U.S. taxadjuncts to the series because the base saturation Highway 25/70 to Hot Springs, 8.2 miles south on at the critical depth for classification placement is North Carolina Highway 209 (just south of Bluff), 6.1 outside the range in characteristics for the series. This miles southwest on Secondary Road 1175 to Joe, 4.1 difference, however, does not significantly affect the miles west on Secondary Road 1181 to Little Creek use and management of the soils. Gap on the Haywood County line, 5.8 miles northeast on Secondary Road 1182 to Lemon Gap on the Udorthents Tennessee State line, 4.4 miles northeast from an iron gate on U.S. Forest Service road 3505, about 10 feet Udorthents consist of soils in areas where the west of the road in woodland; USGS Lemon Gap natural soil layers have been destroyed by Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 50 minutes earthmoving activities. Because operations such as 13 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 54 minutes 40 grading, backfilling, trenching, and excavating have seconds W. completely altered the natural soil characteristics, the original soil series cannot be identified. The excavated Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed leaf litter. areas are mainly borrow pits from which soil material A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, has been removed and used as foundation material for brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine granular roads and buildings. The fill areas are sites where structure; very friable; many very fine, common loamy material at least 20 inches thick covers the fine and medium, and few coarse roots; common natural soil. They include landfills, building sites, very fine and fine tubular pores; few very fine mica industrial sites, and playgrounds. These areas occur in flakes; 5 percent, by volume, gravel and 5 percent any landscape position and are well drained or cobbles; very strongly acid; clear smooth moderately well drained. boundary. Because of the variability of Udorthents, a typical A2—5 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, brown pedon is not described. The soils are commonly 2 to (10YR 4/4) dry; weak medium granular structure; 20 feet thick but range to 50 feet in thickness. Areas of very friable; many very fine, common fine and landfills contain layers of nonsoil material that are medium, and few coarse roots; common very fine covered with 2 to 3 feet of soil material. and fine tubular pores; few very fine mica flakes; 5 Udorthents are variable in color and occur in percent, by volume, gravel and 5 percent cobbles; shades of red, yellow, and brown. The texture is strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. variable and includes loam, sandy loam, sandy clay Bw1—8 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) loam, clay loam, and clay. Reaction ranges from loam; moderate medium subangular blocky extremely acid to moderately alkaline. structure; friable; common very fine and fine and few medium and coarse roots; few fine tubular pores; few very fine and fine mica flakes; 5 Unaka Series percent, by volume, gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Depth class: Moderately deep boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bw2—14 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Permeability: Moderate cobbly loam; weak medium subangular blocky 164 Soil Survey

structure; friable; common very fine and fine and Typical Pedon few medium roots; few fine tubular pores; few very Unicoi cobbly sandy loam in an area of Unicoi-Rock fine mica flakes; 10 percent, by volume, gravel and outcrop complex, 35 to 50 percent slopes; 10 feet 10 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; gradual north of Forest Service road 142, just below the wavy boundary. Meadow Creek Lookout Tower; USGS Paint Rock Cr—26 to 32 inches; weathered, moderately fractured Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 58 minutes granite; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam in 14 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 58 minutes 15 seams and cracks that are less than 4 inches seconds W. apart; strongly acid; gradual irregular boundary. R—32 inches; unweathered, slightly fractured granite. Oi—3 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed forest litter of hardwood leaves and twigs. Range in Characteristics Oe—2 inches to 0; moderately decomposed forest Thickness of solum: 18 to 40 inches litter of hardwood leaves and twigs. Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) cobbly Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent, by volume, sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very throughout the profile friable; many fine and medium and few coarse Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid roots; 15 percent, by volume, gravel and 15 throughout the profile percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. A horizon: A2—3 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Color—hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 2 or cobbly sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; 3 very friable; many fine and medium roots; few Texture—loam coarse roots; 10 percent, by volume, gravel and 10 Bw horizon: percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt wavy Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and boundary. chroma of 4 to 6 Bw—5 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Texture—loam or sandy loam in the fine-earth very cobbly sandy loam; weak fine subangular fraction blocky structure; very friable; common fine, medium, and coarse roots; 20 percent, by volume, C horizon (if it occurs): gravel and 30 percent cobbles; strongly acid; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5, and chroma of 4 abrupt wavy boundary. to 6 R—18 inches; unweathered metasandstone. Texture—sandy loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction Range in Characteristics Cr horizon: Thickness of solum: 10 to 20 inches Bedrock—weathered, moderately fractured granite Depth to bedrock: 7 to 20 inches Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent, by R horizon: volume, in the A horizon and 35 to 60 percent in Bedrock—unweathered, slightly fractured granite the Bw horizon Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile Unicoi Series A horizon: Depth class: Shallow Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma Drainage class: Excessively drained of 1 to 4 Permeability: Moderately rapid Texture—sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction Parent material: Residuum weathered from Bw horizon: metasandstone Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma Landscape: Blue Ridge of 3 to 6 Landform: Ridges Texture—sandy loam or loam in the fine-earth Landform position: Side slopes fraction Slope range: 35 to 99 percent Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic R horizon: Dystrochrepts Bedrock—unweathered metasandstone Cocke County Area, Tennessee 165

Waynesboro Series pores; common faint continuous clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent, by volume, rounded Depth class: Very deep graywacke and phyllite gravel; very strongly acid. Drainage class: Well drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderate Parent material: Old alluvium Thickness of solum: More than 60 inches Landscape: Ridges and Valleys Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Landform: High stream terraces Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, Landform position: Summits and side slopes throughout the profile Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Taxonomic class: Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic throughout the profile, except where surface layers Paleudults have been limed Typical Pedon Ap horizon: Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded; in chroma of 3 or 4 Sevier County; 3.4 miles east on U.S. Highway 411 Texture—loam from the intersection of U.S Highway 411 and State Route 66, about 0.8 mile south on State Route 416, Bt horizon: about 0.4 mile east on Old Newport Highway, 0.1 mile Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 to 5, and south on Harrisburg Mill Road to a road bank; USGS chroma of 6 to 8 Richardson Cove Topographic Quadrangle; lat. 35 Mottles—none to common in shades of brown, degrees 51 minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 83 yellow, and red in the lower part of horizon degrees 29 minutes 36 seconds W. Texture—clay or clay loam Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; common fine distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) mottles below a depth Whitesburg Series of 4 inches; weak medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; common fine continuous Depth class: Deep tubular pores; 5 percent, by volume, rounded Drainage class: Moderately well drained graywacke and phyllite gravel; strongly acid; Permeability: Moderate abrupt wavy boundary. Parent material: Local alluvium washed from materials Bt1—9 to 20 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate weathered from shale medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few Landscape: Ridges and Valleys fine roots; common fine continuous tubular pores; Landform: Drainageways common faint discontinuous clay films on faces of Landform position: Linear slopes peds; 5 percent, by volume, rounded graywacke Slope range: 1 to 5 percent and phyllite gravel; strongly acid; gradual smooth Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Aquic boundary. Dystric Eutrochrepts Bt2—20 to 39 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; Typical Pedon moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine continuous Whitesburg silt loam, occasionally flooded; in Sevier tubular pores; many distinct continuous clay films County; 0.5 mile north of the intersection of U.S. on faces of peds; 5 percent, by volume, rounded Highway 441 and State Route 66 on State Route 66, graywacke and phyllite gravel; very strongly acid; about 0.5 mile north on State Route 139 to Denton’s clear smooth boundary. driveway, 500 feet northeast of a homestead, in a Bt3—39 to 56 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; drainageway; USGS Douglas Dam Topographic moderate medium angular blocky structure; friable; Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 53 minutes 31 seconds N. few fine roots; few fine continuous tubular pores; and long. 83 degrees 34 minutes 34 seconds W. many distinct continuous clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent, by volume, rounded graywacke Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; and phyllite gravel; very strongly acid; clear moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine smooth boundary. roots; few fine continuous tubular pores; 2 percent, Bt4—56 to 72 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay; by volume, shale channers; neutral; clear smooth moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; boundary. few fine roots; common fine continuous tubular Bw1—4 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt 166 Soil Survey

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Bw horizon: friable; common fine roots; common very fine and Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma few fine and medium continuous tubular pores; 5 of 4 to 6 percent, by volume, shale channers; mildly Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Redoximorphic features—none to common Bw2—12 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt masses of iron concentration in shades of loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; brown; none to common masses of iron friable; few fine roots; common very fine and fine depletion in shades of gray and few medium continuous tubular pores; few fine C horizon: distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) irregularly Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma shaped masses of iron concentration in the matrix; of 3 or 4 5 percent, by volume, shale channers; mildly Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Redoximorphic features—few or common masses Bw3—18 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) of iron concentration in shades of brown; silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky common or many masses of iron depletion in structure; friable; few fine roots; common fine and shades of gray medium continuous tubular pores; common fine distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) and common Cr horizon: medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Bedrock—weathered calcareous shale irregularly shaped masses of iron concentration in the matrix; 10 percent, by volume, shale channers; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Whitwell Series C1—25 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty Depth class: Very deep clay loam; massive; firm; few fine and medium Drainage class: Moderately well drained continuous tubular pores; common fine distinct Permeability: Moderate light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped Parent material: Alluvium masses of iron depletion and yellowish brown Landscape: Ridges and Valleys (10YR 5/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron Landform: Low stream terraces concentration in the matrix; 10 percent, by volume, Landform position: Linear slopes shale channers; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Slope range: 0 to 3 percent boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic C2—34 to 53 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty Hapludalfs clay loam; massive; firm; few fine and medium continuous tubular pores; common fine distinct Typical Pedon light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped Whitwell loam, occasionally flooded; on the Fox Farm masses of iron depletion and few fine distinct in Inman Bend, west side of Point Pleasant Road from yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) irregularly shaped a field road along the south side of the property line, masses of iron concentration in the matrix; 10 660 feet north into the field, 75 feet west of a field percent, by volume, shale channers; moderately drain; USGS Springvale Topographic Quadrangle; lat. alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 36 degrees 8 minutes 35 seconds N. and long. 83 Cr—53 to 60 inches; weathered calcareous shale. degrees 13 minutes 14 seconds W. Range in Characteristics Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many very fine to Thickness of solum: 20 to 50 inches medium roots; common fine and medium Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches continuous pores; common manganese and iron Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, stains throughout the horizon; few fine mica flakes; throughout the profile 5 percent, by volume, well rounded sandstone Reaction: Slightly acid to moderately alkaline gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. throughout the profile BA—9 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; Ap horizon: weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 common fine and medium roots; common very or 4 fine and fine continuous tubular pores; few fine Texture—silt loam mica flakes; 5 percent, by volume, well rounded Cocke County Area, Tennessee 167

sandstone gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth Ap horizon: boundary. Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Bt1—13 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay chroma of 2 to 4 loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Texture—loam structure; friable; common very fine, fine, and BA horizon: medium roots; common fine and medium Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and continuous pores; common faint discontinuous chroma of 4 to 6 clay films on faces of peds and in pores; few fine Texture—loam mica flakes; few medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron Bt horizon: concentration in the matrix; 5 percent, by volume, Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and well rounded sandstone gravel; neutral; abrupt chroma of 4 to 6 smooth boundary. Texture—clay loam or loam Bt2—24 to 40 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky iron concentration in shades of red or brown; structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; few to many masses of iron depletion in shades common very fine continuous pores; common faint of gray discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in BC horizon (if it occurs): pores; few fine mica flakes; many medium distinct Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped chroma of 4 to 6 masses of iron depletion and prominent yellowish Texture—clay loam or loam red (5YR 4/6) irregularly shaped masses of iron Redoximorphic features—few to many masses of concentration in the matrix; neutral; abrupt smooth iron concentration in shades of red or brown; boundary. few to many masses of iron depletion in shades C—40 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; of gray massive; friable; fine mica flakes throughout the horizon; many medium distinct light brownish gray C horizon: (10YR 6/2) and common medium distinct pinkish Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and gray (5YR 6/2) irregularly shaped masses of iron chroma of 4 to 8 depletion in the matrix; common medium distinct Texture—loam, silt loam, or sandy loam light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) irregularly shaped Redoximorphic features—common or many masses of iron concentration in the matrix; neutral. masses of iron concentration in shades of red or brown; common or many masses of iron Range in Characteristics depletion in shades of gray Thickness of solum: 30 to 60 inches The Whitwell soils in Cocke County are considered Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches taxadjuncts to the series because the base saturation Content of rock fragments: Less than 15 percent, by at the critical depth for classification placement is volume, throughout the profile outside the range in characteristics for the series. This Reaction: Neutral or slightly alkaline throughout the difference, however, does not significantly affect the profile use and management of the soils.

169

References

(1) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

(2) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(3) United States Department of Agriculture. 1955. Soil survey of Cocke County, Tennessee.

(4) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(5) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1992. Keys to soil taxonomy. 5th ed. Soil Surv. Staff, Soil Manage. Support Serv. Tech. Monogr. 19.

(6) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

171

Glossary

Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary subject to flooding. stream near or at its junction with its main stream. Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, centimeters) in diameter. deposited on land by streams. Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage nearby central area for transport to a processing required by one mature cow of approximately facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement month. similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or features. the entire log is suspended. Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See after the removal of soil for construction and other Crown.) uses. Revegetation and erosion control are Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a extremely difficult. landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by material but have different characteristics as a an accumulation of illuvial clay. result of differences in relief and drainage. Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. Available water capacity (available moisture The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. available for use by most plants. It is commonly Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of defined as the difference between the amount of exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, soil water at field moisture capacity and the expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in other stated pH value. The term, as applied to inches, in a 40-inch profile or to a limiting layer is soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity expressed as: but is more precise in meaning. Very low ...... 0 to 2 Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by Low ...... 2 to 4 volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of Moderate ...... 4 to 6 sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as High ...... more than 6 much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. Base saturation. The degree to which material having Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less cation-exchange properties is saturated with than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, expressed as a percentage of the total cation- less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 exchange capacity. percent silt. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at content of iron, manganese, and clay because of the surface. the chemical reduction of iron and manganese Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A which consists of an illuvial horizon and the type of redoximorphic depletion. overlying eluvial horizons. Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the 172 Soil Survey

