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(Recs) Processes to Articulate Advancement of Conservation Agriculture

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(Recs) Processes to Articulate Advancement of Conservation Agriculture CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE WITH TREES (CAWT): SCALING-UP THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Benchmarking Regional Economic Communities (RECs) Processes to Articulate Advancement of Conservation Agriculture A Platform Setting Report By 1 Pascal G. Kaumbutho PhD CEng MIAgrE in partnership with Jeremiah Moyo2, Saidi Mkomwa3, Jonathan Muriuki4, Hamisi Dulla5 1 Chief Executive Officer: KENDAT, Green Engineering and Conservation Agriculture Value-Chains Consultant. [email protected] www.kendat.org 2 Regional Manager for East Africa (ICRAF) 3 Executive Secretary (ACT) 4 Associate Scientist (ICRAF) 5 Knowledge and Information Manager (ACT) Benchmarking Regional Economic Communities (RECs) Processes to Articulate Advancement of Conservation Agriculture 1 Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms …………………………………….. 4 Executive Summary …………………………………….. 6 Chapter 1.0: Introduction and Background …………………………………….. 10 1.1 Why is Upscaling necessary? …………………………………….. 11 1.2 Regional networking and CA advancement support …………………………………….. 12 1.3 Why Conservation Agriculture With Trees? …………………………………….. 14 1.4 Background to the Study …………………………………….. 15 1.5 Some Out- and Up-Scaling Perspectives …………………………………….. 15 1.5.1 Is it a matter of science? …………………………………….. 16 1.5.2 What are the essential ingredients for upscaling? …………………………………….. 17 1.5.3 How about semi-arid and arid lands? …………………………………….. 17 1.5.4 Can savings in fuel and labour cost alone be motivators for upscaling CA?.................. 18 1.5.5 What can be done to address the many challenges of upscaling CA?.......................... 19 Chapter 2: Summary of the national governmental agricultural performance platform for growing CAWT policy …………………………………….. 21 2.1 Status of Zambia Agricultural Sector Performance …………………………………….. 21 2.2 Status of Tanzania Agricultural Sector Performance …………………………………….. 22 2.2.1 Awareness on CA and CAWT …………………………………….. 23 2.2.2 Coordination in Sustainable Land Management Systems …………………………………….. 23 2.2.3 Inadequate Extension Services …………………………………….. 23 2.2.4 Training on CA and CAWT …………………………………….. 23 2.2.5 Research and Development: …………………………………….. 24 2.2.6 Financing in Agricultural Technologies: …………………………………….. 24 2.2.7 Incentive Packages …………………………………….. 24 2.2.8 Trade Offs …………………………………….. 24 2.3 Status of Kenya Agricultural Sector Performance …………………………………….. 25 2.3.1 Historical perspective …………………………………….. 25 2.3.2 Status of CA and its advancement in Kenya: Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (CA-SARD) and Beyond…………... 26 2.3.3: Analysis of Policies, Strategies and Action Plans …………………………………….. 29 2.3.4 Review Major Public and Private Sector Institutional Arrangements…………..…………. 30 2.4 Status of Ghana Agricultural Sector Performance …………………………………….. 31 2.4.1 National policy interventions …………………………………….. 32 2.4.2 Other Policies, Strategies and Plans Supportive of CA …………………………………….. 33 Chapter 3.0 National Programmes and Partnerships Participating or Sought to Drive CAWT to the Next Level …………………………………….. 35 3.1 Zambia CAWT Partners …………………………………….. 35 3.1.1 Zambian National Programmes and Projects promoting CAWT…………………………….. 35 3.1.2 Roles of various organizations …………………………………….. 36 3.1.3 Existing Institutional Arrangements …………………………………….. 37 3.1.4 Implications for Current Policy Environment for expanding CAWT………….…………….. 38 3.1.5 Way Forward for CAWT at National Level …………………………………….. 39 Benchmarking Regional Economic Communities (RECs) Processes to Articulate Advancement of Conservation Agriculture 2 3.2 Tanzania CAWT Partners and Progression …………………………………….. 42 3.2.1 Seed Industry …………………………………….. 42 3.2.2 Markets …………………………………….. 42 3.2.3 Investment Opportunities and Value Addition …………………………………….. 42 3.2.4 Private Sector Support …………………………………….. 43 3.2.5 Progression …………………………………….. 43 3.3 Kenya CAWT Partners …………………………………….. 43 3.3.1 Typical Challenges facing CAWT …………………………………….. 45 3.3.2 Achievements and way forward …………………………………….. 48 3.3.3 Kenya Agriculture & Livestock Sector (Drastic) Realignment:……………………….. 48 3.4. Ghana CAWT Policy and Institutional Partners …………………………………….. 51 3.4.1 Strategic CAWT Organizational Effort …………………………………….. 51 3.4.2 Other CAWT Programmatic Efforts …………………………………….. 51 Chapter 4: Low Hanging Fruit CAWT Support Institutions and Programmes at REC, CAADP and AU Levels …………………………………….. 52 4.1 National into Regional Platforms for Up-scaling CAWT………….……………………….. 52 4.1.1 The Africa Conservation Tillage Network …………………………………….. 52 4.1.2 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) .………………………….. 53 4.1.3 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) …………………………………….. 