DOCSLIB.ORG

Antioxidant Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of the Vaccinium Sikkimense from the Lachen Valley of the Sikkim Himalayas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antioxidant Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of the Vaccinium Sikkimense from the Lachen Valley of the Sikkim Himalayas Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 6(4): October-December, 2014, 151-155 ISSN 0975-2331 (Print) www.anvpublication.org 0975-4385 (Online) RESEARCH ARTICLE Antioxidant Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of the Vaccinium sikkimense from the Lachen Valley of the Sikkim Himalayas Smrita Pradhan*, Sushen Pradhan, K.B. Subba, Bharat Basistha State Council of Science and Technology, Bigyan Bhawan, Deorali, Gangtok East Sikkim *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Vaccinium sikkimense under the family of Ericaceae is a low bush blueberry commonly found in Northern area of Sikkim Himalayas. The berry, leaves and the twigs of the plant were collected shade dried and grounded. The solvent extraction of the dried powder of the leaves, berry and the twigs and the fresh berry was carried out in different solvents to get a semi solid extract which was used for further studies like antibacterial activity against E.coli, P.aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and S.aureus by well diffusion method where percentage inhibition was calculated using the formula and the graph was plotted. studies of the extract was carried out by DPPH method using UV/Vis spectrophotometer and the percentage scavenging activity of the reading was calculated using the formula and IC50 value was calculated. KEYWORDS: V. sikkimense; Antibacterial activity; Antioxidant profiling; DPPH INTRODUCTION: METHODOLOGY: Vaccinium sikkimense C. B. Clarke also known as ‘Sikkim Collection of plant Material: Blueberry’ is native to eastern Himalayas[11][13] and is found The plant material mainly the berry ,leaves and the stem of in high altitude areas of the north Sikkim mainly in Lachen the plant were collected from the Lachen valley of North and Lachung valley. It was first collected and reported by Sikkim and refrigerated for further processing. C.B. Clarke and J. D. Hooker from Lachen, North Sikkim which has the altitude around 13000 ft and published in The Flora of British India 3(9): 451. 1882. (Fl. Brit. India.[4] It is a evergreen small and rigid shrub around 30-60cm tall placed under the family Ericaceae. It is multi stemmed , twigs are angled, leaves are oblong or obovate, acute serrulate, racemes short solitary or clustered, calyx-teeth very short obtuse nearly glabrous, margin recurred. Flowers are pinkish and fruits are in the form of dark blue berry, 10- pseudoloculed, 5–9 mm in diameter which are edible.[4]Many Vaccinium sp. like blue berry, bilberry, cranberry are reported to have a potential antioxidant property and antimicrobial activity.[1]. Similarly Vaccinium sikkimense a native to the Sikkim Himalayas has a potential anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties. Received on 10.07.2014 Modified on 20.07.2014 Accepted on 27.08.2014 ©A&V Publications All right reserved Fig. No.1: a) Leaves b) Berries c) and Twigs of V. sikkimense Res. J. Pharmacognosy & Phytochem. 6(4):Oct. - Dec.2014; Page 151-155 151 Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 6(4): October-December, 2014, 151-155 Drying and Grinding: Media Preparation: The berry, leaves and the stem of the plant were shade dried The nutrient agar media (Himedia) was prepared, for few days till the 60% of the moisture content was lost. It autoclaved and 20 ml each of the media was poured in was then grounded to fine powder and stored for extraction. petriplates inside Laminar air flow and allowed to solidify. The sterilised cork borer of 6mm diameter was used to Extraction and Filtration: make a well in the centre of the petriplates. 15% w/v of the dried powder of leaves, twigs and berry was weighed and added to 100ml ethanol for leaves and Sample preparation: twigs and 100ml methanol for the dried berries powder. 