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root puddled soil material; and the manner in which the channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. soil material behaves when subject to Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. compression. Terms describing consistence are Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that centimeters) in diameter. follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded crops or summer fallow. rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 Control section. The part of the soil on which centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material classification is based. The thickness varies has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60 part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches percent. and 40 or 80 inches. Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical moved by creep, slide, or local wash and action that dissolves or weakens concrete or deposited at the base of steep slopes. uncoated steel. Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern improve and protect the soil between periods of or so small in area that it is not practical to map regular crop production, or a crop grown between them separately at the selected scale of mapping. trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. The pattern and proportion of the soils or Cropping system. Growing crops according to a miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all planned system of rotation and management areas. practices. Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal Crop residue management. Returning crop residue symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, plane. They typically take the form of concentric organic matter content, and fertility and helps to layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, control erosion. iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the compounds making up concretions. If formed in living branches and their foliage. place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations oxide are generally considered a type of tend to cave in or slough. redoximorphic concentration. Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per combination with needed cultural and cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of management practices. In a good conservation digging and can affect filling and compacting. cropping system, the soil-improving crops and Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over practices more than offset the effects of the soil- bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving moderately deep soils, 20 to 40 inches; shallow practices in a conservation cropping system soils, 10 to 20 inches; and very shallow soils, less include the use of rotations that contain grasses than 10 inches. and legumes and the return of crop residue to the Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the soil. Other practices include the use of green surface for the specified use. manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest generally a terrace, built to protect downslope control. areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount duration of wet periods under conditions similar to of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. those under which the soil formed. Alterations of Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion the water regime by human activities, either and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to through drainage or irrigation, are not a deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes consideration unless they have significantly resistance of soil material to rupture and to changed the morphology of the soil. Seven penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— Cocke County Area, Tennessee 173

excessively drained, somewhat excessively Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river drained, well drained, moderately well drained, action, as a fluvial plain. somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as very poorly drained. These classes are defined in much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a the “Soil Survey Manual.” mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, Footslope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. from an area. Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. or colloidal suspension from one place to another Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material and development because of given physical and through eluviation are eluvial; those that have biological factors by which it may be differentiated received material are illuvial. from other stands. Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in which all horizons between the upper boundary porosity and content of organic matter and low or of saturation and a depth of 2 meters are moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. saturated. A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher perched water table in a soil in which saturated bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under layers within 2 meters of the surface. pressure rather than to deform slowly. Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by moisture. Frost action can damage roads, such processes as gravitational creep. buildings and other structures, and plant roots. Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or especially to the processes or soil-forming factors animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, responsible for the formation of the solum, or true such as a fire, that exposes the surface. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, or cliff breaking the general continuity of more resulting in the reduction of iron and other gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from elements in the profile and in gray colors. erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel grass as protection against erosion. Conducts or sand for construction purposes. surface water away from cropland. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 balance, for the growth of specified plants when centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth pebble. factors are favorable. Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as downhill side of the road. 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of Flaggy soil material. Material that is, by volume, 15 to the material below the water table. 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely running water and through which water ordinarily flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a flagstones. gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser 38 centimeters) long. depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a tillage. stream and is subject to flooding unless protected Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated artificially. except by blasting or by the use of special 174 Soil Survey

equipment that is not commonly used in Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath construction. the soil. High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but from these crops can be used to control erosion it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. until the next crop in the rotation is established. Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped These crops return large amounts of organic according to their runoff potential. The soil matter to the soil. properties that influence this potential are those Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting commonly of limited summit area and having a when the soil is not frozen. These properties are well defined outline; hillsides generally have depth to a seasonal high water table, the slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable dependent on local usage. layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to considered but are separate factors in predicting the surface, having distinct characteristics runoff. produced by soil-forming processes. In the Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter molten or partially molten state. Major varieties represents the major horizons. Numbers or include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are lowercase letters that follow represent andesite, basalt, and granite. subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as material is removed from an upper horizon and follows: deposited in a lower horizon. O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the decaying plant residue. immediate surface of soil or other material, as A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the contrasted with percolation, which is movement of surface in which an accumulation of humified water through soil layers or material. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually originally part of a B horizon. expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or rate at which water is applied at the surface. some combination of these. Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A content of iron and manganese oxide because of horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay transition from the overlying A to the underlying C content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive type of redoximorphic depletion. characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) plains surrounded by levees or dikes. a combination of these. Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected by small earth ridges called border dikes, or by soil-forming processes and does not have the borders. properties typical of the overlying soil material. Controlled flooding.—Water is released at The material of a C horizon may be either like or intervals from closely spaced field ditches and unlike that in which the solum formed. If the distributed uniformly over the field. material is known to differ from that in the solum, Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- letter C. growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only one direction. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 175

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, under low pressure to the surface of the soil or silt loam, or silt. into the soil through such applicators as emitters, Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in porous tubing, or perforated pipe. mineralogical composition, chemical composition, Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. tree and row crops. Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface low in organic material. Its bulk density is more through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. than that of organic soil. Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop tile lines until the water table is raised enough to production and prevention of soil damage. wet the soil. Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. allowed to flow onto an area without controlled Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy distribution. loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus loam, or silty clay loam. forming numerous depressions or small basins. Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation landforms. and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches upper part of the subsoil. (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, adversely affect the specified use of the soil. including the texture, structure, porosity, Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, other material by percolating water. and biological properties of the various horizons, Linear extensibility. Refers to the change in length of and the thickness and arrangement of those an unconfined clod as moisture content is horizons in the soil profile. decreased from a moist to a dry state. Linear Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that extensibility is used to determine the shrink-swell vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as potential of soils. It is an expression of the volume follows: abundance—few, common, and many; change between the water content of the clod at size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— 1 1 /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) faint, distinct, and prominent. The size and oven dryness. Volume change is influenced by measurements are of the diameter along the the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 The volume change is the percent change for the millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 whole soil. If it is expressed as a fraction, the millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, resulting value is COLE, coefficient of linear more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). extensibility. Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding passes from a plastic to a liquid state. lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated than 52 percent sand particles. mass or in a group forming a chain or range. Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to Mudstone. Sedimentary rock formed by induration of support loads. silt and clay in approximately equal amounts. Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary of three simple variables—hue, value, and with the surrounding soil material and cannot be chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of making up masses are calcium carbonate, 4. gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide (See Reaction, soil.) or manganese oxide generally are considered a Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant type of redoximorphic concentration. essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly 176 Soil Survey

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, features that affect its use and management, such magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, as slope, stoniness, and flooding. boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) water. Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. various stages of decomposition. The content of Plasticity index. The numerical difference between organic matter in the surface layer is described as the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of follows: moisture content within which the soil remains Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent plastic. Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent changes from semisolid to plastic. Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent summit area that is considerably elevated (more Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and separated from them on one or more sides by Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and escarpments. mineral material in which soil forms. Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a depressions. Unless the soils are artificially granule, a prism, or a block. drained, the water can be removed only by Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” percolation or evapotranspiration. A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from permeability, the soil may not adequately filter about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 effluent from a waste disposal system. square meters), depending on the variability of the Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse-grained soil or soil soil. material consisting mainly of particles of nearly Percolation. The downward movement of water the same size. Because there is little difference in through the soil. size of the particles, density can be increased only Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water slightly by compaction. through the soil adversely affects the specified Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where use. surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water or expensive to install. or air to move downward through the profile. The Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is producing a specified plant or sequence of plants accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil under specific management. physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil through all its horizons and into the parent Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in material. the engineering profession and with traditional Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow maintains enough cover to protect the soil and continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the describing permeability, measured in inches per desirable vegetation. This practice increases the hour, are as follows: vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch necessary to conserve soil and water. Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches values, are: Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 Cocke County Area, Tennessee 177

Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 channels from an area. The water that flows off the Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 surface of the land without sinking into the soil is Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 before reaching surface streams is called ground- Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 fragments ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher of quartz. As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more sand and not more than 10 Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, percent clay. concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly features resulting from the accumulation of iron or sand-sized particles. manganese oxide. An indication of chemical Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from below. which iron and manganese oxide or a combination Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of removed. These zones are indications of the saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix chemical reduction of iron resulting from into an unlined auger hole. saturation. Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic deposited from suspension in water. The chief concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha- formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; dipyridyl, and other features indicating the shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are manganese compounds resulting from saturation. many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in sand is consolidated into sandstone. situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through The chemical reduction results from nearly the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a use. change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) type of redoximorphic feature. Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered almost alike, except for differences in texture of rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the the surface layer. All the soils of a series have loose earth material above the solid rock. horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, and arrangement. considered collectively. Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, clay deposit. weathered or partly weathered mineral material Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when that accumulated as consolidated rock dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and disintegrated in place. swelling can damage roads, dams, building Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical foundations, and other structures. It can also means during road construction. It is commonly on damage plant roots. the uphill side of the road. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. percent clay. Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly by plant roots. silt-sized particles. Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic 178 Soil Survey

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 and have similar conservation needs or Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 management requirements for the major land uses Clay ...... less than 0.002 in the survey area. Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where horizon, in which the processes of soil formation limestone has been dissolved. are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of based on the height of the dominant stand at an the material in these horizons are unlike those of arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average the material below the solum. The living roots and height attained by dominant and codominant trees plant and animal activities are largely confined to in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is the solum. 75 feet, the site index is 75. Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. wet. Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the that interfere with or prevent tillage. horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic distance divided by horizontal distance, then arrangement of strips or bands that provide multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In erosion. this survey, classes for simple slopes are as Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil follows: particles into compound particles or aggregates. Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent The principal forms of soil structure are—platy Gently sloping ...... 2 to 5 percent (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates Strongly sloping ...... 5 to 12 percent longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Moderately steep ...... 12 to 25 percent rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), Steep ...... 25 to 60 percent and granular. Structureless soils are either single Very steep ...... 60 percent and higher grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or massive (the particles adhering without any Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). practices are required to ensure satisfactory Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of performance of the soil for a specific use. the solum below plow depth. Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, adversely affect the specified use of the soil. or EB) below the surface layer. Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with Suitability ratings. Ratings for the degree of trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and suitability of soils for pasture, crops, woodland, other equipment commonly used in construction. and engineering uses. The ratings and the general Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s criteria used for their selection are as follows: surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has Well suited.—The intended use may be initiated properties resulting from the integrated effect of and maintained by using only the standard climate and living matter acting on earthy parent materials and methods typically required for that material, as conditioned by relief over periods of use. Good soil performance and low maintenance time. can be expected. Vegetation or other attributes Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 can easily be maintained, improved, or millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging established. between specified size limits. The names and Suited.—The limitations affecting the intended use sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in make special planning, design, or maintenance the United States are as follows: necessary. Vegetation or other attributes can be Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 maintained, improved, or established but a more Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 intensive management effort is needed to maintain Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 the resource base. Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 Poorly suited.—The intended use is difficult or Cocke County Area, Tennessee 179

costly to initiate and maintain because of certain Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat soil properties, such as steep slopes, a severe or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. hazard of erosion, a high water table, low fertility, Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and a hazard of flooding. Overcoming the and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic unfavorable property requires special design, extra textural classes, in order of increasing proportion maintenance, or costly alteration. Vegetation or of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy other attributes are difficult to establish or loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay maintain. loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and Unsuited.—The intended use is very difficult or clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam costly to initiate and maintain, and thus it generally classes may be further divided by specifying should not be undertaken. “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth that is too thin for the specified use. from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling “Ap horizon.” emergence, and root penetration. Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the base considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions of a hill; part of a footslope. of these horizons. Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily series recognized in the classification system. rich in organic matter and is used to topdress Such soils are named for a series they strongly roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than that series because they differ in ways too small to the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the be of consequence in interpreting their use and lowlands along streams. behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only Weathering. All physical and chemical changes when one or more of their characteristics are produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the slightly outside the range defined for the family of earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These the series for which the soils are named. changes result in disintegration and Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed decomposition of the material. across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts coarse-grained particles that are well distributed surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a normally can be easily increased in density and field generally is built so that the field can be bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage poorly graded soil. has a deep channel that is maintained in Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by permanent sod. the wind.

181

Tables 182 Soil Survey

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Newport, Tennessee)

______|______Temperature | Precipitation | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | |10______will have-- | Average | |______will have-- | Average |Aver- Month |Average|Average|Average|Maximum|Minimum|number of|Average| | |number of|age | daily | daily | |temp. |temp. | growing | | Less | More |days with|snow- |maximum|minimum| |higher |lower | degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch|fall ______| | | |than-- |than-- | days* | | | | or more | | o__F | __oF | __oF | o__F | o__F | Units_____ | In__ | In__ | In__ | | In__ | | | | | | | | | | | January--| 45.7 | 23.8 | 34.8 | 73 | -5 | 62 | 3.49 | 2.23| 4.63| 8 | 6.5 | | | | | | | | | | | February-| 50.4 | 26.4 | 38.4 | 75 | 3 | 97 | 3.59 | 2.02| 4.98| 7 | 3.0 | | | | | | | | | | | March----| 61.2 | 34.9 | 48.1 | 83 | 14 | 284 | 4.26 | 2.50| 5.84| 8 | 0.8 | | | | | | | | | | | April----| 70.1 | 42.8 | 56.5 | 88 | 25 | 496 | 3.57 | 2.10| 4.87| 7 | 0.1 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 77.4 | 51.6 | 64.5 | 90 | 33 | 760 | 4.59 | 2.99| 6.05| 8 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | June-----| 84.6 | 60.4 | 72.5 | 95 | 44 | 975 | 3.59 | 2.05| 4.96| 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | July-----| 87.6 | 64.5 | 76.0 | 97 | 52 | 1,118 | 4.45 | 2.75| 5.98| 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | August---| 86.9 | 63.5 | 75.2 | 96 | 51 | 1,091 | 3.83 | 2.13| 5.34| 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | September| 81.7 | 56.8 | 69.2 | 94 | 39 | 876 | 3.33 | 1.82| 4.67| 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | October--| 71.0 | 43.2 | 57.1 | 86 | 25 | 531 | 2.56 | 1.58| 3.61| 5 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | November-| 60.7 | 34.9 | 47.8 | 80 | 16 | 263 | 3.19 | 2.08| 4.20| 7 | 0.3 | | | | | | | | | | | December-| 50.0 | 27.0 | 38.5 | 75 | 4 | 104 | 3.42 | 2.02| 4.68| 7 | 1.6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average| 68.9 | 44.2 | 56.6 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme| 100 | -23 | --- | 98 | -7 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total--| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6,656 | 43.87 | 34.26| 50.93| 84 | 12.3 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minumum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F). Cocke County Area, Tennessee 183

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Newport, Tennessee)

______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 8 | Apr. 17 | May 3 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 1 | Apr. 12 | Apr. 29 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 18 | Apr. 3 | Apr. 20 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 26 | Oct. 14 | Oct. 5 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 1 | Oct. 20 | Oct. 10 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than- | Nov. 12 | Oct. 31 | Oct. 20 ______| | |

Table 3.—Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Newport, Tennessee)

______| Daily minimum temperature |______during growing season Probability | | | | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than ______| 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 212 | 189 | 167 | | | 8 years in 10 | 221 | 197 | 172 | | | 5 years in 10 | 238 | 211 | 182 | | | 2 years in 10 | 255 | 225 | 192 | | | 1 year in 10 | 264 | 232 | 198 ______| | | 184 Soil Survey

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent symbol | | | ______| | | | | | Be |Biltmore fine sandy loam, occasionally flooded------| 1,628 | 0.6 Bm |Bloomingdale silt loam, occasionally ponded------| 2,390 | 0.9 BtC |Brasstown loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes------| 594 | 0.2 BtD |Brasstown loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 6,107 | 2.3 BtE |Brasstown loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 831 | 0.3 BtF |Brasstown loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 145 | * BtG |Brasstown loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 1,590 | 0.6 CaE |Cataska channery silt loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 4,093 | 1.5 CaF |Cataska channery silt loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 14,615 | 5.5 CaG |Cataska channery silt loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 9,474 | 3.6 ChE |Chestnut loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 698 | 0.3 ChF |Chestnut loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 1,053 | 0.4 ChG |Chestnut loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 761 | 0.3 CkD |Chiswell channery loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 200 | * CkE |Chiswell channery loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes------| 1,207 | 0.5 Cm |Combs loam, rarely flooded------| 179 | * Cr |Craigsville gravelly fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes, | | | bouldery, occasionally flooded------| 7,638 | 2.9 DeC2 |Dewey silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 9,824 | 3.7 DeD2 |Dewey silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 11,398 | 4.3 DeE2 |Dewey silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,180 | 0.4 DhD |Ditney sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 1,748 | 0.7 DhE |Ditney sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 1,924 | 0.7 DhF |Ditney sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 4,467 | 1.7 DhG |Ditney sandy loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 2,521 | 1.0 GcC2 |Groseclose silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 693 | 0.3 GcD2 |Groseclose silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,266 | 0.5 GcE2 |Groseclose silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, eroded------| 201 | * GwE |Gullied land-Dewey complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes------| 1,850 | 0.7 GxE |Gullied land-Nonaburg complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes------| 1,978 | 0.7 HnB |Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,017 | 0.4 HnC |Holston loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 1,953 | 0.7 HnD |Holston loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 837 | 0.3 JaC |Junaluska loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 130 | * JbD |Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 12 to 20 percent slopes------| 1,585 | 0.6 JbE |Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 1,826 | 0.7 JbF |Junaluska-Brasstown complex, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 1,923 | 0.7 KfC |Keener loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, stony------| 6,705 | 2.5 KfD |Keener loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes, stony------| 8,472 | 3.2 KfE |Keener loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, stony------| 3,945 | 1.5 LeB |Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 3,213 | 1.2 LsB |Leesburg cobbly loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 182 | * LsC |Leesburg cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 509 | 0.2 LsD |Leesburg cobbly loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 275 | 0.1 MaE |Maymead loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 1,035 | 0.4 MaF |Maymead loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 7,553 | 2.9 MuC2 |Muse silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 247 | * MxC2 |Muse cobbly loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 79 | * Ne |Nelse sandy loam, occasionally flooded------| 2,875 | 1.1 NhB |Nolichucky loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes------| 246 | * NhC |Nolichucky loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes------| 1,811 | 0.7 NhD |Nolichucky loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes------| 1,693 | 0.6 NnC3 |Nonaburg channery silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, severely | | | eroded, rocky------| 8,162 | 3.1 NnD3 |Nonaburg channery silt loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, severely | | | eroded, rocky------| 4,871 | 1.8 NnE3 |Nonaburg channery silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, severely | | | eroded, rocky------| 27,086 | 10.2 NoD |Northcove stony sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes, bouldery-----| 3,501 | 1.3 | | |

