De Tunis À Dera'a, Les Chants Du Printemps

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De Tunis À Dera'a, Les Chants Du Printemps De Tunis à Dera'a, les chants du Printemps Bérengère LAVISSE Mémoire de 4e année Séminaire : Identités et Mobilisations Sous la direction de : Mr Jean-François Polo 2011 - 2012 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier Mr Jean-François Polo pour avoir encadré ce travail et m'avoir guidée et encouragée dans les moments de doute. Je remercie également chaleureusement mon ami syrien Maher Samaan sans qui ce mémoire n'aurait été probablement possible. Merci également à Simon Dubois, rencontré durant mon année à l'ifpo à Damas et qui a pu m'aider pour la traduction de certaines chansons. Merci à mes proches pour leurs précieux conseils et relectures. Merci aux artistes dont ce mémoire parle, mais aussi tous les autres, inconnus, simples citoyens, poètes, chanteurs, dessinateurs, qui osent s'exprimer et qui par leur extraordinaire créativité nous livrent un précieux témoignage des évènements dans leur pays. Je dédie ce travail à tous les manifestants arabes qui font preuve d'un rare courage pour défier l'autoritarisme de leur pays. J'ai une pensée toute particulièrement pour la Syrie et pour les manifestants syriens qui souffrent tous les jours depuis plus d'un an. Je pense à ces enfants torturés pour avoir écrit les mot « Liberté ». Je pense à Ibrahim el Qachouch, chanteur-manifestant, devenu célèbre en Syrie pour la chanson qu'il a inventée et qui a fait et fait toujours chanter des milliers de Syriens. Il est un symbole de contestation par le chant, et en a payé le prix. Ibrahim el Qachouch a été retrouvé égorgé en juillet 2011, les cordes vocales arrachées. « Dans ce recueil, il y a une force qui peut faire tomber toutes les murailles par le chant ». Préface de Louis Aragon à un recueil du poète égyptien Ahmad Fouad Negm. Sur cette terre, Il y a ce qui mérite vie La fin de septembre, Une femme qui sort de la quarantaine, mûre de tous ses abricots, L’heure de soleil en prison, Des nuages qui imitent une volée de créatures, Les acclamations d’un peuple pour ceux qui montent, Souriants vers leur mort Et la peur qu’inspirent les chansons aux tyrans. Extrait d'un poème de Mahmoud Darwich, La terre nous est étroite, 1986. De Tunis à Dera'a, les chants du Printemps Bérengère LAVISSE Table des matières Introduction............................................................................................................................7 I.Des artistes engagés et la musique comme répertoire d'action..........................................20 A.Des artistes qui s'engagent: problèmes et modalités possibles....................................20 1.Soutenir ou ne pas soutenir, telle est la question.....................................................20 a.L'engagement: un acte non automatique et pas nécessairement contre le régime ................................................................................................................................21 b.Déclarer son soutien au mouvement: une question délicate...............................23 2.Soutenir: effet catalyseur ou effet fenêtre d'opportunité..........................................25 a.Effet catalyseur....................................................................................................25 b.Effet fenêtre d'opportunité...................................................................................29 B.Des artistes dans le mouvement et les fonctions de mobilisation de la musique.........36 1.Présence physique et cyber-présence.......................................................................36 2.La musique comme auxiliaire de mobilisation: diverses fonctions possibles.........40 a.Un appel au soulèvement.....................................................................................40 b.Un porte-parole...................................................................................................43 c.Soutenir le moral.................................................................................................45 d.Prescrire les émotions adéquates.........................................................................47 e.Rire et danser pour ne pas avoir peur..................................................................50 f.Raconter au reste du monde.................................................................................52 g.Déconstruire la propagande.................................................................................53 h.Exporter...............................................................................................................56 i.Chroniquer...........................................................................................................57 j.Inciter à aller voter...............................................................................................59 II.Les mouvements de contestation lus à travers un discours poétique................................63 A.Nous et notre ennemi...................................................................................................64 1.Le Nous....................................................................................................................64 a.Des Arabes?.........................................................................................................64 b.Des Tunisiens, des Egyptiens et des Syriens?.....................................................68 c.Une communauté d'expérience?..........................................................................71 2.L'ennemi...................................................................................................................76 B.Notre lutte et nos revendications..................................................................................84 1.Un peuple en lutte....................................................................................................84 a.Un groupe valorisé: héros et martyrs...................................................................85 b.Unité et non-violence..........................................................................................86 2.La nature des revendications....................................................................................88 a.Les droits socio-économiques.............................................................................89 b.Contre les traitements humiliants........................................................................91 c.Contre l'injustice..................................................................................................92 d.Pour un changement de régime politique ...........................................................92 3.Redonner sa place à la musique traditionnelle.........................................................96 a.Une tradition contestataire en héritage................................................................96 b.Le monde arabe et l'Occident, remise en cause des rapports de force mondiaux ..............................................................................................................................102 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................107 Bibliographie......................................................................................................................110 Annexes..............................................................................................................................116 2012 4/188 De Tunis à Dera'a, les chants du Printemps Bérengère LAVISSE Annexe 1: Corpus de chansons......................................................................................116 poème d'Ali ,( نشيد الثورة - Hymne de la Révolution (Nechid eth-thawra .1 Louati, mis en musique par Rabii Zammouri, Tunisie.........................................116 ,Emel Mathlouthi ,(اليوم أنا حر- Aujourd'hui je suis libre (El Yom ana Hor.2 Tunisie..................................................................................................................118 .Emel Mathlouthi, Tunisie ,( كلمتي حرة - Ma parole est libre (Kelmti Hourra .3 ..............................................................................................................................119 ,Abou el Kacem Chebbi ,(حماة الحمى) Hymne national tunisien Humat el hima .4 Tunisie..................................................................................................................121 5. Poème Aux tyrans du monde, Abou el Kacem Chebbi, Tunisie......................123 collectif d'artistes tunisiens, Tunisie ,(أنت الصوت - Tu es la voix (Enti es-sout .6 ..............................................................................................................................124 7. Président du pays, (Rayis le-bled), rappeur el General, Tunisie .....................127 Oum Kalthoum, Egypte.........130 ,(أنا الشعب - Je suis le peuple (Ana el Cha'ab .8 poème écrit par Ahmad Fu'ad Negm ,( شيد قصورك عالمزارع) Elève tes Palais .9 et chanté par Cheikh Imam, Egypte.....................................................................131 poème écrit par Ahmad Fu'ad ,( اتجمعوا العشاق) Les amoureux se sont réunis .10 Negm, Egypte.......................................................................................................132 poème écrit par Ahmad Fu'ad ,( الجحش قال للحمار) L'âne et le poulain .11 Negm, 2008, Egypte.............................................................................................134 poème écrit par Ahmad Fu'ad Negm et chanté ,(جيفارا مات) Guevara est mort .12 par Cheikh Imam, 1967, Egypte...........................................................................136
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