10 mg/ml concentration of the extract was prepared using Similarly, the refrigerated fresh berries were taken and 10% DMSO (di methyl sulphyl oxide) for the ethanol crushed to make fine paste with the help of mortar and extract of dried berry, leaves and stem ,methanol extract of pestle .15% w/v of the berry paste were weighed and added berry and ethanol extract of fresh berry. to 100ml of ethanol for solvent extraction. Extraction procedure was carried out using Soxhlet apparatus at 80oC Inoculation & Incubation: for 8-10 hours. 100 µl of each sample prepared were added to the well using micropipette in four petriplates for four different After extraction the filtrate was separated from the residue bacteria respectively to give around 1mg concentration. using No.1 Whatman filter paper. The filtrate was Similarly the same procedure was carried out for other concentrated and solvent were evaporated in rota- samples. Sterilized cotton was wrapped around the stick to evaporator of Buchi, (Heating Bath B-491) at 30oC to form prepare a cotton swab which was used to inoculate and semi-solid crude extract which was dried in hot air oven at evenly spread the known concentration of the bacterial 35oC. The extract was weighed and stored for further culture suspension in each petriplates. 100 µl of sterilized studies.[4] distilled water and the DMSO were used as negative control. 50 µg of tetracycline solution was used as positive Crude extract sample: control. Petriplates were incubated in the B.O.D incubator DLEE:-Dried leaves ethanol extract; DTEE= Dried twigs at 32oC for 24 - 48 hours. ethanol extract; WBEE= Wet berry ethanol extract; DBME = Dry berry methanol extract This experiment was conducted in triplicates. Antibacterial activity: Zone of Inhibition:- Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion The effectiveness of extracts as antibacterial against method. [5][8][10][15] different bacteria was observed by measuring the Zone of Inhibition in diameter(mm) which was compared with the Culture procurement: Zone of Inhibition of positive control and mean and The pure culture slant of bacterial culture mainly E.coli, standard deviation (n=3 )was calculated.[1] Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp. was obtained from the Sikkim Manipal University. Table No. 1:-Zone of Inhibition (mm) test . Test Organism DLEE DSEE WBEE DBME PC S. aureus 22.3mm + 2 8.5 mm + 0.8 14.3mm + 0.6 10.7mm + 2 25.3 + 0.58 E. coli 13.3mm + 1.2 13.7mm + 2.5 10mm + 1 13.8mm + 0.2 9.3 + 1.5 P. aeruginosa 7mm + 1 1.7mm + 0.5 6.5m + 1.3 7.5mm + 0.5 17 + 1 K. pneumonia 15.7mm + 2 4.2mm + 1 18mm + 2 18.3mm + 1.5 21.7 + 1.2 Fig. No.2: Zone of Inhibition graph 152 Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 6(4): October-December, 2014, 151-155 Fig No. 3: Percentage inhibition of the crude extracts against bacteria Percent Inhibition:- Relative percent Inhibition:- Relative percentage Inhibition of the test extract was measured using the formula. [6] Relative % Inhibition = 100 x (a - b) (c - b) Relative percentage inhibition of the test extract = Where, a : total area of inhibition of the test extract b : total area of inhibition of the solvent c : total area of inhibition of the standard drug The total area of the inhibition was calculated by using area = πr2; where, r = radius of zone of Inhibition Table 2 Sl. Microorganism Percent Inhibition No. DLEE DTEE WBEE DBME 1 Staphylococcus 77.8 11.3 32.01 17.72 aureus 2 Escherichia coli 47.6 49.9 26.8 51.2 3 Pseudomonas 16.9 0.96 14.6 19 aeruginosa 4 Klebsiella 52.2 3.7 69 71.6 pneumoniae Antioxidant Profiling:- Free Radical scavenging activity by DPPH method:- The antioxidant assay of the extracts was done by DPPH method with slight modification. [2][7] 0.006 mM DPPH solution was freshly prepared using methanol as solvent and stored in dark for further use. The µg/µl stock solution of each extracts viz; DLEE, DTEE, WBME, DBEE and standard as Ascorbic acid and BHT were prepared in methanol and these samples and the standards were used for free radical scavenging activity by DPPH method. 153 Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 6(4): October-December, 2014, 151-155 Table No. 3:- IC50 value (µg/µl) using Graphpad prism software (version 6.04) Sl. No Sample IC50 (µg/µl) 1 DLEE 481.8 2 DTEE 497.1 3 WBEE 442.9 4 DBME 417.8 RESULT AND OBSERVATION:- The maximum zone of inhibition was seen against S.aureas by dried twig ethanol extract which was 22.3mm + 2 and the minimum zone of inhibition was seen against P.aeruginosa by dried leaves ethanol extract which was 1.7mm + 0.5. Maximum relative percentage inhibition was shown by dried leaves ethanol extract(DLEE) against S.aureas which was around 77.8% and the minimum relative inhibition was shown against P. aeruginosa which Fig. No. 4: Highest zone of Inhibition observed for four different was around 0.9% by dried twigs ethanol extract.