See footnote at end of table. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 185

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils—Continued ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent symbol | | | ______| | | | | | NoE |Northcove stony sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, bouldery----| 1,230 | 0.5 NoF |Northcove stony sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes, bouldery----| 1,004 | 0.4 NoG |Northcove stony sandy loam, 50 to 80 percent slopes, bouldery----| 637 | 0.2 Pe |Pettyjon loam, occasionally flooded------| 5,670 | 2.1 Ph |Philo fine sandy loam, occasionally flooded------| 1,289 | 0.5 Po |Pope sandy loam, occasionally flooded------| 800 | 0.3 PsE |Porters loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 291 | 0.1 PsF |Porters loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 195 | * PuD |Porters-Unaka complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, stony------| 266 | 0.1 PuE |Porters-Unaka complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, stony------| 17 | * RuG |Rock outcrop-Unicoi complex, 50 to 99 percent slopes------| 134 | * Sh |Shady loam, occasionally flooded------| 1,144 | 0.4 SoE |Soco fine sandy loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, stony------| 1,598 | 0.6 SoF |Soco fine sandy loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes, stony------| 2,852 | 1.1 SoG |Soco-Stecoah complex, 50 to 95 percent slopes------| 19 | * Sr |Statler loam, occasionally flooded------| 356 | 0.1 Su |Steadman silt loam, occasionally flooded------| 4,270 | 1.6 SyE |Sylco channery silt loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 709 | 0.3 SyF |Sylco-Cataska complex, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 2,408 | 0.9 SyG |Sylco-Cataska complex, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 7,800 | 2.9 TaD2 |Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to 25 percent slopes, eroded----| 473 | 0.2 TaE2 |Talbott-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, eroded----| 5,178 | 2.0 TuE |Tusquitee loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes------| 800 | 0.3 TuF |Tusquitee loam, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 1,695 | 0.6 Ty |Tyler silt loam------| 1,255 | 0.5 Ud |Udorthents, loamy------| 44 | * UnF |Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 50 percent slopes------| 5,885 | 2.2 UnG |Unicoi-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 80 percent slopes------| 16,615 | 6.3 Ur |Urban land------| 1,079 | 0.4 W |Water------| 6,137 | 2.3 WaB2 |Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded------| 134 | * WaC2 |Waynesboro loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, eroded------| 1,777 | 0.7 WaD2 |Waynesboro loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 845 | 0.3 WcD2 |Waynesboro cobbly loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, eroded------| 54 | * Wf |Whitesburg silt loam, occasionally flooded------| 6,092 | 2.3 Wt |Whitwell loam, occasionally flooded------| 164 | * | |______|______| Total------| 264,900 | 100.0 ______| | |

* Less than 0.1 percent. 186 Soil Survey

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. They are for nonirrigated areas. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Tobacco and soil name |capability| | | hay | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | Be: | | 100.00 | 25.00 | --- | 8.00 | --- Biltmore------| 2w | | | | | | | | | | | Bm: | | 85.00 | 16.00 | 3.50 | 7.00 | --- Bloomingdale------| 3w | | | | | | | | | | | BtC: | | --- | --- | --- | 6.00 | --- Brasstown------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | BtD: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Brasstown------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | BtE, BtF, BtG: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Brasstown------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | CaE, CaF, CaG: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Cataska------| 7s | | | | | | | | | | | ChE, ChF, ChG: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Chestnut------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | CkD: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Chiswell------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | CkE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Chiswell------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | Cm: | | 135.00 | --- | 4.50 | 8.50 | 3,200.00 Combs------| 2w | | | | | | | | | | | Cr: | | 70.00 | 12.00 | 1.50 | 4.50 | --- Craigsville------| 3s | | | | | | | | | | | DeC2: | | 60.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- Dewey------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | DeD2: | | 65.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- Dewey------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | DeE2: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Dewey------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | DhD: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Ditney------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | DhE, DhF, DhG: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Ditney------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | GcC2: | | 110.00 | 18.00 | 3.25 | 7.50 | --- Groseclose------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | GcD2: | | 80.00 | --- | 3.00 | 6.50 | --- Groseclose------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 187

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Tobacco and soil name |capability| | | hay | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | GcE2: | | 80.00 | --- | 3.00 | 6.50 | --- Groseclose------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | GwE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Gullied land-Dewey------| 8e | | | | | | | | | | | GxE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Gullied land-Nonaburg---| 8e | | | | | | | | | | | HnB: | | 90.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,300.00 Holston------| 2e | | | | | | | | | | | HnC: | | 85.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,200.00 Holston------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | HnD: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Holston------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | JaC: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Junaluska------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | JbD: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Junaluska-Brasstown-----| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | JbE, JbF: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Junaluska-Brasstown-----| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | KfC: | | 95.00 | --- | 3.40 | --- | 2,500.00 Keener------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | KfD: | | 95.00 | --- | 3.40 | --- | 2,500.00 Keener------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | KfE: | | 95.00 | --- | 3.40 | --- | 2,500.00 Keener------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | LeB: | | 75.00 | --- | --- | 6.00 | 1,800.00 Leadvale------| 2e | | | | | | | | | | | LsB: | | 60.00 | --- | --- | 5.50 | 1,900.00 Leesburg------| 3s | | | | | | | | | | | LsC: | | 55.00 | --- | --- | 5.50 | 1,800.00 Leesburg------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | LsD: | | --- | --- | --- | 5.00 | --- Leesburg------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | MaE: | | --- | --- | --- | 5.50 | --- Maymead------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | MaF: | | --- | --- | --- | 5.50 | --- Maymead------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | MuC2, MxC2: | | 100.00 | --- | --- | 6.50 | 2,700.00 Muse------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 188 Soil Survey

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Tobacco and soil name |capability| | | hay | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | Ne: | | --- | --- | --- | 4.00 | --- Nelse------| 3w | | | | | | | | | | | NhB: | | 90.00 | --- | --- | 7.00 | 2,600.00 Nolichucky------| 2e | | | | | | | | | | | NhC: | | 70.00 | --- | --- | 6.40 | 2,150.00 Nolichucky------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | NhD: | | 70.00 | --- | --- | 6.40 | 2,150.00 Nolichucky------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | NnC3: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Nonaburg------| 6s | | | | | | | | | | | NnD3, NnE3: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Nonaburg------| 7s | | | | | | | | | | | NoD, NoE, NoF, NoG: | | --- | --- | --- | 2.50 | --- Northcove------| 7s | | | | | | | | | | | Pe: | | 120.00 | --- | --- | 8.50 | 2,200.00 Pettyjon------| 2w | | | | | | | | | | | Ph: | | 130.00 | --- | 3.50 | 8.50 | --- Philo------| 2w | | | | | | | | | | | Po: | | 130.00 | --- | 4.00 | 8.00 | 3,000.00 Pope------| 2w | | | | | | | | | | | PsE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Porters------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | PsF: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Porters------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | PuD: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Porters-Unaka------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | PuE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Porters-Unaka------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | RuG: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Rock outcrop-Unicoi-----| 8s | | | | | | | | | | | Sh: | | 120.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,700.00 Shady------| 1 | | | | | | | | | | | SoE, SoF: | | --- | --- | --- | 4.00 | --- Soco------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | SoG: | | --- | --- | --- | 4.00 | --- Soco-Stecoah------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | Sr: | | 125.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,300.00 Statler------| 2w | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Cocke County Area, Tennessee 189

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Grass-legume| Pasture | Tobacco and soil name |capability| | | hay | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | ___Lbs | | | | | | Su: | | 125.00 | --- | 3.50 | --- | 2,800.00 Steadman------| 2w | | | | | | | | | | | SyE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Sylco------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | SyF, SyG: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Sylco-Cataska------| 7s | | | | | | | | | | | TaD2: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Talbott------| 6e | | | | | Rock outcrop------| 8s | | | | | | | | | | | TaE2: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Talbott------| 7e | | | | | Rock outcrop------| 8s | | | | | | | | | | | TuE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Tusquitee------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | TuF: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Tusquitee------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | Ty: | | 95.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- Tyler------| 3w | | | | | | | | | | | Ud: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Udorthents------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | UnF, UnG: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Unicoi-Rock outcrop-----| 7s | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB2: | | 105.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,500.00 Waynesboro------| 2e | | | | | | | | | | | WaC2: | | 90.00 | --- | --- | --- | 2,200.00 Waynesboro------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | WaD2, WcD2: | | 80.00 | --- | --- | --- | --- Waynesboro------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | Wf: | | 100.00 | --- | --- | 8.00 | 2,400.00 Whitesburg------| 2w | | | | | | | | | | | Wt: | | 85.00 | --- | --- | 7.00 | 1,800.00 Whitwell------| 2w | | | | | ______| | | | | |

* Animal unit month: The amount of forage required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. 190 Soil Survey

Table 6.—Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the conditions are specified in parentheses after the soil name)

