DOCSLIB.ORG

More UNIX Commands Working with Files

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
More UNIX Commands Working with Files Working with files More UNIX Commands Now that you can navigate directories and move files around, you need to be cat able to work with the files and directories more themselves. head tail diff file cat - ‘concatenate’ to link together cat - ‘concatenate’ to link together This command will let you view the Practice: contents of a file. View the contents of final.paper (in dir2). $ cat filename $ cat final.paper more - ‘view more’ more - ‘view more’ However, on large files the contents Press the ‘spacebar’ to go forward one will fly by too quickly to read when you screen. use cat. Press the ‘b’ key to go back one screen. Press the ‘q’ key to return to the shell The command more will let you view the prompt. contents of a file, one page at a time. $ more filename 1 more - ‘view more’ head - ‘view head of file’ Practice: Using head you can view the top ten lines in a file, which can often give you a View the contents of history.txt (in good idea of what is in the file. dir2). $ head filename $ more history.txt tail - ‘view tail of file’ head / tail Similar to head, tail will show you the Practice: last ten lines of a file. View the beginning and end of the file shrodinger (in dir1). $ tail filename $ head shrodinger $ tail shrodinger diff - ‘differences’ diff - ‘differences’ As you create and edit more files, you Type diff and then the two file names. may often find that you need to compare two files to see the exact differences between them. $ diff filename1 filename2 2 diff - ‘differences’ diff - ‘differences’ The output (what you see on the screen) The output not only tells you what is is only the lines which are different different between the two files, but it also between the two files (lines which only tells you exactly what has been changed appear in one file or the other). These from file1 to file2. are indicated by the less-than and You will see something like: 8a8 greater-than symbols. The numbers refer to the lines numbers < indicates the lines from file 1 which are different in each file. > indicates the lines from file 2 diff - ‘differences’ diff - ‘differences’ Practice: a = text has been added to file2. Compare the files sonnet9 and d = text has been deleted from file2. sonnet10 (in UNIX_class/Shakespeare) c = text has been changed in file2. $ diff sonnet9 sonnet10 diff - ‘differences’ diff - ‘differences’ Practice: You can also use diff to see which What two words have been changed in files are in one directory, but not in sonnet10? another. From rude to vile, and from bliss to rapture $ diff directory1path directory2path What two things have been added to sonnet10? $ diff ~/school/docs ~/school/documents (return) -- Shakespeare 3 file - ‘file type’ file - ‘file type’ In UNIX it is not immediately apparent $ cd ../dir2/picts what type of file you have (HTML files, ASCII text, images, etc.) $ file unixbutton.JPG unixbutton.JPG: JPEG file Type file, then the file name. However, keep in mind that sometimes $ file filename the output of file is just a ‘guess’ by the system. file - ‘file type’ Review More UNIX Commands Practice: cat – view the contents of a text file In dir2: more – use to view files a screen at a time head – see the first few lines of a file What is the file type of final.paper? tail – see the last few lines of a file What is the file type of cats? diff filename1 filename2 – finds differences between two files file filename – ask UNIX to try to determine the file type Review More UNIX Commands The End… Next… Remember to check the man pages for each of the new grep commands as well. 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Configuring UNIX-Specific Settings: Creating Symbolic Links : Snap
    Configuring UNIX-specific settings: Creating symbolic links Snap Creator Framework NetApp September 23, 2021 This PDF was generated from https://docs.netapp.com/us-en/snap-creator- framework/installation/task_creating_symbolic_links_for_domino_plug_in_on_linux_and_solaris_hosts.ht ml on September 23, 2021. Always check docs.netapp.com for the latest. Table of Contents Configuring UNIX-specific settings: Creating symbolic links . 1 Creating symbolic links for the Domino plug-in on Linux and Solaris hosts. 1 Creating symbolic links for the Domino plug-in on AIX hosts. 