(DTEE) crude extract against bacteria, 1) DLEE = S. aureus, 2) DSEE=E. coli, 3) WBEE=Klebsiella sp., 4)DBME= E. coli Antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by calculating the percentage inhibition. Percentage inhibition Different concentration of aliquots of solution ranging of 100 µg/µl conc. of the DLEE which was the lowest from 100µl,200 µl,300 µl,400 µl,500 µl,600 µl,700 µl,800 concentration is 64.7 + 0.02 and that of 800 µg/µl which µl and 900 µl was prepared in test tubes and finally was was the highest concentration is 72.3 + 0.04 .In case of made it up to 1ml by adding methanol.2ml of freshly DTEE, the percentage inhibition of the lowest prepared DPPH was added to each test tubes and was concentration 100 µg/µl was 61 + 0.01 and that of highest incubated in dark at room temperature for 30 minutes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2019 Fall Order Form UNITED STATES
    2019 Fall Order Form UNITED STATES Expires: October 23, 2019 BILLING AND SHIPPING INFORMATION - A street address is required for delivery. Membership Number: _____________________________ E-mail address: _________________________________ Daytime Phone: __ __ __ - __ __ __ - __ __ __ - __ __ __ __ Fax Number: __ __ __ - __ __ __ - __ __ __ __ Country code + area code required Country code + area code required BILLING ADDRESS: _____ Residential _____ Business SHIP TO: (if different) _____Residential or _____Business Name:____________________________________________ Name:___________________________________________ Address:__________________________________________ Address:__________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ INSTRUCTIONS: Please read carefully and fill out this form completely. Incomplete or illegible orders cannot be processed. We suggest you mark your calendar and make a copy of this order form for your records. If you would like to pick up your plants at the RSBG, please mark below: _____ I will PICK UP my plants at the Garden office on Saturday, October 19, 2019. Pickup will be from 9am to 12 noon only. PLANT SHIPMENT: ALL shipments will be via UPS Ground Service unless otherwise instructed. CHECK YOUR PREFERENCE: _____ UPS Ground (Do not use if shipping east of the Mississippi) _____ UPS 3 Day Select _____ UPS 2nd Day Air _____ Monday, September 23 _____ Monday, September 30 _____ Monday, October 14 _____ Monday, October 28 Shipping and Handling Rates PAYMENT INFORMATION This chart is for cost estimation only. UPS frequently adds surcharges for fuel cost and delivery area. Actual shipping costs will be adjusted on your final invoice. As a service to RSBG Members, prepayment is not required. Zones # of Plants A B C ____ Bill me with plant shipment, or fill in credit card information below.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 FALL Order Form INTERNATIONAL
    2019 FALL Order Form INTERNATIONAL Expires: October 9, 2019 BILLING AND SHIPPING INFORMATION - A street address is required for delivery. Membership Number: _____________________________ E-mail address: _________________________________ Daytime Phone: __ __ __ - __ __ __ - __ __ __ - __ __ __ __ Fax Number: __ __ __ - __ __ __ - __ __ __ __ Country code + area code required Country code + area code required BILLING ADDRESS: _____ Residential _____ Business SHIP TO: (if different) _____Residential or _____Business Name:____________________________________________ Name:____________________________________________ Address:__________________________________________ Address:__________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ INSTRUCTIONS: Please read carefully and fill out this form completely. Incomplete or illegible orders cannot be processed. We suggest you mark your calendar and make a copy of this order for your records. SHIPPING/PICK-UP INFORMATION: Check your preference: _____ US Express Mail 3 - 5 days for most deliveries _____ Pick up at the RSBG Pick up date: _____ Saturday, October 19 between 