______| Map | Soil name symbol | ______| | Bm |Bloomingdale silt loam, occasionally ponded (if drained) Cm |Combs loam, rarely flooded HnB |Holston loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes LeB |Leadvale silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes NhB |Nolichucky loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes Pe |Pettyjon loam, occasionally flooded Ph |Philo fine sandy loam, occasionally flooded (if protected from flooding or not | frequently flooded during the growing season) Po |Pope sandy loam, occasionally flooded Sh |Shady loam, occasionally flooded Sr |Statler loam, occasionally flooded Su |Steadman silt loam, occasionally flooded WaB2 |Waynesboro loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes, eroded Wf |Whitesburg silt loam, occasionally flooded Wt |Whitwell loam, occasionally flooded ______| Cocke County Area, Tennessee 191 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| Be: | Biltmore------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|American sycamore---| --- | |American sycamore, | |eastern white pine--| 103 |186.00 black walnut, | |northern red oak----| --- eastern white | |white ash------| --- pine, yellow- | |white oak------| --- poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 106 |114.00 | Bm: | Bloomingdale----|Slight |Severe |sweetgum------| 80 | 86.00 |American sycamore, | |water oak------| 80 72.00 sweetgum | BtC: | Brasstown------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 74 |114.00 |eastern white pine, | |black oak------| --- loblolly pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 96 |172.00 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 80 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 71 |114.00 | |white oak------| 80 57.00 | BtD, BtE: | Brasstown------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 74 |114.00 |eastern white pine, | |black oak------| --- loblolly pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 96 |172.00 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 80 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 71 |114.00 | |white oak------| 80 57.00 | 192 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| BtF, BtG: | Brasstown------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 74 |114.00 |eastern white pine, | |black oak------| --- loblolly pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 96 |172.00 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 80 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 71 |114.00 | |white oak------| 80 57.00 | CaE: | Cataska------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| 50 | 29.00 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 50 --- | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | CaF: | Cataska------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| 50 | 29.00 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 50 --- | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | CaG: | Cataska------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| 40 | 29.00 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 40 --- | |scarlet oak------| 40 29.00 | ChE: | Chestnut------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|black oak------| 71 | 57.00 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 69 57.00 white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 78 |143.00 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57.00 yellow-poplar | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 68 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| 70 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 97 |100.00 | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 193 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| ChF, ChG: | Chestnut------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|black oak------| 71 | 57.00 |Fraser fir, eastern | |chestnut oak------| 69 57.00 white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 78 |143.00 shortleaf pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57.00 yellow-poplar | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 68 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| 70 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 97 |100.00 | CkD, CkE: | Chiswell------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 61 | 86.00 |eastern white pine | |northern red oak----| 74 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 93 |100.00 | Cm: | Combs------|Slight |Slight |Severe |American sycamore---| --- | |black walnut, | |black walnut------| --- eastern white | |northern red oak----| 90 72.00 pine, northern | |white oak------| --- oak, shortleaf | |yellow-poplar------| 115 |129.00 pine, white ash, | white oak, yellow- | poplar | Cr: | Craigsville-----|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 80 |114.00 |eastern white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 loblolly pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 95 |100.00 | DeC2: | Dewey------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |black walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 78 |114.00 eastern white | |shortleaf pine------| 73 |114.00 pine, loblolly | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 pine, yellow- | |white oak------| 70 57.00 poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | DeD2: | Dewey------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |black walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 78 |114.00 eastern white | |shortleaf pine------| 73 |114.00 pine, loblolly | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 pine, yellow- | |white oak------| 70 57.00 poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | 194 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| DeE2: | Dewey------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |black walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 78 |114.00 eastern white | |shortleaf pine------| 73 |114.00 pine, loblolly | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 pine, yellow- | |white oak------| 70 57.00 poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | DhD, DhE: | Ditney------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86.00 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 |114.00 eastern | |northern red oak----| 60 43.00 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86.00 pine | DhF, DhG: | Ditney------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86.00 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 |114.00 eastern | |northern red oak----| 60 43.00 pine, shortleaf | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86.00 pine | GcC2: | Groseclose------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 |eastern pine, | |northern red oak----| 85 72.00 yellow-poplar | |white oak------| 85 72.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 86 86.00 | GcD2: | Groseclose------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 |eastern pine, | |northern red oak----| 85 72.00 yellow-poplar | |white oak------| 85 72.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 86 86.00 | GcE2: | Groseclose------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 |eastern pine, | |northern red oak----| 85 72.00 yellow-poplar | |white oak------| 85 72.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 86 86.00 | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 195 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| GwE: | Gullied land. | | Dewey------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |black walnut, | |loblolly pine------| 78 |114.00 eastern white | |shortleaf pine------| 73 |114.00 pine, loblolly | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 pine, yellow- | |white oak------| 70 57.00 poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | GxE: | Gullied land. | | Nonaburg------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- | |Virginia pine, | |eastern redcedar----| 40 --- eastern redcedar | HnB, HnC: | Holston------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 78 | 57.00 |loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 69 |114.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 86 86.00 | HnD: | Holston------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|northern red oak----| 78 | 57.00 |loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 69 |114.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 86 86.00 | JaC: | Junaluska------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 65 |100.00 |Scotch pine, | |black oak------| --- eastern white | |chestnut oak------| 56 43.00 pine, shortleaf | |eastern white pine--| 86 |157.00 pine | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| 66 |100.00 | |scarlet oak------| 65 43.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 68 |100.00 | |white oak------| 61 43.00 | 196 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| JbD, JbE: | Junaluska------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 65 |100.00 |Scotch pine, | |black oak------| --- eastern white | |chestnut oak------| 56 43.00 pine, shortleaf | |eastern white pine--| 86 |157.00 pine | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| 66 |100.00 | |scarlet oak------| 65 43.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 68 |100.00 | |white oak------| 61 43.00 | Brasstown------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 74 |114.00 |eastern white pine, | |black oak------| --- loblolly pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 96 |172.00 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 80 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 71 |114.00 | |white oak------| 80 57.00 | JbF: | Junaluska------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 65 |100.00 |Scotch pine, | |black oak------| --- eastern white | |chestnut oak------| 56 43.00 pine, shortleaf | |eastern white pine--| 86 |157.00 pine | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| 66 |100.00 | |scarlet oak------| 65 43.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 68 |100.00 | |white oak------| 61 43.00 | Brasstown------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 74 |114.00 |eastern white pine, | |black oak------| --- loblolly pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 96 |172.00 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 80 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 71 |114.00 | |white oak------| 80 57.00 | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 197 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| KfC: | Keener------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 |114.00 |Virginia pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57.00 northern oak, | |yellow-poplar------| 115 |129.00 yellow-poplar | KfD, KfE: | Keener------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 |114.00 |Virginia pine, | |northern red oak----| 80 57.00 northern oak, | |yellow-poplar------| 115 |129.00 yellow-poplar | LeB: | Leadvale------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 |114.00 shortleaf pine | |white oak------| 70 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | LsB, LsC: | Leesburg------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |Virginia pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 |114.00 loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 96 86.00 yellow-poplar | LsD: | Leesburg------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 70 |114.00 |Virginia pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 70 |114.00 loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 96 86.00 yellow-poplar | MaE: | Maymead------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Severe |northern red oak----| 75 | 57.00 |black walnut, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 eastern white | pine, yellow- | poplar | MaF: | Maymead------|Severe |Severe |Slight |northern red oak----| 75 | 57.00 |black walnut, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 eastern white | pine, yellow- | poplar | 198 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| MuC2, MxC2: | Muse------|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 67 |100.00 |eastern white pine, | |black oak------| 56 43.00 northern red oak, | |chestnut oak------| 62 43.00 shortleaf pine, | |red maple------| --- white oak, yellow- | |shortleaf pine------| 79 |129.00 poplar | |white oak------| 59 43.00 | |yellow-poplar------| --- | Ne: | Nelse------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |American sycamore---| --- | sycamore, | |black willow------| --- green ash, | |boxelder------| --- sweetgum | |green ash------| --- | |river birch------| --- | |silver maple------| --- | |sweetgum------| 98 |129.00 | NhB, NhC: | Nolichucky------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 |114.00 |eastern white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 80 |129.00 shortleaf pine, | |southern red oak----| 80 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 100 |114.00 | NhD: | Nolichucky------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 |114.00 |eastern white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 80 |129.00 shortleaf pine, | |southern red oak----| 80 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 100 |114.00 | NnC3: | Nonaburg------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- | |Virginia pine, | |eastern redcedar----| 40 --- eastern redcedar | NnD3: | Nonaburg------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- | |Virginia pine, | |eastern redcedar----| 40 --- eastern redcedar | NnE3: | Nonaburg------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| --- | |Virginia pine, | |eastern redcedar----| 40 --- eastern redcedar | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 199 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| NoD: | Northcove------|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |eastern white pine | |black oak------| --- | |chestnut oak------| --- | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | NoE: | Northcove------|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |eastern white pine | |black oak------| --- | |chestnut oak------| --- | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | NoF, NoG: | Northcove------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |eastern white pine | |black oak------| --- | |chestnut oak------| --- | |eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | Pe: | Pettyjon------|Slight |Slight |Severe |white oak------| 80 | 57.00 |black walnut, | |yellow-poplar------| 100 |114.00 yellow-poplar | Ph: | Philo------|Slight |Slight |Severe |Virginia pine------| 74 |114.00 |eastern white pine, | |black oak------| 85 72.00 yellow-poplar | |northern red oak----| 86 72.00 | |white ash------| 85 |114.00 | |white oak------| 85 72.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 102 |114.00 | 200 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| Po: | Pope------|Slight |Slight |Severe |American basswood---| --- | |black walnut, | |American beech------| --- eastern white | |American sycamore---| --- pine, northern red | |bitternut hickory---| --- oak, shortleaf | |blackgum------| --- pine, white ash, | |eastern hemlock-----| --- white oak, yellow- | |northern red oak----| --- poplar | |white oak------| 80 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 96 |100.00 | PsE: | Porters------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 |114.00 |Fraser fir, Norway | |black locust------| --- spruce, Scotch | |eastern white pine--| 89 |157.00 pine, eastern | |hickory------| --- white pine, | |northern red oak----| 75 57.00 yellow-poplar | |red maple------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 70 |114.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 96 |100.00 | PsF: | Porters------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 |114.00 |Fraser fir, Norway | |black locust------| --- spruce, Scotch | |eastern white pine--| 89 |157.00 pine, eastern | |hickory------| --- white pine, | |northern red oak----| 75 57.00 yellow-poplar | |red maple------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 70 |114.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 96 |100.00 | PuD: | Porters------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 |114.00 |Fraser fir, Norway | |black locust------| --- spruce, Scotch | |eastern white pine--| 89 |157.00 pine, eastern | |hickory------| --- white pine, | |northern red oak----| 75 57.00 yellow-poplar | |red maple------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 70 |114.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 96 |100.00 | Unaka------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 |eastern pine, | |northern red oak----| 70 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 201 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| PuE: | Porters------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| 80 |114.00 |Fraser fir, Norway | |black locust------| --- spruce, Scotch | |eastern white pine--| 89 |157.00 pine, eastern | |hickory------| --- white pine, | |northern red oak----| 75 57.00 yellow-poplar | |red maple------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 70 |114.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 96 |100.00 | Unaka------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|eastern white pine--| 80 |143.00 |eastern pine, | |northern red oak----| 70 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 | RuG: | Rock outcrop. | | Unicoi------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 50 | 72.00 pine | |chestnut oak------| 50 29.00 | |pitch pine------| 40 57.00 | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | Sh: | Shady------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|hickory------| --- | |black walnut, | |southern red oak----| 80 57.00 loblolly pine, | |white oak------| 80 57.00 yellow-poplar | |yellow-poplar------| 100 |114.00 | SoE: | Soco------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| 68 57.00 shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 85 |157.00 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 76 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 61 86.00 | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | 202 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| SoF: | Soco------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| 68 57.00 shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 85 |157.00 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 76 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 61 86.00 | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | SoG: | Soco------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| 68 57.00 shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 85 |157.00 | |northern red oak----| --- | |pitch pine------| --- | |scarlet oak------| 76 57.00 | |shortleaf pine------| 61 86.00 | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| --- | Stecoah------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Virginia pine------| --- | |Fraser fir, eastern | |black oak------| --- white pine, | |chestnut oak------| --- shortleaf pine | |eastern white pine--| 93 |172.00 | |hickory------| --- | |northern red oak----| 81 57.00 | |scarlet oak------| --- | |shortleaf pine------| 69 |114.00 | |white oak------| 78 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| --- | Sr: | Statler------|Slight |Slight |Severe |eastern white pine--| 90 |129.00 |black walnut, | |hickory------| --- eastern white | |northern red oak----| --- pine, yellow- | |red maple------| --- poplar | |white oak------| 80 57.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 100 |114.00 | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 203 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| Su: | Steadman------|Slight |Slight |Severe |black walnut------| --- | |Japanese larch, | |northern red oak----| 86 72.00 Norway spruce, | |red maple------| --- black oak, | |white ash------| 85 57.00 walnut, eastern | |white oak------| 85 72.00 white pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 95 |100.00 northern red oak, | shortleaf pine, | white ash, | oak, yellow-poplar | SyE: | Sylco------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86.00 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 |114.00 eastern | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86.00 pine, shortleaf | pine | SyF, SyG: | Sylco------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Virginia pine------| 60 | 86.00 |Virginia pine, | |eastern white pine--| 70 |114.00 eastern | |shortleaf pine------| 60 86.00 pine, shortleaf | pine | Cataska------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Moderate|chestnut oak------| 50 | 29.00 |Virginia pine | |pitch pine------| 50 --- | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | TaD2: | Talbott------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|eastern redcedar----| 46 | 57.00 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 eastern redcedar, | |northern red oak----| 65 43.00 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 64 |100.00 shortleaf pine | Rock outcrop. | | TaE2: | Talbott------|Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|eastern redcedar----| 46 | 57.00 |Virginia pine, | |loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 eastern redcedar, | |northern red oak----| 65 43.00 loblolly pine, | |shortleaf pine------| 64 |100.00 shortleaf pine | Rock outcrop. | | 204 Soil Survey Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| TuE: | Tusquitee------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Severe |black cherry------| --- | |Fraser fir, Norway | |black locust------| --- spruce, Scotch | |black walnut------| --- pine, black | |eastern hemlock-----| --- walnut, eastern | |eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 pine, | |hickory------| --- yellow-poplar | |northern red oak----| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow birch------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 103 |114.00 | TuF: | Tusquitee------|Severe |Severe |Slight |black cherry------| --- | |Fraser fir, Norway | |black locust------| --- spruce, Scotch | |black walnut------| --- pine, black | |eastern hemlock-----| --- walnut, eastern | |eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 pine, | |hickory------| --- yellow-poplar | |northern red oak----| --- | |white oak------| --- | |yellow birch------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 103 |114.00 | Ty: | Tyler------|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Severe |American beech------| --- | |Virginia pine, | |American sycamore---| --- black oak, eastern | |northern red oak----| 80 57.00 white pine, | |slippery elm------| --- pine, white ash, | |sugar maple------| --- yellow-poplar | |white ash------| 86 |114.00 | |white oak------| --- | |yellow-poplar------| 100 |114.00 | Ud. | Udorthents | | UnF, UnG: | Unicoi------|Severe |Severe |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Virginia pine------| 50 | 72.00 pine | |chestnut oak------| 50 29.00 | |pitch pine------| 40 57.00 | |scarlet oak------| 50 29.00 | Rock outcrop. | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 205 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| Management concerns Potential productivity ______Map symbol and | Equip- soil name |Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- Plant Common trees |Site Volume Suggested | hazard |limita- |mortal- throw |competi-| |index|of wood to plant | tion ity hazard fiber ______| |cu ft/ac| ______| Ur. | Urban land | | W. | Water | | WaB2, WaC2: | Waynesboro------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 |black walnut, | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 loblolly pine, | |white oak------| 70 57.00 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 yellow-poplar | WaD2, WcD2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|loblolly pine------| 80 |114.00 |black walnut, | |southern red oak----| 70 57.00 loblolly pine, | |white oak------| 70 57.00 shortleaf pine, | |yellow-poplar------| 90 86.00 yellow-poplar | Wf: | Whitesburg------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |black locust------| --- | |eastern white pine, | |eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 loblolly pine, | |southern red oak----| 75 57.00 yellow-poplar | |sweetgum------| 90 |100.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 95 |100.00 | Wt: | Whitwell------|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |eastern white pine--| 90 |172.00 pine, | |loblolly pine------| 90 |129.00 loblolly pine, | |northern red oak----| 75 57.00 sweetgum | |sweetgum------| 90 |100.00 | |yellow-poplar------| 95 |100.00 | ______206 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | Be: | | | | | Biltmore------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | | flooding | | flooding | | | | | droughty | | | | | Bm: | | | | | Bloomingdale---|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | | | BtC: | | | | | Brasstown------|Slight |Slight |Severe: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | BtD: | | | | | Brasstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | BtE, BtF, BtG: | | | | | Brasstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | CaE, CaF, CaG: | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | small stones | small stones | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | ChE, ChF, ChG: | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | CkD: | | | | | Chiswell------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | CkE: | | | | | Chiswell------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | Cm: | | | | | Combs------|Severe: |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight | flooding | | | | | | | | | Cr: | | | | | Craigsville----|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight: |Moderate: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | | large stones | small stones | small stones | small stones | | | | | DeC2: | | | | | Dewey------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 207

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | DeD2: | | | | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | DeE2: | | | | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | DhD: | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | DhE, DhF, DhG: | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | GcC2: | | | | | Groseclose-----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | erodes easily | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | | | GcD2: | | | | | Groseclose-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | erodes easily | slope | | | | | GcE2: | | | | | Groseclose-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | erodes easily | | | | | | GwE: | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | GxE: | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | HnB: | | | | | Holston------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | HnC: | | | | | Holston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | HnD: | | | | | Holston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | JaC: | | | | | Junaluska------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | 208 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | JbD: | | | | | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | | | | | Brasstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | JbE, JbF: | | | | | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Brasstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | KfC: | | | | | Keener------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | KfD: | | | | | Keener------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | KfE: | | | | | Keener------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | LeB: | | | | | Leadvale------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight | wetness | percs slowly | percs slowly | erodes easily | | | wetness | slope | | | | | wetness | | | | | | | LsB: | | | | | Leesburg------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones | | | | | LsC: | | | | | Leesburg------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | large stones | large stones | large stones | | large stones | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | LsD: | | | | | Leesburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | slope | | | slope | | | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | Maymead------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | MuC2, MxC2: | | | | | Muse------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | erodes easily | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | small stones | small stones | small stones | | | | | | | | Ne: | | | | | Nelse------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 209

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | NhB: | | | | | Nolichucky-----|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | NhC: | | | | | Nolichucky-----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | NhD: | | | | | Nolichucky-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | NnC3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight |Severe: | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | depth to rock | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | NnD3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | NnE3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | NoD, NoE, NoF, | | | | | NoG: | | | | | Northcove-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | large stones | slope | | | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | Pe: | | | | | Pettyjon------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight: |Moderate: | flooding | | flooding | wetness | flooding | | | | | Ph: | | | | | Philo------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | flooding | | | small stones | | wetness | | | | | Po: | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | | small stones | | flooding | | | flooding | | | | | | | PsE, PsF: | | | | | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | PuD, PuE: | | | | | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Unaka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | 210 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | RuG: | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones | small stones | small stones | slope | | small stones | | | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | Sh: | | | | | Shady------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | flooding | | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | | | SoE, SoF: | | | | | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | SoG: | | | | | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | too acid | | | | | | | Stecoah------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Sr: | | | | | Statler------|Severe: |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | | small stones | | flooding | | | | | Su: | | | | | Steadman------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding | wetness | flooding | wetness | flooding | | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | SyE: | | | | | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | SyF, SyG: | | | | | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | small stones | small stones | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | TaD2: | | | | | Talbott------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | percs slowly | percs slowly | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | TaE2: | | | | | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 211

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | TuE, TuF: | | | | | Tusquitee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Ty: | | | | | Tyler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | percs slowly | percs slowly | percs slowly | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | UnF, UnG: | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope | slope | large stones | slope | large stones | small stones | small stones | slope | | small stones | | | small stones | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | WaB2: | | | | | Waynesboro-----|Slight |Slight |Moderate: |Slight |Slight | | | slope | | | | | | | WaC2: | | | | | Waynesboro-----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight |Moderate: | slope | slope | slope | | slope | | | | | WaD2, WcD2: | | | | | Waynesboro-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Wf: | | | | | Whitesburg-----|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | wetness | small stones | | flooding | | | flooding | | | | | | | Wt: | | | | | Whitwell------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | flooding | wetness | slope | | flooding | | | small stones | | | | | wetness | | ______| | | | | 212 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | Be: | | | | | | | | | | Biltmore------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Bm: | | | | | | | | | | Bloomingdale------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good | poor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BtC: | | | | | | | | | | Brasstown------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | BtD, BtE, BtF, BtG:| | | | | | | | | | Brasstown------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CaE, CaF, CaG: | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | ChE, ChF, ChG: | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | CkD, CkE: | | | | | | | | | | Chiswell------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cm: | | | | | | | | | | Combs------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cr: | | | | | | | | | | Craigsville------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DeC2: | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Very |Very |Fair |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DeD2: | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DeE2: | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | DhD, DhE, DhF, DhG:| | | | | | | | | | Ditney------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | GcC2: | | | | | | | | | | Groseclose------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 213

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | GcD2, GcE2: | | | | | | | | | | Groseclose------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | GwE: | | | | | | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | GxE: | | | | | | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Fair |Very | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | poor | | poor | | | | | | | | | | HnB: | | | | | | | | | | Holston------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | HnC: | | | | | | | | | | Holston------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | HnD: | | | | | | | | | | Holston------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | JaC: | | | | | | | | | | Junaluska------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | JbD, JbE, JbF: | | | | | | | | | | Junaluska------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Brasstown------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | KfC, KfD, KfE: | | | | | | | | | | Keener------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | | | | | | Leadvale------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor | | | | | | | | | | LsB: | | | | | | | | | | Leesburg------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LsC: | | | | | | | | | | Leesburg------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | LsD: | | | | | | | | | | Leesburg------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | 214 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | | | | | | Maymead------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | MuC2, MxC2: | | | | | | | | | | Muse------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Ne: | | | | | | | | | | Nelse------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NhB: | | | | | | | | | | Nolichucky------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NhC, NhD: | | | | | | | | | | Nolichucky------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NnC3: | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NnD3: | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NnE3: | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Fair |Very | poor | poor | | | | poor | poor | poor | | poor | | | | | | | | | | NoD, NoE, NoF, NoG:| | | | | | | | | | Northcove------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Pe: | | | | | | | | | | Pettyjon------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Ph: | | | | | | | | | | Philo------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor | | | | | | | | | | Po: | | | | | | | | | | Pope------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | PsE, PsF: | | | | | | | | | | Porters------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | PuD, PuE: | | | | | | | | | | Porters------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Unaka------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 215

