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Kultura Intelektualna Rzymskich Konsulów W Schyłkowym Okresie Republiki

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Kultura Intelektualna Rzymskich Konsulów W Schyłkowym Okresie Republiki Tadeusz Aleksandrowicz KULTURA INTELEKTUALNA RZYMSKICH KONSULÓW W SCHYŁKOWYM OKRESIE REPUBLIKI Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Katowice 2002 KULTURA INTELEKTUALNA RZYMSKICH KONSULÓW W SCHYŁKOWYM OKRESIE REPUBLIKI PRACE NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU ŚLĄSKIEGO W KATOWICACH NR 2090 Tadeusz Aleksandrowicz KULTURA INTELEKTUALNA RZYMSKICH KONSULÓW W SCHYŁKOWYM OKRESIE REPUBLIKI Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Katowice 2002 Redaktor serii: Filologia Klasyczna Michał Bednarski Recenzenci Tadeusz Kotula Leszek Mrozewicz /ą? BIBLIOTEK % Jó- 3125 68 Redaktor Maria Jankowslai Redaktor techniczny Małgorzata Foltys K orektor Alina Rostalska Copyright © 2002 by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone ISSN 0208-6336 ISBN 83-226-1167-6 Wydawca Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego uL Bankowa 12B, 40-007 Katowice www.wydawnictwo.us.edu.pl e-mail: [email protected] Wydanie I. Nakład: 220 + 50 egz. Ark. druk. 10,75. Ark. wyd. 14,5. Przekazano do łamania w maju 2002 r. Podpisano do druku wc wrześniu 2002 r. Papier offset, kl. III, 80 g C ena 20 zl Łamanie: Pracownia Składu Komputerowego Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Śląskiego D ruk i opraw a: „P R O D R U K ” s.c. ul. Gliwicka 204, 40-862 Katowice SPIS TREŚCI W s t ę p .............................................................................................................................. 7 ROZDZIAŁ I Kultura intelektualna homines n o v i .................................................................. 17 ROZDZIAŁ II Kultura intelektualna konsulów w ie lo k r o t n y c h .......................................... 37 ROZDZIAŁ III Kultura intelektualna konsulów z lat 146— 71 .................................... 58 ROZDZIAŁ IV Kultura intelektualna konsulów z lat 70— 43 .......................................... 83 Z a k o ń c z e n i e .................................................................................................................. 98 ANEKS 1 C hronologiczny wykaz konsulów z lat 146— 43 .................................... 105 ANEKS 2 Alfabetyczny wykaz konsulów omawianych w p racy .............................. 111 Bibliografia Ź r ó d ła ........................................................................................................................ 114 Opracowania ............................................................................................................ 118 S u m m ary....................................................................................................................................... 169 R é s u m é ....................................................................................................................................... 171 WSTĘP pinie historyków na temat periodyzacji dziejów starożytnego Rzymu charakteryzują się pewnym zróżnicowaniem. W dotychczasowych pra­ cach poświęconych schyłkowemu okresowi Republiki Rzymskiej przyjmowa­ łem jako górną cezurę tej epoki wystąpienie Tyberiusza Grakcha w 133 ro­ ku2. Datę tę nadal uważam za istotną, zwłaszcza w badaniach nad proble­ mami społeczno-politycznymi. Jednakże w odniesieniu do kultury rzymskiej uzasadnione wydaje się przesunięcie tej granicy na rok 146, w którym zwy­ ciężona Grecja znalazła się w granicach Imperium Romanum. Data ta pełniej akcentuje związki pomiędzy kulturą rzymską i grecką3. Niniejsza rewizja znajduje również pewne poparcie w przesunięciu ostatnio na ten właśnie rok zakresu dziewiątego tomu słynnej The Cambridge Ancient History4. 1 Wszystkie daty w tekście książki dotyczą czasów przed Chrystusem. Użyte skróty biblio­ graficzne przyjęto zgodnie z systemem stosowanym w L'Année philologique. Bibliographie critique et analytique de l'antiquité gréco-latine {fondée par J. M a ro u zea u , continuée par J. E rnst). Ed. P.-P. Corsetti. T. 70 (1999). Paris 2001, s. XXI XLVII1. 2 Por. T.Aleksandrowicz: W kręgu sporów o chronologię procesu upadku Republiki Rzym­ skiej. W: W 2500-lecie powstania Republiki Rzymskiej. Red. A. K u n i sz. Katowice 1995, s. 9 19. 3 Por. P. G rimai: Le siècle des Scipions. Rome et l'hellénisme au temps des guerres puniques. Paris 1975, s. 18; P. Veyne: L ’hellénisation de Rome et la problématique des acculturations. „Diogène” 1979, Vol. 106, s. 3 29; E. S. G r u en: The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome. Vol. 1 2. Berkeley Los Angeles London 1984, s. 250 255,437 528; idem: Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy. Berkeley Los Angeles London 1996, s. 5 nn.; R. MacMullen: Hellenizing the Romans (2nd Century B.C.). „Historia” 1991, Bd. 40, s. 419- -438; L. Canfora: Roma „città greca". QS 1994, Vol. 20, nr 39, s. 5 41; A. H enrichs: Graecia capta: Roman Views ojGreek Culture. HSPh 1995, Vol. 97, s. 243 261; J. Huskinson: Élite Culture and the Identity of Empire. Roman and Greek Culture during the Republic. In: Experiencing Rome. Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire. Ed. J. Huskinson. London 2000, s. 98 101. 4 Por. J. A. Crook, A. Lintott: Preface. In: CAH. Vol. 9. The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146 43 B.C. Ed. J. A. Crook, A. Lintott, E. Rawson. Cambridge 1999, s. XIII [reprint wyd. drugiego z 1994], W interesującym nas okresie państwo rzymskie było wstrząsane licznymi konfliktami wewnętrznymi, aż do wojen domowych włącznie. Był to także okres zagrożeń zewnętrznych i dalszej ekspansji terytorialnej Rzymu. Zna­ mienne, że epoka schyłku Republiki zaczęła się wkrótce po ostatecznym pokonaniu Kartaginy i po podboju Grecji w roku 146. To właśnie w braku zagrożenia zewnętrznego ze strony Kartaginy dopatrywał się Salustiusz przyczyny staczania się Rzeczypospolitej w otchłań degeneracji i walk domo­ wych5. Stewart Perowne w książce opublikowanej pod wymownym tytułem Death of the Roman Republic6 opowiedział się za poglądem, że początek upadku Republiki nastąpił właśnie po trzeciej wojnie punickiej. Wówczas też wyraźnie uwidocznił się proces upadku tradycyjnych obyczajów w staro­ żytnym Rzymie, którego antyczne teorie przedstawił Józef Korpanty, co znalazło potwierdzenie w nowszych badaniach francuskiej uczonej Claude Moatti7. Rok 146 stanowi także ważną cezurę w dziejach rzymskiego im­ perializmu, na co zwracają uwagę w swych pracach np. Jérôme Carcopino, William V. Harris, Jean-Louis Ferrary, Alain Michel i Maria Jaczynowska8. Natomiast odnośnie do dolnej granicy okresu schyłku Republiki przyj­ mowałem do tej pory bitwę pod Filippi w roku 42. Autorzy cytowanej wyżej CAH uważają, że m. in. śmierć Cycerona w grudniu 43 roku jest wydarzeniem upoważniającym do przyjęcia właśnie roku 43 jako cezury. Podobną opinię wyraził niemal pół wieku temu Kazimierz Kumaniecki w monografii poświę­ conej Cyceronowi i jego współczesnym9. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że pod wzglę­ dem formalnoprawnym najbardziej przekonującą datą zamykającą okres Republiki jest rok 27. Ważna była także bitwa pod Akcjum w roku 31, a dla starożytnych jeszcze istotniejszy był rok 30, kiedy po śmierci Antoniusza i Kleopatry jedynowładztwo Oktawiana stało się faktem i nadzieją na pokój, a istoty zachodzących zmian ustrojowych po prostu nie uświadamiano so­ bie, ponieważ były zręcznie maskowane. Argumentem za powiązaniem dolnej 5 Por. Sali. ług. 41, 2 3. 6 S. Perowne: Death o f the Roman Republic. From 146 B.C. to the Birth of the Roman Empire. London 1969, s. 272. 1 Por. J. Korpanty: Teoria upadku obyczajów u' Rzymie w II i I w. p.n.e. i jej funkcja ideologiczna. „M eander” 1968, t. 23, s. 29 44; C. Moatti: La crise de la tradition à ta fin de la république romaine à travers la littérature juridique et la science des antiquaires. In: Continuità e trasformazioni fra repubblica e principato. Istituzioni, politica, società. Ed. M. Pani. Bari 1991, s. 31 45; eadem: La raison de Rome. Naissance de l’esprit critique à la fin de la Républi­ que (IIe Ie siècle avant Jésus-Christ). Paris 1997, s. 30 58. s Por. J. Carcopino: Les étapes de l'impérialisme Romain. Paris 1961, s. 68 nn; W. V. Har- r i s: War and Imperialism in Republican Rome. 327 70 B.C. Oxford 1979, s. 145 146; J.-L. Fer­ rary: Philhellénisme et imprialisme. Aspects idéologiques de la conquête romaine du monde hellénistique. Paris Rome 1988 s. 357; A. Michel: La conquête républicaine: impérialisme ou pricipat? REL 1990, Vol. 68, s. 19 22; M. Jaczynowska: Narodziny i rozwój imperializmu rzymskiego. Poznań 1996, s. 18. 9 K. Kumaniecki: Cyceron i jego współcześni. Warszawa 1959, s. 531 [wyd. drugie 1989], cezury ze śmiercią Cycerona są jednak względy metodologiczne. Wraz ze śmiercią Marka Tulliusza urywa się najważniejsze źródło do badań nad kul­ turą schyłku Republiki. Uwzględnienie tego faktu pozwala na zobiektywizo­ wanie ocen zawartych w jego relacjach i w przekazach innych autorów an­ tycznych. Dla kilkunastu następnych lat istnienia Republiki nie ma podob­ nego korpusu źródeł, a zatem trudno o uzyskanie porównywalnych wyników badań. W republikańskim Rzymie konsulowie (consules) należeli do grupy wyż­ szych urzędników państwowych (magistratus maiores) i posiadali tzw. władzę wyższą (imperium maius). Wprawdzie największą władzę cywilną i wojskową (.summum imperium) posiadał dyktator (dictator), ale były to uprawnienia o charakterze nadzwyczajnym {magistratus extraordinarii). Wielkim zaszczy­ tem było także osiągnięcie urzędu cenzora (censor), którego kompetencje były jednak bardzo ograniczone. Można zatem powiedzieć, że w warunkach zwy­ czajnych konsulowie byli najwyższymi rangą urzędnikami10. Urząd pełnili w dwuosobowym kolegium przez okres jednego roku, jako konsulowie zwy­ czajni (consules ordinarii) lub zastępczy (consules suffecti). N a m ocy lex Vilia annalis z roku 180 konsulat można było
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