10am and 12pm (Canadian customers only) Shipping date: _____ Monday, October 21 (We do not ship to Canada - Canadian customers must pick orders up at the RSBG on October 19th) Shipping Regulations: Please check all that apply. _____ Barerooting is required (US $5 charge per plant) _____ Barerooting is not required _____ My import permit is enclosed _____ My import permit will be forwarded as soon as possible _____ An import permit is not required Estimated Shipping and Handling Rates: Payment Information: Actual shipping costs will be adjusted on your final invoice. Payments must be made in US funds only. Sorry, the EU does not allow shipping of live plants from the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Step-Two Lectotypification and Epitypification of Pentapterygium Sikkimense W.W
    Panda, S. and J.L. Reveal. 2012. A step-two lectotypification and epitypification of Pentapterygium sikkimense W.W. Sm. (Ericaceae) with an amplified description. Phytoneuron 2012-8: 1–7. Published 1 February 2012. ISSN 2153 733X A STEP-TWO LECTOTYPIFICATION AND EPITYPIFICATION OF PENTAPTERYGIUM SIKKIMENSE W.W. SM. (ERICACEAE) WITH AN AMPLIFIED DESCRIPTION SUBHASIS PANDA Taxonomy & Biosystematics Laboratory Post-Graduate Department of Botany Darjeeling Government College P.O. North Point Darjeeling-734101, India e-mail: [email protected] JAMES L. REVEAL L.H. Bailey Hortorium Department of Plant Biology 412 Mann Library Building Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-4301 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT An epitype is selected for Pentapterygium sikkimense W.W. Sm., the basionym of Agapetes smithiana Sleumer, to augment the inadvertent lectotypification by Airy Shaw (1959) on a G.A. Gammie collection from Sikkim, India. A step-two lectotypfication on the specimen at Kew is designated here. An amplified description of var. smithiana is provided. Photographs of the lectotype, isolectotype, epitype, and live plants are provided to facilitate identification. KEY WORDS: typification, Sikkim, West Bengal, India. Pentapterygium sikkimense was described by William Wright Smith (1911 268) based on specimens collected by George Alexander Gammie in 1892 ( 1216 , K! [Fig. 1], CAL! [Fig. 2]) from Lachung Valley in the state of Sikkim, and by Charles Gilbert Rogers in 1899 (accession no. 264374, CAL!) from the lower Tonglu region of the Darjeeling Himalaya in the state of West Bengal, India. Sleumer (1939: 106) transferred P. sikkimense to Agapetes D. Don ex G. Don and proposed a new named, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Plan 2006 - 2010
    PHOBJIKHA LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION AREA Management Plan 2006 - 2010 The Royal Society for Protection of Nature The Royal Society for Protection of Nature Post Box 325 Thimphu, BHUTAN All Rights Reserved © 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN), the only non-governmental conservation organization in Bhutan, has been a key player in the conservation of the endangered Black-necked Cranes in Phobjikha valley. The survival of the Black – necked Cranes in Phobjikha, is linked with the humans. As residents of Phobjikha move down to the lower elevations of Ada to escape severe winter, their migration has safeguarded wintering cranes and their habitat in Phobjikha. Therefore, contributions to crane conservation from Ada as winter homes for several hundred households and their wetland farms, are of enormous values. To know more about Phobjikha valley, RSPN had completed two studies with vital information on how human experiences have shaped their natural surroundings including the survival of the Black-necked Cranes. Based on the occurrence of endangered species such as the Black-necked Cranes, White-bellied Heron, red panda and tigers, the preliminary boundary of the Phobjikha Landscape Conservation Area (PLCA) was delineated to include both Phobjikha and Ada. The boundary falls within 890 57’ 54” - 900 17’ 30” North and 270 13’ 50” - 270 31’ 27 East, with an area of 402.9 km2. Within the PLCA boundary, the Phobjikha valley (rim) was considered the crane area (161.9 km2 ; 900 5’ 55” – 900 17’ 30” North and 270 22’ 16” – 270 31’ 27” East). Seven major land-use were identified: agriculture, forest, scrub, marsh, water-bodies, pastures and settlements.