55 4.2 African Union and Regional Economic Communities Architecture……….………….. 56 4.3 RECs and CAADP Entry Points to the Regional Support for Up-scaling Regional CAWT Initiatives …………………………………….. 57 4.3.1 Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) ……………….. 57 4.4 Grounding CAADP Pillar 1: Towards Africa-wide Sustainable Land and Water Management …………………………………….. 59 4.5 CAWT Growth through RECs, led by CAADP & her National Compacts………..….. 62 4.6 CAADP Opportunities …………………………………….. 63 4.7 COMESA Opportunities …………………………………….. 66 Chapter 5: Conclusions of this Study …………………………………….. 69 5.1 Are there more Questions than Answers? …………………………………….. 69 5.2 The Regional Platform for fast-tracking CAWT initiatives from national to regional levels for sustained growth and impact …………………………………….. 73 Bibliography …………………………………….. 75 Appendix 1: Regional Economic Communities Alignment.…………………………………….. 78 Appendix 2: Africa: A continent Contrasts …………………………………….. 85 Appendix 3: Terms of Reference for the Study …………………………………….. 86 Benchmarking Regional Economic Communities (RECs) Processes to Articulate Advancement of Conservation Agriculture 3 Abbreviations and Acronyms AfDB: African Development Bank AGRA: Alliance for a Green Revolution for Africa AU: African Union AUC: African Union Commission CAADP: Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme CILSS: Comité Permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel CMAWCA: Conference of Ministers of Agriculture of West and Central Africa COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSO: Civil Society Organisation DFID: Department for International Development ECCAS: Economic Community of Central African States ECOWAP: Economic Community of West Africa Agricultural Programme ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States FAAP: Framework for African Agricultural Productivity (CAADP Pillar 4) FAFS: Framework for African Food Security (CAADP Pillar 3) FARA: Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa FFS: Farmer field schools approach FIMA: Framework for the Improvement of Rural Infrastructure and Trade-Related Capacities for Market Access (CAADP Pillar 2) GEF: Global Environment Facility GGWI: Great Green Wall Initiative GTZ: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit IFAD: International Fund for Agriculture Development IFPRI: International Food Policy Research Institute KENDAT: Kenya Network for Dissemination of Agricultural Technologies M&E: Monitoring and evaluation MDG: Millennium Development Goal NEPAD: New Partnership for Africa‘s Development NGO: Non-governmental organisation OAU: Organisation for African Unity OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PPP: Public-private partnership PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper REC: Regional Economic Community ReSAKSS: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System RIU: Research Into Use UNCCD: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNZA: University of Zambia Benchmarking Regional Economic Communities (RECs) Processes to Articulate Advancement of Conservation Agriculture 4 SADC: Southern African Development Community SAKSS: Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System SFI: Soil Fertility Initiative SLM: Sustainable land management SLWM: Sustainable land and water management SSO: Sahara and Sahel Observatory SWAp: Sector-wide approach Benchmarking Regional Economic Communities (RECs) Processes to Articulate Advancement of Conservation Agriculture 5 Executive Summary: Seventy per cent more food must be provided in the next 40 years when the current 7 billion world population is projected to hit an all-time high of 9 billion. This highly drastic population explosion will be taking place, but more so in the developing world. Even more impact of this will be felt in Africa where life is mostly rural and agricultural production is by the majority of smallholder farmers (67 per cent), operating in vulnerable semi-arid lands. Agriculture is key to reducing poverty in Africa, the answer to sustained economic growth. Sub-Saharan African agriculture contributes an average of 27% towards national GDP. FAO has estimated that a 1% increase in cereal yields can lift 2 million people out of poverty in this region. However, sub-Saharan Africa’s per capita food production has already been declining over the last 50 years, where the number of undernourished people has swelled from 170 million in 1991 to 236 million in 2007 (Mukomwa 2012). Economic development and resource use have brought great benefits to many people, but the world faces serious social and environmental challenges, driven by wasteful production and consumption, skewed trading under subsidy systems that appear to bring about persistent and recurring financial crises. Gross inequities persist within and between nations. Unemployment
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