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | RuG: | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | Sh: | | | | | | | | | | Shady------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | SoE, SoF: | | | | | | | | | | Soco------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | SoG: | | | | | | | | | | Soco------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Stecoah------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Sr: | | | | | | | | | | Statler------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | | | | | | Steadman------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor | | | | | | | | | | SyE: | | | | | | | | | | Sylco------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | SyF, SyG: | | | | | | | | | | Sylco------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very | poor | | | poor | poor | poor | poor | | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | TaD2: | | | | | | | | | | Talbott------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaE2: | | | | | | | | | | Talbott------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TuE, TuF: | | | | | | | | | | Tusquitee------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Ty: | | | | | | | | | | Tyler------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 216 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | UnF, UnG: | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor | poor | | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | poor | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB2: | | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | WaC2, WaD2, WcD2: | | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Wf: | | | | | | | | | | Whitesburg------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor | | | poor | | | | | | | | | | Wt: | | | | | | | | | | Whitwell------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor ______| | | | | | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 217 Table 10.—Building Site Development (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence an entry indicates that no rating is applicable) ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| Be: | Biltmore------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave flooding | droughty | Bm: | Bloomingdale------|Severe: |Severe: | wetness ponding | wetness low strength | wetness | BtC: | Brasstown------|Slight: |Slight: |Moderate: |Slight | slope frost action | low strength | BtD, BtE, BtF, BtG: | Brasstown------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | CaE, CaF, CaG: | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | ChE, ChF, ChG: | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | CkD, CkE: | Chiswell------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Cm: | Combs------|Slight |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight | flooding | Cr: | Craigsville------|Severe: |Severe: | large stones flooding | cutbanks cave large stones | 218 Soil Survey Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| DeC2: | Dewey------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope shrink-swell | slope | DeD2, DeE2: | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | DhD, DhE, DhF, DhG: | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | GcC2: | Groseclose------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope shrink-swell | GcD2, GcE2: | Groseclose------|Severe: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | slope shrink-swell | slope | GwE: | Gullied land. | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | GxE: | Gullied land. | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: | slope low strength | depth to rock | slope | HnB: | Holston------|Slight |Slight | HnC: | Holston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 219 Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| HnD: | Holston------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | JaC: | Junaluska------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope frost action | depth to rock low strength | slope | JbD, JbE, JbF: | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Brasstown------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | KfC: | Keener------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | large stones slope | slope | KfD, KfE: | Keener------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | LeB: | Leadvale------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight | wetness low strength | wetness | LsB: | Leesburg------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: | large stones | small stones | LsC: | Leesburg------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope large stones | small stones | slope | LsD: | Leesburg------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | MaE, MaF: | Maymead------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | 220 Soil Survey Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| MuC2, MxC2: | Muse------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope shrink-swell low strength | too clayey slope small stones | wetness | Ne: | Nelse------|Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave flooding | NhB: | Nolichucky------|Slight |Slight |Moderate: | low strength | NhC: | Nolichucky------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | slope | NhD: | Nolichucky------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | NnC3: | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock slope low strength | depth to rock | NnD3, NnE3: | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: | slope low strength | depth to rock | slope | NoD, NoE, NoF, NoG: | Northcove------|Severe: |Severe: | large stones slope | slope | Pe: | Pettyjon------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | Ph: | Philo------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness flooding | cutbanks cave wetness | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 221 Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| Po: | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave flooding | PsE, PsF: | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | PuD, PuE: | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Unaka------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | RuG: | Rock outcrop. | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: | slope large stones | depth to rock small stones | depth to rock | Sh: | Shady------|Slight |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight | flooding | SoE, SoF: | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | SoG: | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Stecoah------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Sr: | Statler------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding | Su: | Steadman------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness flooding | wetness frost action | low strength | 222 Soil Survey Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| SyE: | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | SyF, SyG: | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | depth to rock | TaD2, TaE2: | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: | slope low strength | depth to rock slope | Rock outcrop. | | TuE, TuF: | Tusquitee------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Ty: | Tyler------|Severe: |Severe: | wetness frost action | low strength | wetness | Ud. | Udorthents | | UnF, UnG: | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: | slope large stones | depth to rock small stones | depth to rock | Rock outcrop. | | Ur. | Urban land | | W. | Water | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 223 Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| Map symbol | Shallow Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name | excavations without with commercial streets landscaping | basements buildings ______| WaB2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Slight |Moderate: | too clayey low strength | WaC2: | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope low strength | too clayey slope | WaD2, WcD2: | Waynesboro------|Severe: |Severe: | slope | Wf: | Whitesburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness flooding low strength | wetness flooding | Wt: | Whitwell------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness flooding | wetness | ______224 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | Be: | | | | | Biltmore------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | seepage | wetness | seepage | seepage | seepage | too sandy | poor filter | | wetness | | | | | | | Bm: | | | | | Bloomingdale-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | ponding | ponding | ponding | ponding | hard to pack | wetness | wetness | too clayey | wetness | too clayey | | | wetness | | wetness | | | | | BtC: | | | | | Brasstown------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | small stones | | | | | BtD, BtE, BtF, | | | | | BtG: | | | | | Brasstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | CaE, CaF, CaG: | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | seepage | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | ChE, ChF, ChG: | | | | | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | CkD, CkE: | | | | | Chiswell------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Cm: | | | | | Combs------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good | flooding | flooding | seepage | seepage | | | seepage | | | | | | | | Cr: | | | | | Craigsville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | large stones | large stones | large stones | large stones | seepage | seepage | poor filter | seepage | seepage | | | | | | | DeC2: | | | | | Dewey------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | too clayey | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 225

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | DeD2, DeE2: | | | | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | DhD, DhE, DhF, | | | | | DhG: | | | | | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | GcC2: | | | | | Groseclose------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | slope | hard to pack | | | | | too clayey | | | | | GcD2, GcE2: | | | | | Groseclose------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | too clayey | | | | | GwE: | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | GxE: | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | HnB: | | | | | Holston------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | small stones | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | HnC: | | | | | Holston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | too clayey | | small stones | | | | | too clayey | | | | | HnD: | | | | | Holston------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | JaC: | | | | | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | | | | | JbD: | | | | | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones | | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | | | | 226 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | JbD: | | | | | Brasstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | too acid | | too acid | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | JbE, JbF: | | | | | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Brasstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | too acid | | too acid | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | KfC: | | | | | Keener------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | large stones | seepage | seepage | slope | large stones | percs slowly | slope | | | slope | slope | | | | too clayey | | | | | KfD, KfE: | | | | | Keener------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | | slope | slope | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | Leadvale------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | wetness | depth to rock | wetness | too clayey | wetness | | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | LsB: | | | | | Leesburg------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | small stones | | slope | | | | | | | | LsC: | | | | | Leesburg------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | small stones | slope | | too clayey | | | | | | | LsD: | | | | | Leesburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | small stones | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | Maymead------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | | | | MuC2: | | | | | Muse------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | wetness | hard to pack | | | depth to rock | depth to rock | too clayey | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 227

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | MxC2: | | | | | Muse------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | wetness | slope | hard to pack | | | depth to rock | wetness | too clayey | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | Ne: | | | | | Nelse------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | too sandy | poor filter | seepage | seepage | seepage | | | | wetness | | | | | | | NhB: | | | | | Nolichucky------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | small stones | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | NhC: | | | | | Nolichucky------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | slope | small stones | slope | | slope | | too clayey | | | | | NhD: | | | | | Nolichucky------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | NnC3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | too clayey | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | NnD3, NnE3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | NoD, NoE, NoF, | | | | | NoG: | | | | | Northcove------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | seepage | large stones | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | | slope | slope | | | | | | | Pe: | | | | | Pettyjon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | | | | | | Ph: | | | | | Philo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | small stones | wetness | seepage | seepage | wetness | wetness | | wetness | | | | | | | | Po: | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good | flooding | flooding | seepage | seepage | | | seepage | flooding | flooding | | | | | | 228 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | PsE, PsF: | | | | | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | PuD, PuE: | | | | | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | Unaka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | area reclaim | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | | | | | RuG: | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Sh: | | | | | Shady------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding | seepage | seepage | seepage | small stones | | | | | SoE, SoF: | | | | | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | SoG: | | | | | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | slope | too acid | | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | Stecoah------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | small stones | | | depth to rock | | too acid | | | | | Sr: | | | | | Statler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | | | seepage | seepage | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | Steadman------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | too clayey | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | SyE: | | | | | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 229

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | SyF, SyG: | | | | | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | seepage | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | small stones | | | | | depth to rock | | | | | TaD2: | | | | | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | too clayey | depth to rock | hard to pack | depth to rock | depth to rock | depth to rock | slope | too clayey | slope | | slope | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | TaE2: | | | | | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | too clayey | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | TuE, TuF: | | | | | Tusquitee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | seepage | slope | | slope | slope | slope | | | | | | Ty: | | | | | Tyler------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly | seepage | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | UnF, UnG: | | | | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | seepage | seepage | slope | slope | depth to rock | slope | slope | depth to rock | small stones | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | depth to rock | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | WaB2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight |Fair: | percs slowly | seepage | too clayey | | hard to pack | | slope | | | too clayey | | | | | 230 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | WaC2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly | slope | slope | slope | hard to pack | slope | | too clayey | | slope | | | | | too clayey | | | | | WaD2, WcD2: | | | | | Waynesboro------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope | slope | slope | slope | slope | | | | | Wf: | | | | | Whitesburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness | flooding | wetness | wetness | too clayey | flooding | wetness | flooding | flooding | wetness | | | | | Wt: | | | | | Whitwell------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding | flooding | flooding | flooding | too clayey | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness | wetness ______| | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 231

Table 12.—Construction Materials

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil and soil name | | | | ______| | | | | | | | Be: | | | | Biltmore------|Good |Probable |Improbable: |Poor: | | | too sandy | too sandy | | | | Bm: | | | | Bloomingdale----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | wetness | | | wetness | | | | BtC: | | | | Brasstown------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | depth to rock | | | | | | | BtD: | | | | Brasstown------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | low strength | | | small stones | depth to rock | | | | | | | BtE, BtF, BtG: | | | | Brasstown------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | CaE, CaF, CaG: | | | | Cataska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | small stones | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | ChE, ChF, ChG: | | | | Chestnut------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | thin layer | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | CkD: | | | | Chiswell------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | CkE: | | | | Chiswell------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Cm: | | | | Combs------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | Cr: | | | | Craigsville-----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | 232 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil and soil name | | | | ______| | | | | | | | DeC2: | | | | Dewey------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | shrink-swell | | | | | | | DeD2: | | | | Dewey------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | shrink-swell | | | too clayey | slope | | | | | | | DeE2: | | | | Dewey------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | too clayey | | | | DhD: | | | | Ditney------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | DhE, DhF, DhG: | | | | Ditney------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | GcC2: | | | | Groseclose------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | shrink-swell | | | | | | | GcD2: | | | | Groseclose------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | shrink-swell | | | too clayey | | | | GcE2: | | | | Groseclose------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | shrink-swell | | | too clayey | slope | | | | | | | GwE: | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | Dewey------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | too clayey | | | | GxE: | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | low strength | | | too clayey | slope | | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | | | | | HnB, HnC: | | | | Holston------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 233

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil and soil name | | | | ______| | | | | | | | HnD: | | | | Holston------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | JaC: | | | | Junaluska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | JbD: | | | | Junaluska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | Brasstown------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | slope | low strength | | | small stones | slope | | | | | | | JbE, JbF: | | | | Junaluska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | slope | | | slope | | | | Brasstown------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | KfC: | | | | Keener------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | large stones | | | | KfD, KfE: | | | | Keener------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | slope | | | large stones | | | | slope | | | | LeB: | | | | Leadvale------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | | thin layer | | | | depth to rock | | | | | | | LsB, LsC: | | | | Leesburg------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | LsD: | | | | Leesburg------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | slope | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | Maymead------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | 234 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil and soil name | | | | ______| | | | | | | | MuC2, MxC2: | | | | Muse------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | Ne: | | | | Nelse------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines | excess fines | too sandy | | | | small stones | | | | NhB, NhC: | | | | Nolichucky------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | NhD: | | | | Nolichucky------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | slope | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | NnC3: | | | | Nonaburg------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim | thin layer | thin layer | area reclaim | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | thin layer | depth to rock | | | too clayey | | | | depth to rock | | | | NnD3: | | | | Nonaburg------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | low strength | | | slope | depth to rock | | | too clayey | | | | depth to rock | | | | NnE3: | | | | Nonaburg------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | low strength | | | too clayey | slope | | | depth to rock | depth to rock | | | slope | | | | NoD, NoE, NoF, | | | | NoG: | | | | Northcove------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | large stones | large stones | large stones | area reclaim | slope | excess fines | excess fines | large stones | | | | Pe: | | | | Pettyjon------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good | | excess fines | excess fines | | | | | Ph: | | | | Philo------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | Po: | | | | Pope------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 235

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil and soil name | | | | ______| | | | | | | | PsE, PsF: | | | | Porters------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | PuD: | | | | Porters------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | slope | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | Unaka------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope | | | | small stones | | | | PuE: | | | | Porters------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | Unaka------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | area reclaim | excess fines | excess fines | slope | slope | | | small stones | | | | RuG: | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Sh: | | | | Shady------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | SoE, SoF: | | | | Soco------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | SoG: | | | | Soco------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | too acid | | | | Stecoah------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | small stones | | | | Sr: | | | | Statler------|Good |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | SyE: | | | | Sylco------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | 236 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil and soil name | | | | ______| | | | | | | | SyF, SyG: | | | | Sylco------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | Cataska------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | small stones | thin layer | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | TaD2: | | | | Talbott------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | depth to rock | | | slope | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | TaE2: | | | | Talbott------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | slope | | | too clayey | depth to rock | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | TuE, TuF: | | | | Tusquitee------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | area reclaim | | | | slope | | | | small stones | | | | Ty: | | | | Tyler------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | wetness | | | | Ud. | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | UnF, UnG: | | | | Unicoi------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope | excess fines | excess fines | slope | depth to rock | | | small stones | | | | depth to rock | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | W. | | | | Water | | | | | | | | WaB2, WaC2: | | | | Waynesboro------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | too clayey | | | | WaD2, WcD2: | | | | Waynesboro------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | slope | slope | | | too clayey | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 237