    [Show full text]
  • U Niversity of Graz Samentauschverzeichnis
    Instutute of Plant Sciences –University of Graz Pflanzenwissenschaften Institut für Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Samentauschverzeichnis Botanischer Garten - Seminum Index - 2015 SAMENTAUSCHVERZEICHNIS Index Seminum Seed list Catalogue de graines des Botanischen Gartens der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Ernte / Harvest / Récolte 2015 Herausgegeben von Christian BERG & Kurt MARQUART ebgconsortiumindexseminum2012 Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Januar 2016 Botanical Garden, Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl- Franzens-Universität Graz 2 Botanischer Garten Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Holteigasse 6 A - 8010 Graz, Austria Fax: ++43-316-380-9883 Email- und Telefonkontakt: [email protected], Tel.: ++43-316-380-5651 [email protected], Tel.: ++43-316-380-5747 Webseite: http://garten.uni-graz.at/ Zitiervorschlag : BERG, C. & MARQUART, K. (2015): Samentauschverzeichnis – Index Seminum - des Botanischen Gartens der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Samenernte 2015. – 58 S., Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. Personalstand des Botanischen Gartens Graz: Institutsleiter: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Helmut MAYRHOFER Wissenschaftlicher Gartenleiter: Dr. Christian BERG Gartenverwalter: Jonathan WILFLING, B. Sc. Gärtnermeister: Friedrich STEFFAN GärtnerInnen: Doris ADAM-LACKNER Viola BONGERS Magarete HIDEN Franz HÖDL Kurt MARQUART Franz STIEBER Ulrike STRAUSSBERGER Gartenarbeiter: Herbert GRÜBLER / Philip FRIEDL René MICHALSKI Alfred PROBST / Oliver KROPIWNICKI Gärtnerlehrlinge: Bahram EMAMI (1. Lehrjahr)
    [Show full text]
  • Samenkatalog Graz 2019 End.Pdf
    SAMENTAUSCHVERZEICHNIS Index Seminum Seed list Catalogue de graines Botanischer Garten der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Ernte / Harvest / Récolte 2019 Herausgegeben von Christian BERG, Kurt MARQUART, Thomas GALIK & Jonathan WILFLING ebgconsortiumindexseminum2012 Institut für Biology, Januar 2020 Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2 Botanischer Garten Institut für Biologie Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Holteigasse 6 A - 8010 Graz, Austria Fax: ++43-316-380-9883 Email- und Telefonkontakt: [email protected], Tel.: ++43-316-380-5651 [email protected], Tel.: ++43-316-380-5747 Webseite: http://garten.uni-graz.at/ Zitiervorschlag : BERG, C., MARQUART, K., GALIK, T. & Wilfling, J. (2020): Samentauschverzeichnis – Index Seminum – des Botanischen Gartens der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Samenernte 2019. – 44 S., Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. Personalstand des Botanischen Gartens Graz: Institutsleiter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christian STURMBAUER Wissenschaftlicher Gartenleiter: Dr. Christian BERG Technischer Gartenleiter: Jonathan WILFLING, B. Sc. GärtnerInnen: Doris ADAM-LACKNER Viola BONGERS Thomas GALIK Margarete HIDEN Kurt MARQUART Franz STIEBER Ulrike STRAUSSBERGER Monika GABER René MICHALSKI Techn. MitarbeiterInnen: Oliver KROPIWNICKI Martina THALHAMMER Gärtnerlehrlinge: Sophia DAMBRICH (3. Lehrjahr) Wanja WIRTL-MÖLBACH (3. Lehrjahr) Jean KERSCHBAUMER (3. Lehrjahr) 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis / Contents / Table des matières Abkürzungen / List of abbreviations / Abréviations .................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rock Garden Quarterly
    ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY VOLUME 58 NUMBER 1 WINTER 2000 COVER: Eriophorum scheuchzeri by Rhonda Williams, Wasilla, Alaska All Material Copyright © 2000 North American Rock Garden Society Printed by AgPress, 1531 Yuma Street, Manhattan, Kansas 66502 ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY BULLETIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ROCK GARDEN SOCIETY VOLUME 58 NUMBER 1 WINTER 2000 FEATURES In Praise of Leafy Saxifrages, by Eva Gallagher 3 Alliums for Late Summer and Fall Bloom, by Mark McDonough 9 Those Interesting Vacciniums, by Arthur P. Dome 19 Thymes for the Rock Garden, by Rexford Talbert 35 The Pasayten Wilderness and Environs, by Coleman Leuthy 39 Exploring Southeastern Habitats for Rock Garden Plants, 47 by Rekha Morris Endemic Plants of the Olympic Mountains, by Carla Lankow 55 Sidetrips from Seattle, by Use Burch 57 Mount Rainier: Sunrise to Paradise, by Ruth Kirk 61 DEPARTMENTS Plant Portrait: Primula reidii 66 Musings: Watering 68 Book Reviews 70 Saxifraga x urbhim 'Variegata Aurea' gold spots on the leaves 2 ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY VOL. 58(1) IN PRAISE OF LEAFY SAXIFRAGES by Eva Gallagher Once you start to get serious from seed, either from the exchanges about rock gardening you quickly or from specialist collectors. Although become familiar with that great alpine their flowers may not be as showy as family, the saxifrages. These include those from the better-known groups, the mossy types with their crowded they are all beautiful foliage plants, rosettes of multi-dissected leaves that and some of them are evergreen. The spread into bright green mats just an value of these plants increases expo• inch or so high.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW PLANTINGS in the Arboretum T E X T B Y R a Y L a R S O N | P H O T O S B Y N I a Ll D U N N E
    NEW PLANTINGS in the Arboretum T EX T BY R AY L A R SON | P HO T OS BY N IA ll D UNNE Thinning the canopy in Rhododendron Glen is helping historic collections thrive and new understory plantings to become established. THE YEAR or most folks, this past year has presented challenges like no other in IN living memory. Not surprisingly, the resilience of the natural world and REVIEW the serenity of gardens have provided us with welcome solace. It has Fbeen gratifying to see so many visitors to the Arboretum throughout the pan- demic, experiencing what most of us have always valued about this special place: the beautiful landscapes, and the calming influence of seasonal change and the rhythms of nature. The Arboretum has not been immune from the difficulties caused by the pandemic. Reductions in staff hours, especially during the early days of the shutdown, caused the delay and rethinking of many planting and maintenance projects. The restriction of volunteer activities also has been acutely felt. Even in the best of times, our limited staff rely on our tremendous volunteers to help keep the collections and planting beds looking good. The need for social distancing and other new safety measures has led to changes and adaptations in nearly all aspects of our work. Winter 2021 v 3 However, nature doesn’t wait, and plants remove the invasives. Mature examples of and weeds continue to grow. Despite all the mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and challenges, we’ve tried to maintain forward magnolia species were suddenly visible and momentum and keep things looking as present- enjoying the added light.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1—Reviewers and Contributers
    Appendix 1—Reviewers and Contributers The following individuals provided assistance, information, and review of this report. It could not have been completed without their cooperation. USDA APHIS-PPQ: D. Alontaga*, T. Culliney*, H. Meissner*, L. Newton* Hawai’i Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Division: B. Kumashiro, C. Okada, N. Reimer University of Hawai’i: F. Brooks*, H. Spafford* USDA Forest Service: K. Britton*, S. Frankel* USDI Fish and Wildlife Service: D. Cravahlo Forest Research Institute Malaysia: S. Lee* 1 U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey: L. Loope* Hawai’i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife: R. Hauff New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries: S. Clark* Hawai’i Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species: C. Martin* *Provided review comments on the draft report. 2 Appendix 2—Scientific Authorities for Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 5 Hypothenemus obscurus (F.) Kallitaxila granulatae (Stål) Insects Klambothrips myopori Mound & Morris Charaxes khasianus Butler Monema flavescens Walker Acizzia uncatoides (Ferris & Klyver) Neopithecops zalmora Butler Actias luna L. Nesopedronia dura Beardsley Adoretus sinicus (Burmeister) Nesopedronia hawaiiensis Beardsley Callosamia promethea Drury Odontata dorsalis (Thunberg) Ceresium unicolor White Plagithmysus bilineatus Sharp Chlorophorus annularis (F.) Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim Citheronia regalis Fabricus Scotorythra paludicola Butler Clastoptera xanthocephala Germ. Sophonia rufofascia Kuoh & Kuoh Cnephasia jactatana Walker Specularis
    [Show full text]
  • Rhododendron Niveum