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil and soil name | | | | ______| | | | | | | | Wf: | | | | Whitesburg------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too clayey | | | | Wt: | | | | Whitwell------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | wetness | excess fines | excess fines | small stones | | | | too clayey ______| | | | 238 Soil Survey Table 13.—Water Management (The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence an entry indicates that no rating is applicable) ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| Be: | Biltmore------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage cutbanks cave| deep to water| flooding too sandy droughty | piping soil blowing | droughty | Bm: | Bloomingdale---|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: | seepage hard to pack slow refill flooding erodes easily| easily | wetness flooding | wetness | BtC: | Brasstown------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | depth to rock| | slope | BtD, BtE, BtF, | BtG: | Brasstown-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | CaE, CaF, CaG: | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope seepage no water deep to water| percs slowly large stones | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | ChE, ChF, ChG: | Chestnut------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope thin layer depth to rock| | droughty depth to rock| rock | CkD, CkE: | Chiswell------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope thin layer no water deep to water| large stones | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 239 Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| Cm: | Combs------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| | Cr: | Craigsville----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | seepage droughty too sandy | soil blowing | DeC2, DeD2, | DeE2: | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | DhD, DhE, DhF, | DhG: | Ditney------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope depth to rock| rock | droughty | GcC2, GcD2, | GcE2: | Groseclose----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| erodes easily| easily | percs slowly | slope | GwE: | Gullied land. | | Dewey------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | GxE: | Gullied land. | | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | depth to rock| thin layer rock | droughty | HnB: | Holston------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | 240 Soil Survey Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| HnC, HnD: | Holston------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | JaC: | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage thin layer no water deep to water| slope | slope depth to rock| rock | JbD, JbE, JbF: | Junaluska------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage thin layer no water deep to water| slope | slope depth to rock| rock | Brasstown------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | KfC, KfD, KfE: | Keener------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| large stones | slope | LeB: | Leadvale------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water percs slowly erodes easily| easily | slope wetness rooting depth | depth to rock| wetness | LsB: | Leesburg------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| large stones | slope | LsC, LsD: | Leesburg------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| large stones | slope | MaE, MaF: | Maymead------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope large stones | slope | MuC2, MxC2: | Muse------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | depth to rock| hard pack slow refill deep water| erodes easily| easily | thin layer percs slowly | slope | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 241 Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| Ne: | Nelse------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage cutbanks cave| deep to water| rooting depth| slope depth | piping droughty | NhB: | Nolichucky-----|Moderate: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage no water deep to water| slope | NhC, NhD: | Nolichucky-----|Moderate: |Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage no water deep to water| slope | NnC3: | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | depth to rock| hard pack no water deep water| slope | thin layer depth to rock| rock | droughty | NnD3, NnE3: | Nonaburg------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | depth to rock| thin layer rock | droughty | NoD, NoE, NoF, | NoG: | Northcove-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage large stones no water deep to water| | slope | droughty | Pe: | Pettyjon------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| erodes easily| easily | flooding | Ph: | Philo------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping cutbanks cave| flooding wetness | wetness | Po: | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| | 242 Soil Survey Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| PsE, PsF: | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | PuD, PuE: | Porters------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | Unaka------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| | depth to rock| rock | RuG: | Rock outcrop. | | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope large stones no water deep to water| | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | Sh: | Shady------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| | SoE, SoF: | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope thin layer depth to rock| rock | SoG: | Soco------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope thin layer depth to rock| rock | Stecoah------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | Sr: | Statler------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping no water deep to water| flooding | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 243 Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| Su: | Steadman------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping slow refill flooding erodes easily| easily | wetness | erodes easily| | SyE: | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| large stones | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | SyF, SyG: | Sylco------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope piping no water deep to water| large stones | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | Cataska------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope seepage no water deep to water| percs slowly large stones | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | TaD2, TaE2: | Talbott------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | depth to rock| rock | Rock outcrop. | | TuE, TuF: | Tusquitee------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | seepage piping no water deep to water| slope | slope | Ty: | Tyler------|Slight |Severe: |Limitation: | wetness no water frost action percs slowly erodes easily| easily | percs slowly wetness rooting depth| depth | wetness | Ud. | Udorthents | | 244 Soil Survey Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______| Limitations for-- Features affecting-- ______Map symbol |Pond reservoir| Embankments, | Aquifer-fed Terraces and Grassed and soil name | areas dikes, excavated Drainage Irrigation diversions waterways | levees ponds ______| UnF, UnG: | Unicoi------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope large stones no water deep to water| | depth to rock| slope | droughty depth to rock| | Rock outcrop. | | Ur. | Urban land | | W. | Water | | WaB2: | Waynesboro-----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage hard to pack no water deep water| slope | slope piping | WaC2, WaD2, | WcD2: | Waynesboro----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: | slope hard to pack no water deep water| | piping | Wf: | Whitesburg-----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping slow refill slope flooding wetness | depth to rock| thin layer deep water| flooding wetness | wetness depth to rock| | Wt: | Whitwell------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Limitation: |Favorable | seepage piping slow refill flooding wetness | deep to water| wetness | ______Cocke County Area, Tennessee 245 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties (Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated) ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Be: | Biltmore------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam|SM, SC-SM |A-4 | 0 0-5 |95-100|90-100|65-85 |40-55 |15-23 |NP-7 | 6-80 |Loamy sand, |SM |A-2-4 0 0-8 |95-100|85-100|50-80 |20-40 |11-23 |NP-5 | sand, loamy | fine sand | Bm: | Bloomingdale----| 0-10 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|65-90 |18-30 4-10 | 10-80 |Silty clay |CH, CL |A-7 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-95 |43-66 |21-39 | loam, silty | clay, clay | BtC, BtD, BtE, | BtF, BtG: | Brasstown------| 0-6 |Loam |SC-SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-95 |55-75 |14-30 3-10 | CL-ML | 6-50 |Clay loam, |CL, SC-SM |A-4, A-6 0 |75-100|80-100|70-95 |40-75 |25-38 8-15 | sandy clay | loam | 50-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | CaE, CaF, CaG: | Cataska------| 0-2 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC-GM |A-4 | 3-15 |55-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 2-12 |Very channery |GC-GM, GC |A-1, A-2 0-2 |10-25 |15-50 |10-50 |10-40 |10-35 |12-27 2-10 | silt loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | 12-40 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >40 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | ChE, ChF, ChG: | Chestnut------| 0-6 |Sandy loam |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4, A-5| 0-3 | 0-5 |75-95 |80-100|70-95 |50-75 |14-30 3-10 | 6-30 |Loam, fine |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4, A-5| 0-3 0-10 |75-98 |80-100|50-90 |30-60 |11-23 |NP-7 | sandy loam, | sandy loam | 30-72 |Weathered --- | bedrock | 246 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | CkD, CkE: | Chiswell------| 0-2 |Channery loam |CL, ML, SC, |A-4 | 2-10 |60-80 |55-75 |50-65 |35-55 |14-30 3-10 | SM | 2-16 |Very channery |SC, GC |A-2, A-6 0-2 0-20 |30-65 |20-50 |15-45 |10-40 |23-30 7-11 | loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | 16-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Cm: | Combs------| 0-11 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|65-85 |45-75 |16-30 3-10 | SC-SM, SM | 11-62 |Loam, sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 0 |90-100|80-100|60-90 |30-80 |12-24 |NP-7 | loam SC-SM, SM | Cr: | Craigsville-----| 0-10 |Gravelly fine |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4 | 5-25 |70-85 |55-75 |40-60 |25-40 |11-20 |NP-6 | sandy loam | 10-80 |Very cobbly |GC, GC-GM, |A-1, A-2 |10-45 |30-70 |35-55 |30-50 |20-45 |10-25 |11-25 |NP-8 | sandy loam, GM, GP-GM | extremely | stony sandy | loam, very | gravelly sandy| | loam | DeC2, DeD2, DeE2:| | Dewey------| 0-8 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 0-3 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |18-30 4-10 | 8-20 |Clay loam, |CL-ML, CL |A-6 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |24-34 7-13 | silty clay | loam | 20-60 |Clay, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 0 0-2 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |30-48 |11-21 | clay | DhD, DhE, DhF, | DhG: | Ditney------| 0-4 |Sandy loam |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0 0-6 |90-100|80-95 |50-70 |25-45 |11-23 |NP-7 | 4-36 |Sandy loam, |CL-ML, ML, |A-2-4, A-4 0 0-5 |90-100|80-95 |50-80 |30-60 |11-23 |NP-7 | loam, fine SC-SM, SM | sandy loam | >36 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 247 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | GcC2, GcD2, GcE2:| | Groseclose------| 0-5 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-90 |16-30 3-10 | SC-SM | 5-50 |Clay, gravelly |CH |A-7 0 |70-100|55-95 |50-90 |45-80 |38-60 |15-28 | clay | 50-80 |Gravelly silty |CL |A-6 --- |70-100|55-95 |50-90 |45-80 |27-39 9-16 | clay loam, | clay loam | GwE: | Gullied land. | | Dewey------| 0-8 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 0-3 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |18-30 4-10 | 8-20 |Clay loam, |CL-ML, CL |A-6 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |24-34 7-13 | silty clay | loam | 20-60 |Clay, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 0 0-2 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |30-48 |11-21 | clay | GxE: | Gullied land. | | Nonaburg------| 0-6 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC-GM |A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |60-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 6-14 |Channery silty |CH, CL |A-7 0 0-5 |70-100|55-90 |50-85 |45-80 |44-66 |22-40 | clay, silty | clay | 14-41 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >41 |Bedrock --- | HnB, HnC, HnD: | Holston------| 0-18 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|65-85 |45-75 |14-30 3-10 | SC-SM, SM | 18-38 |Clay loam, |CL, SC-SM |A-4 0 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |40-90 |25-38 8-15 | sandy clay | loam | 38-60 |Clay loam, |CL, GC, SC |A-2, A-6, A-7| 0 0-15 |60-100|55-100|50-100|30-80 |30-48 |11-21 | clay, gravelly| | clay loam | 248 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | JaC: | Junaluska------| 0-3 |Loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-85 |45-75 |14-30 4-10 | 3-29 |Channery silty |CL, SC |A-6 0 0-10 |75-100|60-100|45-95 |35-75 |23-38 7-15 | clay loam, | silty clay | loam, channery| | loam | 29-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | JbD, JbE, JbF: | Junaluska------| 0-3 |Loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-85 |45-75 |14-30 4-10 | 3-29 |Channery silty |CL, SC |A-6 0 0-10 |75-100|60-100|45-95 |35-75 |23-38 7-15 | clay loam, | silty clay | loam, channery| | loam | 29-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Brasstown------| 0-6 |Loam |SC-SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-95 |55-75 |14-30 3-10 | CL-ML | 6-50 |Clay loam, |CL, SC-SM |A-4, A-6 0 |75-100|80-100|70-95 |40-75 |25-38 8-15 | sandy clay | loam | 50-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | KfC, KfD, KfE: | Keener------| 0-16 |Loam |CL-ML, ML, |A-4 | 0 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-95 |50-75 |14-30 3-10 | SC-SM | 16-57 |Gravelly sandy |CL, SC-SM |A-4 0 0-15 |80-95 |60-80 |50-75 |30-60 |25-38 8-15 | clay loam, | cobbly clay | loam | 57-80 |Gravelly fine |CL-ML, SC, |A-4 0 0-15 |80-95 |60-80 |50-70 |30-55 |16-30 3-10 | sandy loam, SC-SM, SM | cobbly loam | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 249 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | LeB: | Leadvale------| 0-9 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |18-30 4-10 | 9-31 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-6, A-4 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-90 |23-38 7-14 | silty clay | loam | 31-55 |Clay, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-85 |34-50 |13-22 | clay, silty | clay loam | 55-62 |Bedrock --- | LsB, LsC, LsD: | Leesburg------| 0-14 |Cobbly loam |CL, ML, |A-4 | 0-5 |10-30 |75-95 |65-85 |55-75 |40-60 |14-30 3-10 | SC-SM, SM | 14-47 |Cobbly loam, |CL, SC, SC-SM|A-4, A-6 0-10 |10-30 |75-95 |65-85 |60-80 |45-70 |27-38 9-15 | cobbly clay | loam | 47-80 |Clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 0 0-10 |75-100|65-90 |60-80 |50-75 |30-47 |11-20 | clay, gravelly| | clay loam | MaE, MaF: | Maymead------| 0-15 |Loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-90 |50-75 |14-30 3-10 | 15-68 |Loam, sandy |CL-ML, GM, |A-4, A-2-4 0 0-10 |80-100|60-95 |50-90 |25-65 |14-23 |NP-7 | loam, gravelly| ML, SM | sandy loam | MuC2: | Muse------| 0-14 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 |85-100|80-100|75-95 |60-80 |20-40 2-20 | 14-60 |Clay, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-90 |48-66 |25-39 | clay | MxC2: | Muse------| 0-14 |Cobbly loam |CL, ML, |A-4 | 0-5 |10-30 |75-95 |65-85 |55-75 |40-60 |14-30 3-10 | SC-SM, SM | 14-60 |Clay, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |70-90 |48-66 |25-39 | clay | Ne: | Nelse------| 0-16 |Sandy loam |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | --- 0-5 |95-100|90-100|55-70 |30-40 |11-25 |NP-8 | 16-31 |Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 --- 0-5 |95-100|90-100|55-90 |35-70 |11-25 |NP-8 | loam | 31-80 |Loamy sand, |SM |A-2-4 --- 0-5 |95-100|90-100|50-80 |20-45 9-23 |NP-7 | sandy loam | 250 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | NhB, NhC, NhD: | Nolichucky------| 0-16 |Loam |ML, CL, |A-4 | --- 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |50-75 |14-30 3-11 | CL-ML, SC-SM| | 16-80 |Clay loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 --- 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-95 |45-75 |29-38 |10-15 | sandy clay | loam | NnC3, NnD3, NnE3:| | Nonaburg------| 0-6 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC-GM |A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |60-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 6-14 |Channery silty |CH, CL |A-7 0 0-5 |70-100|55-90 |50-85 |45-80 |44-66 |22-40 | clay, silty | clay | 14-41 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >41 |Bedrock --- | NoD, NoE, NoF, | NoG: | Northcove------| 0-5 |Stony sandy |SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4 |15-30 | 5-15 |75-90 |65-85 |40-60 |15-35 |12-23 |NP-7 | loam | 5-40 |Very cobbly |GC-GM, GM, |A-2-4, A-4, 5-15 |20-60 |60-90 |50-85 |30-70 |20-45 |12-30 |NP-11 | sandy loam, SC-SM, SM A-1-b | very cobbly | loam, very | flaggy loam | 40-72 |Extremely |GC-GM, GM, SM|A-1-b, A-2-4 |10-20 |25-65 |50-85 |35-60 |20-50 |15-30 |12-23 |NP-7 | cobbly sandy | loam, | extremely | cobbly fine | sandy loam, | very cobbly | loam | Pe: | Pettyjon------| 0-8 |Loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|70-95 |50-75 |16-30 3-10 | 8-54 |Loam, clay |CL-ML |A-4 0 |90-100|80-100|75-100|60-90 |23-38 7-15 | loam, silt | loam | 54-80 |Loam, fine |ML, SM |A-4 0 |90-100|80-100|60-95 |40-85 |16-30 3-10 | sandy loam, | silt loam | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 251 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Ph: | Philo------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam|SC-SM, ML, SM|A-4, A-2-4 | 0 0-5 |95-100|80-100|60-85 |35-55 |11-25 |NP-8 | 8-53 |Fine sandy |SC-SM, ML, SM|A-4, A-2-4 --- 0-5 |95-100|80-100|55-90 |30-60 |16-23 3-7 | loam, | sandy loam | 53-80 |Gravelly loamy |CL-ML, GM, |A-2-4, A-4 --- 0-5 |60-95 |50-90 |40-85 |30-80 0-18 |NP-5 | sand ML, SM | Po: | Pope------| 0-4 |Sandy loam |SC-SM, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 |85-100|80-100|50-70 |25-45 |11-23 |NP-7 | 4-32 |Cobbly sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 0-5 0-30 |75-100|65-95 |40-80 |20-50 |12-23 |NP-7 | loam, sandy SC-SM, SM | loam, fine | sandy loam | 32-60 |Cobbly loamy |SC-SM, SM |A-1, A-2 0-5 0-30 |75-100|65-95 |40-70 |15-30 |12-23 |NP-7 | sand, loamy | sand | PsE, PsF: | Porters------| 0-7 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-90 |50-65 |14-30 3-10 | 7-46 |Loam, sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 0-2 0-5 |75-99 |60-99 |50-90 |30-70 |14-25 |NP-8 | loam, fine SC-SM, SM | sandy loam | >46 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | PuD, PuE: | Porters------| 0-7 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-90 |50-65 |14-30 3-10 | 7-46 |Loam, sandy |CL-ML, ML, |A-2, A-4 0-2 0-5 |75-99 |60-99 |50-90 |30-70 |14-25 |NP-8 | loam, fine SC-SM, SM | sandy loam | >46 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Unaka------| 0-8 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-90 |50-65 |14-30 3-10 | 8-26 |Loam, cobbly |CL-ML, ML, |A-4, A-2-4 0-5 2-30 |85-95 |70-90 |40-80 |30-65 |14-25 |NP-8 | loam, sandy SM, SC-SM | loam | 26-32 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >32 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | 252 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | RuG: | Rock outcrop. | | Unicoi------| 0-5 |Cobbly sandy |SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| |15-35 |70-85 |65-80 |40-60 |20-35 |11-25 |NP-8 | loam A-2 | 5-18 |Very cobbly |SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-30 |30-50 |60-75 |40-65 |30-55 |15-40 |11-25 |NP-8 | sandy loam, A-2 | very cobbly | loam, very | stony loam | >18 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Sh: | Shady------| 0-13 |Loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | --- 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |50-75 |14-30 3-10 | 13-42 |Clay loam, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 --- 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |45-80 |25-38 8-15 | sandy clay | loam, loam | 42-80 |Loam, sandy |ML, SC-SM, SM|A-2, A-4 --- 0-10 |85-100|80-95 |55-85 |30-70 |14-25 |NP-8 | loam | SoE, SoF: | Soco------| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam|SC-SM, ML, SM|A-4, A-2-4 | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-90 |35-55 |11-23 |NP-7 | 4-28 |Channery loam, |ML, SC-SM, SM|A-4, A-2-4 0-2 0-5 |70-90 |55-80 |40-70 |20-55 |11-23 |NP-7 | channery fine | sandy loam, | channery sandy| | loam | 28-42 |Weathered --- | bedrock | SoG: | Soco------| 0-4 |Fine sandy loam|SC-SM, ML, SM|A-4, A-2-4 | 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|65-90 |35-55 |11-23 |NP-7 | 4-28 |Channery loam, |ML, SC-SM, SM|A-4, A-2-4 0-2 0-5 |70-90 |55-80 |40-70 |20-55 |11-23 |NP-7 | channery fine | sandy loam, | channery sandy| | loam | 28-42 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Stecoah------| 0-5 |Fine sandy loam|SC-SM, ML, SM|A-4, A-2-4 | 0-2 |85-100|80-100|65-90 |35-55 |11-23 |NP-7 | 5-48 |Sandy loam, |ML, SC-SM, SM|A-4, A-2-4 0-2 0-5 |85-100|80-100|50-85 |30-65 |11-23 |NP-7 | fine sandy | loam, loam | 48-63 |Weathered --- | bedrock Cocke County Area, Tennessee 253 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | Sr: | Statler------| 0-8 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 |95-100|80-100|70-95 |50-75 |14-30 3-10 | 8-53 |Clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6 0 |95-100|80-100|70-95 |55-85 |25-38 8-15 | silty clay | loam, loam | 53-80 |Loam, fine |CL, CL-ML, |A-4 0 0-10 |95-100|80-100|65-95 |40-80 |14-30 3-10 | sandy loam, SC, SC-SM | silt loam | Su: | Steadman------| 0-9 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |16-30 3-11 | 9-60 |Silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |65-90 |23-40 7-17 | silty clay | loam, very | fine sandy | loam | SyE: | Sylco------| 0-12 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC-GM |A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |55-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 12-33 |Very channery |GC-GM, GC |A-1, A-2 0-2 0-35 |50-75 |30-60 |25-55 |20-50 |12-27 2-10 | silt loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | >33 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | SyF, SyG: | Sylco------| 0-12 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC-GM |A-4 | 0-2 0-5 |55-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 12-33 |Very channery |GC-GM, GC |A-1, A-2 0-2 0-35 |50-75 |30-60 |25-55 |20-50 |12-27 2-10 | silt loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | >33 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | 254 Soil Survey Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | SyF, SyG: | Cataska------| 0-2 |Channery silt |CL-ML, GC-GM |A-4 | 3-15 |55-80 |55-75 |45-70 |40-60 |12-27 2-10 | loam | 2-12 |Very channery |GC-GM, GC |A-1, A-2 0-2 |10-25 |15-50 |10-50 |10-40 |10-35 |12-27 2-10 | silt loam, | extremely | channery silt | loam | 12-40 |Weathered --- | bedrock | >40 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | TaD2, TaE2: | Talbott------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |80-90 |35-48 |15-25 | 6-32 |Clay, silty |CH, CL |A-7 0 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-95 |48-66 |25-39 | clay | >32 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop. | | TuE, TuF: | Tusquitee------| 0-8 |Loam |CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 0-10 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |50-65 |14-30 3-10 | 8-36 |Loam, sandy |ML, SC-SM, SM|A-2-4, A-4 0 0-10 |90-100|80-100|55-95 |30-65 |14-30 3-10 | loam, fine | sandy loam | 36-80 |Gravelly sandy |GC-GM, GM, |A-2-4, A-4 0 0-20 |60-95 |55-85 |35-65 |25-45 |11-25 |NP-8 | loam, gravelly| SC-SM, SM | fine sandy | loam, cobbly | fine sandy | loam | Ty: | Tyler------| 0-13 |Silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|75-95 |16-30 3-11 | 13-62 |Silty clay loam|CL |A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 |90-100|85-100|80-100|65-95 |30-38 |11-15 | 62-80 |Stratified silt|CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6, A-7| 0 |85-100|80-100|75-100|60-90 |18-34 4-13 | loam to silty | clay loam | Ud. | Udorthents | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 255 Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| Classification Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol | Depth USDA texture sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- ______and soil name | >10 3-10 |limit |ticity | Unified AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 10 40 200 |index ______| In Pct __ ___ | UnF, UnG: | Unicoi------| 0-5 |Cobbly sandy |SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| |15-35 |70-85 |65-80 |40-60 |20-35 |11-25 |NP-8 | loam A-2 | 5-18 |Very cobbly |SC-SM, SM |A-1-b, A-2-4,| 0-30 |30-50 |60-75 |40-65 |30-55 |15-40 |11-25 |NP-8 | sandy loam, A-2 | very cobbly | loam, very | stony loam | >18 |Unweathered --- | bedrock | Rock outcrop. | | Ur. | Urban land | | W. | Water | | WaB2, WaC2, WaD2:| | Waynesboro------| 0-9 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |50-75 |13-30 3-11 | 9-72 |Clay, sandy |CL |A-6, A-7 0 0-5 |90-100|80-100|70-95 |45-85 |30-42 |11-17 | clay, clay | loam | WcD2: | Waynesboro------| 0-9 |Cobbly loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 0-5 |80-90 |70-85 |60-80 |45-60 |13-30 3-11 | 9-72 |Clay, sandy |CL |A-7, A-6 0 0-5 |90-100|80-100|70-95 |45-85 |30-42 |11-17 | clay, clay | loam | Wf: | Whitesburg------| 0-4 |Silt loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4, A-6 | 0 |85-100|80-100|75-95 |65-85 |16-30 3-11 | 4-53 |Silty clay |CL |A-6 0 |90-100|80-100|75-95 |60-90 |30-38 |11-15 | loam, silt | loam, clay | loam | 53-60 |Weathered --- | bedrock | Wt: | Whitwell------| 0-9 |Loam |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 | 0 0-3 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |50-75 |14-30 3-10 | 9-40 |Clay loam, loam|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 0 0-3 |90-100|80-100|70-95 |50-80 |23-38 7-15 | 40-80 |Loam, silt |CL, CL-ML, ML|A-4 0 0-3 |85-100|80-100|55-95 |30-85 |14-30 3-10 | loam, sandy | loam | ______256 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and "Wind erodibility index" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind |Wind Map symbol |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi- and soil name| | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility ______| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Be: | | | | | | | | | | | | Biltmore-----| 0-6 | 6-18|1.20-1.65| 2-6 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9|2.0-5.0| .15 | .20 | 5 | 3 | 86 | 6-80| 0-12|1.20-1.70| 6-20 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .10 | .10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bm: | | | | | | | | | | | | Bloomingdale-| 0-10|12-27|1.10-1.30| 0.6-2 |0.17-0.22| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .37 | .37 | 5 | --- | --- |10-80|35-60|1.30-1.50|0.06-0.2 |0.17-0.22| 3.0-5.9|0.5-1.0| .37 | .37 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BtC, BtD, BtE,| | | | | | | | | | | | BtF, BtG: | | | | | | | | | | | | Brasstown---| 0-6 | 7-27|1.00-1.40| 2-6 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9|1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 4 | 5 | 56 | 6-50|20-35|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .15 | .28 | | | |50-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaE, CaF, CaG:| | | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| 0-2 | 5-27|1.30-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 2-12| 5-27|1.30-1.45| 2-20 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | | | |12-40| --- | --- |0.01-0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | >40 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChE, ChF, ChG:| | | | | | | | | | | | Chestnut-----| 0-6 | 7-27|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9|1.0-8.0| .17 | .24 | 3 | 5 | 56 | 6-30| 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9|0.0-2.0| .15 | .24 | | | |30-72| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CkD, CkE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Chiswell-----| 0-2 | 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .37 | .37 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 2-16|18-27|1.20-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.04-0.10| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .10 | .17 | | | |16-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cm: | | | | | | | | | | | | Combs------| 0-11| 7-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9|1.0-5.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | 3 | 86 |11-62| 5-18|1.20-1.50| 2-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .28 | .32 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cr: | | | | | | | | | | | | Craigsville--| 0-10| 5-15|1.20-1.40| 2-20 |0.07-0.15| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .20 | .24 | 3 | 3 | 86 |10-80| 5-20|1.35-1.55| 2-20 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .17 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DeC2, DeD2, | | | | | | | | | | | | DeE2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------| 0-8 |12-27|1.25-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 5 | --- | --- | 8-20|27-40|1.45-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.18| 3.0-5.9|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | | |20-60|45-60|1.45-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DhD, DhE, DhF,| | | | | | | | | | | | DhG: | | | | | | | | | | | | Ditney------| 0-4 | 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2-6 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | --- | --- | 4-36| 5-18|1.50-1.65| 2-6 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | | | | >36 | --- | --- |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 257

Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind |Wind Map symbol |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi- and soil name| | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility ______| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GcC2, GcD2, | | | | | | | | | | | | GcE2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Groseclose--| 0-5 | 7-27|1.25-1.55| 2-6 |0.11-0.20| 0.0-2.9|1.0-2.0| .43 | --- | 5 | 5 | --- | 5-50|35-60|1.35-1.60|0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.17| 6.0-8.9|0.0-0.5| .24 | --- | | | |50-80|27-40| --- | 0.6-2 |0.11-0.13| 3.0-5.9|0.0-0.5| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GwE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Gullied land.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------| 0-8 |12-27|1.25-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 5 | --- | --- | 8-20|27-40|1.45-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.18| 3.0-5.9|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | | |20-60|45-60|1.45-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GxE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Gullied land.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg-----| 0-6 | 7-27|1.30-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 1 | --- | --- | 6-14|35-60|1.55-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.09-0.14| 3.0-5.9|0.0-0.5| .17 | .24 | | | |14-41| --- | --- |0.00-0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | >41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HnB, HnC, HnD:| | | | | | | | | | | | Holston------| 0-18| 7-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9|1.0-5.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | --- | --- |18-38|20-35|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.20| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |38-60|27-45|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | JaC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Junaluska----| 0-3 | 7-27|1.25-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 3 | 5 | --- | 3-29|20-35|1.30-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .15 | .24 | | | |29-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | JbD, JbE, JbF:| | | | | | | | | | | | Junaluska----| 0-3 | 7-27|1.25-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | 3 | 5 | 56 | 3-29|20-35|1.30-1.65| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .15 | .24 | | | |29-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Brasstown----| 0-6 | 7-27|1.00-1.40| 2-6 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9|1.0-5.0| .28 | .28 | 4 | 5 | 56 | 6-50|20-35|1.35-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .15 | .28 | | | |50-60| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KfC, KfD, KfE:| | | | | | | | | | | | Keener------| 0-16| 7-27|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9|1.0-2.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | --- | --- |16-57|20-35|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.15| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 | | | |57-80| 7-25|1.30-1.45| 2-6 |0.08-0.12| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .20 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Leadvale-----| 0-9 |12-27|1.25-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.17| 0.0-2.9|1.0-4.0| .32 | .32 | 4 | --- | --- | 9-31|18-35|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .43 | .43 | | | |31-55|30-50|1.45-1.55|0.06-0.6 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | | |55-62| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LsB, LsC, LsD:| | | | | | | | | | | | Leesburg-----| 0-14| 7-27|1.30-1.45| 2-6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9|0.5-3.0| .15 | .20 | 5 | --- | --- |14-47|22-35|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9| --- | .15 | .20 | | | |47-80|27-45|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2 |0.07-0.14| 0.0-2.9| --- | .15 | .20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 258 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind |Wind Map symbol |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi- and soil name| | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility ______| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | | | | | | | | Maymead------| 0-15| 7-27|1.40-1.55| 2-6 |0.15-0.18| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | --- | --- |15-68| 5-20|1.40-1.55| 2-6 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .17 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MuC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Muse------| 0-14| 7-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.16-0.22| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .37 | .37 | 4 | 5 | 56 |14-60|40-60|1.45-1.55|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MxC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Muse------| 0-14| 7-27|1.30-1.45| 2-6 |0.08-0.15| 0.0-2.9|0.5-3.0| .15 | .20 | 4 | 5 | 56 |14-60|40-60|1.45-1.55|0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.17| 3.0-5.9|0.0-0.5| .24 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ne: | | | | | | | | | | | | Nelse------| 0-16| 5-20|1.20-1.60| 2-6 |0.09-0.14| 0.0-2.9|2.0-10 | .17 | .17 | 5 | 3 | 86 |16-31| 5-20|1.40-1.80| 2-6 |0.09-0.14| 0.0-2.9| --- | .15 | .17 | | | |31-80| 2-18|1.40-1.80| 2-6 |0.05-0.10| 0.0-2.9| --- | .15 | .17 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NhB, NhC, NhD:| | | | | | | | | | | | Nolichucky---| 0-16| 7-27|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | 5 | --- | --- |16-80|25-35|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.17| 0.0-2.9| --- | .20 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NnC3, NnD3, | | | | | | | | | | | | NnE3: | | | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg----| 0-6 | 7-27|1.30-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 1 | --- | --- | 6-14|35-60|1.55-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.09-0.14| 3.0-5.9|0.0-0.5| .17 | .24 | | | |14-41| --- | --- |0.00-0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | >41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NoD, NoE, NoF,| | | | | | | | | | | | NoG: | | | | | | | | | | | | Northcove---| 0-5 | 5-18|1.30-1.50| 2-6 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .10 | .28 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 5-40| 5-27|1.40-1.60| 2-6 |0.06-0.11| 0.0-2.9|0.0-1.0| .10 | .28 | | | |40-72| 5-18|1.40-1.60| 2-6 |0.03-0.05| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .10 | .17 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pe: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pettyjon-----| 0-8 | 7-27|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.17-0.22| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .37 | .37 | 5 | --- | --- | 8-54|18-35|1.20-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.17-0.22| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .37 | .37 | | | |54-80| 7-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ph: | | | | | | | | | | | | Philo------| 0-8 | 5-20|1.20-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9|2.0-4.0| .28 | --- | 5 | --- | --- | 8-53|10-18|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9| --- | .32 | --- | | | |53-80| 3-15|1.20-1.40| 2-6 |0.06-0.10| 0.0-2.9| --- | .24 | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Po: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pope------| 0-4 | 5-18|1.20-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.16| 0.0-2.9|1.0-4.0| .28 | .28 | 5 | --- | --- | 4-32| 5-18|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9| --- | .28 | .28 | | | |32-60| 3-15|1.30-1.60| 0.6-6 |0.10-0.18| 0.0-2.9| --- | .28 | .20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PsE, PsF: | | | | | | | | | | | | Porters------| 0-7 | 7-27|1.40-1.60| 2-6 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9|3.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 3 | 5 | 56 | 7-46| 7-20|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | | | | >46 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PuD, PuE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Porters------| 0-7 | 7-27|1.40-1.60| 2-6 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9|3.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 3 | 5 | 56 | 7-46| 7-20|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.20| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | | | | >46 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 259

Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind |Wind Map symbol |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi- and soil name| | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility ______| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PuD, PuE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Unaka------| 0-8 | 7-27|1.40-1.60| 2-6 |0.16-0.20| 0.0-2.9|3.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 2 | 5 | 56 | 8-26| 7-20|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9| --- | .17 | .20 | | | |26-32| --- | --- |0.00-0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | >32 | --- | --- |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RuG: | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------| 0-5 | 5-20|1.45-1.55| 2-6 |0.06-0.09| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | 1 | --- | --- | 5-18| 5-20|1.45-1.60| 2-6 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | | | | >18 | --- | --- |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sh: | | | | | | | | | | | | Shady------| 0-13| 7-27|1.35-1.50| 0.6-6 |0.12-0.18| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .28 | .28 | 5 | --- | --- |13-42|20-35|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |42-80| 8-20|1.40-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.09-0.15| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .20 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SoE, SoF: | | | | | | | | | | | | Soco------| 0-4 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.14-0.22| 0.0-2.9|1.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 3 | 5 | 56 | 4-28| 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | | | |28-42| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SoG: | | | | | | | | | | | | Soco------| 0-4 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.14-0.22| 0.0-2.9|1.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 3 | 5 | 56 | 4-28| 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.12-0.20| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | | | |28-42| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Stecoah------| 0-5 | 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.14-0.22| 0.0-2.9|1.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 4 | 5 | 56 | 5-48| 5-18|1.35-1.60| 2-6 |0.10-0.17| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .28 | .32 | | | |48-63| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sr: | | | | | | | | | | | | Statler------| 0-8 | 7-27|1.35-1.45| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9|2.0-6.0| .32 | .32 | 5 | 5 | --- | 8-53|20-35|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.17-0.20| 0.0-2.9| --- | .24 | .24 | | | |53-80| 7-27|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.18| 0.0-2.9| --- | .24 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | | | | | | | | Steadman-----| 0-9 |10-27|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.20-0.26| 0.0-2.9|2.0-4.0| .32 | .32 | 5 | --- | --- | 9-60|18-35|1.20-1.40| 0.6-2 |0.17-0.22| 0.0-2.9|0.0-0.5| .37 | .37 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SyE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Sylco------| 0-12| 5-25|1.30-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 8 | 0 |12-33| 5-25|1.30-1.45| 2-6 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | | | | >33 | --- | --- |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SyF, SyG: | | | | | | | | | | | | Sylco------| 0-12| 5-25|1.30-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 8 | 0 |12-33| 5-25|1.30-1.45| 2-6 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | | | | >33 | --- | --- |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cataska------| 0-2 | 5-27|1.30-1.40| 2-6 |0.10-0.14| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 2-12| 5-27|1.30-1.45| 2-20 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | | | |12-40| --- | --- |0.01-0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | >40 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 260 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind |Wind Map symbol |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi- and soil name| | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility ______| | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaD2, TaE2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Talbott------| 0-6 |27-40|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.10-0.16| 3.0-5.9|0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | 2 | --- | --- | 6-32|40-60|1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.10-0.14| 3.0-5.9|0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | | | | >32 | --- | --- |0.00-0.06| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TuE, TuF: | | | | | | | | | | | | Tusquitee----| 0-8 | 7-27|1.20-1.40| 2-6 |0.16-0.24| 0.0-2.9|3.0-8.0| .28 | .28 | 5 | 5 | --- | 8-36| 7-20|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9| --- | .20 | .20 | | | |36-80| 5-20|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2 |0.08-0.14| 0.0-2.9| --- | .17 | .24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ty: | | | | | | | | | | | | Tyler------| 0-13|10-27|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.18-0.22| 0.0-2.9|2.0-4.0| .43 | --- | 3 | 5 | --- |13-62|27-35|1.60-1.85|0.06-0.2 |0.04-0.12| 0.0-2.9| --- | .43 | --- | | | |62-80|12-30|1.30-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.04-0.12| 0.0-2.9| --- | .43 | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnF, UnG: | | | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------| 0-5 | 5-20|1.45-1.55| 2-6 |0.06-0.09| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | 1 | --- | --- | 5-18| 5-20|1.45-1.60| 2-6 |0.04-0.09| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | | | | >18 | --- | --- |0.00-0.01| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB2, WaC2, | | | | | | | | | | | | WaD2, WcD2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Waynesboro--| 0-9 | 7-27|1.40-1.55| 0.6-6 |0.15-0.21| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | 5 | --- | --- | 9-72|35-50|1.40-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.13-0.18| 0.0-2.9|0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wf: | | | | | | | | | | | | Whitesburg---| 0-4 |10-27|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.22| 0.0-2.9|1.0-2.0| .37 | .37 | 4 | --- | --- | 4-53|25-35|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9|0.5-1.0| .32 | .32 | | | |53-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wt: | | | | | | | | | | | | Whitwell-----| 0-9 | 7-27|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.15-0.20| 0.0-2.9|1.0-3.0| .32 | .24 | 5 | --- | --- | 9-40|18-35|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2 |0.14-0.20| 0.0-2.9| --- | .32 | .32 | | | |40-80| 7-27|1.35-1.55| 0.6-2 |0.12-0.20| --- | --- | .32 | .24 | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 261

Table 16.—Water Features

(Depths of layers are in feet. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Estimates of the frequency of ponding and flooding apply to the whole year rather than to individual months. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______| | |______Water table | Ponding | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Duration|Frequency | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | | | ______|group | | | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | Be: | | | | | | | | Biltmore------| A | | | | | | | | |January |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |February |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |March |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |April |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |May |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |June |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |July |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |August |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |September |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |October |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |November |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |December |3.5-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | | | | | | | | Bm: | | | | | | | | Bloomingdale------| D | | | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief |Occasional| --- | None | |February |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief |Occasional| --- | None | |March |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief |Occasional| --- | None | |April |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief |Occasional| --- | None | |May |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief |Occasional| --- | None | |November |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief |Occasional| --- | None | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Brief |Occasional| --- | None | | | | | | | | BtC, BtD, BtE, BtF,| | | | | | | | BtG: | | | | | | | | Brasstown------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | CaE, CaF, CaG: | | | | | | | | Cataska------| D | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | ChE, ChF, ChG: | | | | | | | | Chestnut------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | CkD, CkE: | | | | | | | | Chiswell------| D | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Cm: | | | | | | | | Combs------| B | | | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Rare | |February | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Rare | |March | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Rare | |April | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Rare | |May | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Rare | |December | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Rare | | | | | | | | 262 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Ponding | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Duration|Frequency | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | | | ______|group | | | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | Cr: | | | | | | | | Craigsville------| B | | | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |February | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |March | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |April | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |May | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |November | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |December | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | | | | | | | | DeC2, DeD2, DeE2: | | | | | | | | Dewey------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | DhD, DhE, DhF, DhG:| | | | | | | | Ditney------| C | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | GcC2, GcD2, GcE2: | | | | | | | | Groseclose------| C | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | GwE: | | | | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | GxE: | | | | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------| D | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | HnB, HnC, HnD: | | | | | | | | Holston------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | JaC: | | | | | | | | Junaluska------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | JbD, JbE, JbF: | | | | | | | | Junaluska------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Brasstown------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | KfC, KfD, KfE: | | | | | | | | Keener------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | LeB: | | | | | | | | Leadvale------| C | | | | | | | | |January |2.0-3.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | |February |2.0-3.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | |March |2.0-3.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | |April |2.0-3.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 263

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Ponding | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Duration|Frequency | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | | | ______|group | | | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | LsB, LsC, LsD: | | | | | | | | Leesburg------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | | | | Maymead------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | MuC2, MxC2: | | | | | | | | Muse------| C | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Ne: | | | | | | | | Nelse------| B | | | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |February | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |March | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |April | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |May | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |June | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |July | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |August | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |September | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |October | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |November | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |December | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | | | | | | | | NhB, NhC, NhD: | | | | | | | | Nolichucky------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | NnC3, NnD3, NnE3: | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------| D | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | NoD, NoE, NoF, NoG:| | | | | | | | Northcove------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Pe: | | | | | | | | Pettyjon------| B | | | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |February | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |March | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |December | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | | | | | | | | Ph: | | | | | | | | Philo------| B | | | | | | | | |January |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |February |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |March |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |April |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |May |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |December |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | | | | | | | | 264 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Ponding | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Duration|Frequency | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | | | ______|group | | | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | Po: | | | | | | | | Pope------| B | | | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |February | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |March | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |April | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |November | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |December | --- | --- | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | | | | | | | | PsE, PsF: | | | | | | | | Porters------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | PuD, PuE: | | | | | | | | Porters------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Unaka------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | RuG: | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------| C | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Sh: | | | | | | | | Shady------| B | | | | | | | | |February | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |March | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |April | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | | | | | | | | SoE, SoF: | | | | | | | | Soco------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | SoG: | | | | | | | | Soco------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Stecoah------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Sr: | | | | | | | | Statler------| B | | | | | | | | |February | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |March | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |April | --- | --- | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | | | | | | | | Su: | | | | | | | | Steadman------| C | | | | | | | | |January |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |February |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |March |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |April |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | |December |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None | Brief | Occasional | | | | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 265

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Ponding | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Duration|Frequency | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | | | ______|group | | | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | SyE: | | | | | | | | Sylco------| C | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | SyF, SyG: | | | | | | | | Sylco------| C | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Cataska------| D | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | TaD2, TaE2: | | | | | | | | Talbott------| C | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TuE, TuF: | | | | | | | | Tusquitee------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Ty: | | | | | | | | Tyler------| D | | | | | | | | |January |0.5-2.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | |February |0.5-2.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | |March |0.5-2.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | |April |0.5-2.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | |May |0.5-2.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | |November |0.5-2.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | |December |0.5-2.0| --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UnF, UnG: | | | | | | | | Unicoi------| C | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WaB2, WaC2, WaD2, | | | | | | | | WcD2: | | | | | | | | Waynesboro------| B | | | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | --- | None | | | | | | | | Wf: | | | | | | | | Whitesburg------| C | | | | | | | | |January |2.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |February |2.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |March |2.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |December |2.0-4.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | | | | | | | | 266 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Ponding | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower |Duration|Frequency | Duration | Frequency and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | | | | ______|group | | | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | | | | | Wt: | | | | | | | | Whitwell------| C | | | | | | | | |January |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |February |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |March |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional | |December |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | --- | None |Very brief| Occasional ______| | | | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 267

Table 17.—Soil Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______| | | Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Potential |______Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | for | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top |frost action| steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | Be: | | | | | Biltmore------| --- | --- |Low |Low |Moderate | | | | | Bm: | | | | | Bloomingdale------| --- | --- |None |High |Low | | | | | BtC, BtD, BtE, BtF, BtG:| | | | | Brasstown------|Bedrock | 40-60 |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | CaE, CaF, CaG: | | | | | Cataska------|Bedrock | 10-20 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | ChE, ChF, ChG: | | | | | Chestnut------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | CkD, CkE: | | | | | Chiswell------|Bedrock | 10-20 |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | Cm: | | | | | Combs------| --- | --- |None |Low |Low | | | | | Cr: | | | | | Craigsville------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | DeC2, DeD2, DeE2: | | | | | Dewey------| --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | DhD, DhE, DhF, DhG: | | | | | Ditney------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | GcC2, GcD2, GcE2: | | | | | Groseclose------| --- | --- |Moderate |High |High | | | | | GwE: | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | Dewey------| --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | GxE: | | | | | Gullied land. | | | | | | | | | | Nonaburg------|Bedrock | 8-20 |None |High |Low | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | HnB, HnC, HnD: | | | | | Holston------| --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | | | | | JaC: | | | | | Junaluska------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | 268 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil Features—Continued ______| | | Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Potential |______Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | for | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top |frost action| steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | JbD, JbE, JbF: | | | | | Junaluska------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | Brasstown------|Bedrock | 40-60 |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | KfC, KfD, KfE: | | | | | Keener------| --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | LeB: | | | | | Leadvale------|Fragipan | 16-38 |None |Moderate |Moderate |Bedrock | 48-96 | | | | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | LsB, LsC, LsD: | | | | | Leesburg------| --- | --- |None |Low |Moderate | | | | | MaE, MaF: | | | | | Maymead------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | MuC2, MxC2: | | | | | Muse------| --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | Ne: | | | | | Nelse------| --- | --- |None |Low |Moderate | | | | | NhB, NhC, NhD: | | | | | Nolichucky------| --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | | | | | NnC3, NnD3, NnE3: | | | | | Nonaburg------|Bedrock | 8-20 |None |High |Low | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | NoD, NoE, NoF, NoG: | | | | | Northcove------| --- | --- |Low |Low |High | | | | | Pe: | | | | | Pettyjon------| --- | --- |None |Moderate |Low | | | | | Ph: | | | | | Philo------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | Po: | | | | | Pope------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | PsE, PsF: | | | | | Porters------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-60 |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | PuD: | | | | | Porters------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-60 |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | Unaka------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | PuE: | | | | | Porters------|Bedrock (lithic) | 40-60 |Moderate |Low |High | | | | | Unaka------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |None |Low |Moderate | | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 269

Table 17.—Soil Features—Continued ______| | | Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Potential |______Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | for | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top |frost action| steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | RuG: | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Unicoi------|Bedrock (lithic) | 7-20 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | Sh: | | | | | Shady------| --- | --- |None |Low |Moderate | | | | | SoE, SoF: | | | | | Soco------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | SoG: | | | | | Soco------|Bedrock | 20-40 |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | Stecoah------|Bedrock | 40-60 |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | Sr: | | | | | Statler------| --- | --- |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | Su: | | | | | Steadman------| --- | --- |None |Moderate |Low | | | | | SyE: | | | | | Sylco------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | SyF, SyG: | | | | | Sylco------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | Cataska------|Bedrock | 10-20 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | TaD2, TaE2: | | | | | Talbott------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 |None |High |Moderate | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | TuE, TuF: | | | | | Tusquitee------| --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | Ty: | | | | | Tyler------|Fragipan | 15-36 |High |High |High | | | | | Ud. | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | UnF, UnG: | | | | | Unicoi------|Bedrock (lithic) | 7-20 |Moderate |Low |Moderate | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | 270 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil Features—Continued ______| | | Map symbol |______Restrictive layer | Potential |______Risk of corrosion and soil name | | Depth | for | Uncoated | ______| Kind |to top |frost action| steel | Concrete | | __In | | | | | | | | WaB2, WaC2, WaD2, WcD2: | | | | | Waynesboro------| --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | Wf: | | | | | Whitesburg------|Bedrock | 40-60 |None |High |Low | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | Wt: | | | | | Whitwell------| --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate ______| | | | | Cocke County Area, Tennessee 271

Table 18.—Classification of the Soils

(An asterisk in the first column indicates a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a description of those characteristics that are outside the range of the series)

______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | Biltmore------|Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments Bloomingdale-----|Fine, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Endoaquepts Brasstown------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Cataska------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrochrepts Chestnut------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Chiswell------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrochrepts Combs------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls Craigsville------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts Dewey------|Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults Ditney------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Groseclose------|Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Holston------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults Junaluska------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Keener------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludults Leadvale------|Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Fragiudults Leesburg------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults Maymead------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Muse------|Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Nelse------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Mollic Udifluvents Nolichucky------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Paleudults Nonaburg------|Clayey, mixed, thermic, shallow Ochreptic Hapludalfs Northcove------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Pettyjon------|Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts Philo------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Pope------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts Porters------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts *Shady------|Fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalfs Soco------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts *Statler------|Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs Steadman------|Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts Stecoah------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Sylco------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Talbott------|Fine, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalfs Tusquitee------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts *Tyler------|Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aeric Fragiaqualfs Udorthents------|Udorthents Unaka------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Umbric Dystrochrepts Unicoi------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts Waynesboro------|Clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults Whitesburg------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Aquic Dystric Eutrochrepts *Whitwell------|Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Hapludalfs ______| NRCS Accessibility Statement

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