    RAPID BIODIVERSITY SURVEY REPORT - II Thalictrum sp. Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP) Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management Department Government of Sikkim Dendrobium nobile Published by : Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP) Department of Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management, Government of Sikkim, Deorali, Gangtok - 737102, Sikkim, India All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Department of Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management, Government of Sikkim, Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Project Director, Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project, Department of Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management, Government of Sikkim. Citation: Bharat Kr. Pradhan, Suraj Subba, Sabita Dahal, Dorjee Chewang, Meena Tamang (2015). Rapid Biodiversity Survey Report - II. Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project (SBFP), FEWMD. Government of Sikkim, Deorali, Gangtok, East Sikkim. Photo Credit: Bharat Kr. Pradhan, Suraj Subba, Dorjee Chewang, Sabita Dahal, Nima Lepcha, Mika Lepcha, Dupden Lepcha. 4 RAPID BIODIVERSITY SURVEY REPORt-II Contents Page No. 7 Message 8 Foreword 9 Preface 10 Acknowledgement 11 Introduction 13 Inventory and Monitoring of Biodiversity
    [Show full text]
  • Sikkim Himalaya: Unique Features of Biogeography and Ecology
    SIKKIM HIMALAYA: UNIQUE FEATURES OF BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY G. S. Rawat and Sandeep Tambe ABSTRACT he Sikkim Himalaya stands out as smallest but biologically most diverse Himalayan states in India. It is unique in several ways - most importantly, it's close proximity to both the Tibetan Plateau and Bay of Bengal thereby Thaving affinities with tropical moist forests in the south and cold desert in the north within a short distance of less than 100 kms. Heavy precipitation during winter as well as summer season has given rise to lush green vegetation. The state has strong influence of both west and east Himalayan biogeographic provinces. The west Himalayan elements in the state include Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur). However, the state exhibits more affinities with the eastern Himalaya as evident from the presence of red panda (Ailurus fulgens), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii maritimus) and high diversity of orchids and rhododendrons. The state is said to be the historical range of golden takin (Budorcas taxicolor). Angiosperms and lower groups of plants and animals exhibit high levels of endemism. This article deals with a few unique features of biogeography and ecology of the state along with priority areas of research and conservation. KEYWORDS: Biogeography, Conservation, Endemic species, Orchids, Rhododendrons Mt Khangchendzonga - the guardian deity of Sikkim 1 Rhododendron niveum - State Tree of Sikkim INTRODUCTION ikkim (ca. 7096 km2; 27o 05' to 28o 07' N latitudes and 87o 59'to 88o 56'E longitudes), wedged between Nepal and Bhutan is a small and most beautiful state of India well known for its scenic beauty, immensely rich biological Sdiversity manifested by diverse eco-climatic conditions and wide altitudinal variation from about 300 m to 8500 m asl.
    [Show full text]
  • An Integrated Assessment of the Effects of Natural and Human Disturbances on a Wetland Ecosystem
    Research Report 2014/1 An Integrated Assessment of the Effects of Natural and Human Disturbances on a Wetland Ecosystem A Retrospective from Phobjikha Conservation Area, Bhutan Copyright © 2014 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) All rights reserved, Published 2014 Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal ISBN 978 92 9115 304 6 (printed) 978 92 9115 305 3 (electronic) Library of Congress Control Number 2014–347280 Production team Danielle Preiss (Consultant editor) Amy Sellmyer (Editor) Dharma R Maharjan (Graphic designer) Asha Kaji Thaku (Editorial assistance) Photos Photos: All photos by Nakul Chettri Printed and bound in Nepal by Hill Side Press (P) Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. ICIMOD would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from ICIMOD. Note The views and interpretations in this publication are those of the author(s). They are not attributable to ICIMOD and do not imply the expression of any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or the endorsement of any product. This publication is available in electronic form at www.icimod.org/himaldoc Citation: ICIMOD; RSPN (2014) An integrated assessment of the effects of natural and human disturbances on a wetland ecosystem: A retrospective from Phobjikha Conservation Area, Bhutan.
    [Show full text]