2 Configuring UNIX-specific settings: Creating symbolic links If you are going to install the Snap Creator Agent on a UNIX operating system (AIX, Linux, and Solaris), for the IBM Domino plug-in to work properly, three symbolic links (symlinks) must be created to link to Domino’s shared object files. Installation procedures vary slightly depending on the operating system. Refer to the appropriate procedure for your operating system. Domino does not support the HP-UX operating system. Creating symbolic links for the Domino plug-in on Linux and Solaris hosts You need to perform this procedure if you want to create symbolic links for the Domino plug-in on Linux and Solaris hosts. You should not copy and paste commands directly from this document; errors (such as incorrectly transferred characters caused by line breaks and hard returns) might result. Copy and paste the commands into a text editor, verify the commands, and then enter them in the CLI console. The paths provided in the following steps refer to the 32-bit systems; 64-bit systems must create simlinks to /usr/lib64 instead of /usr/lib.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIX Cheat Sheet – Sarah Medland Help on Any Unix Command List a Directory Change to Directory Make a New Directory Remove A
    THE 2013 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR HUMAN GENOMIC STUDIES UNIX cheat sheet – Sarah Medland Help on any Unix command man {command} Type man ls to read the manual for the ls command. which {command} Find out where a program is installed whatis {command} Give short description of command. List a directory ls {path} ls -l {path} Long listing, with date, size and permisions. ls -R {path} Recursive listing, with all subdirs. Change to directory cd {dirname} There must be a space between. cd ~ Go back to home directory, useful if you're lost. cd .. Go back one directory. Make a new directory mkdir {dirname} Remove a directory/file rmdir {dirname} Only works if {dirname} is empty. rm {filespec} ? and * wildcards work like DOS should. "?" is any character; "*" is any string of characters. Print working directory pwd Show where you are as full path. Copy a file or directory cp {file1} {file2} cp -r {dir1} {dir2} Recursive, copy directory and all subdirs. cat {newfile} >> {oldfile} Append newfile to end of oldfile. Move (or rename) a file mv {oldfile} {newfile} Moving a file and renaming it are the same thing. View a text file more {filename} View file one screen at a time. less {filename} Like more , with extra features. cat {filename} View file, but it scrolls. page {filename} Very handy with ncftp . nano {filename} Use text editor. head {filename} show first 10 lines tail {filename} show last 10 lines Compare two files diff {file1} {file2} Show the differences. sdiff {file1} {file2} Show files side by side. Other text commands grep '{pattern}' {file} Find regular expression in file.
    [Show full text]
  • Types and Programming Languages by Benjamin C
    < Free Open Study > . .Types and Programming Languages by Benjamin C. Pierce ISBN:0262162091 The MIT Press © 2002 (623 pages) This thorough type-systems reference examines theory, pragmatics, implementation, and more Table of Contents Types and Programming Languages Preface Chapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 2 - Mathematical Preliminaries Part I - Untyped Systems Chapter 3 - Untyped Arithmetic Expressions Chapter 4 - An ML Implementation of Arithmetic Expressions Chapter 5 - The Untyped Lambda-Calculus Chapter 6 - Nameless Representation of Terms Chapter 7 - An ML Implementation of the Lambda-Calculus Part II - Simple Types Chapter 8 - Typed Arithmetic Expressions Chapter 9 - Simply Typed Lambda-Calculus Chapter 10 - An ML Implementation of Simple Types Chapter 11 - Simple Extensions Chapter 12 - Normalization Chapter 13 - References Chapter 14 - Exceptions Part III - Subtyping Chapter 15 - Subtyping Chapter 16 - Metatheory of Subtyping Chapter 17 - An ML Implementation of Subtyping Chapter 18 - Case Study: Imperative Objects Chapter 19 - Case Study: Featherweight Java Part IV - Recursive Types Chapter 20 - Recursive Types Chapter 21 - Metatheory of Recursive Types Part V - Polymorphism Chapter 22 - Type Reconstruction Chapter 23 - Universal Types Chapter 24 - Existential Types Chapter 25 - An ML Implementation of System F Chapter 26 - Bounded Quantification Chapter 27 - Case Study: Imperative Objects, Redux Chapter 28 - Metatheory of Bounded Quantification Part VI - Higher-Order Systems Chapter 29 - Type Operators and Kinding Chapter 30 - Higher-Order Polymorphism Chapter 31 - Higher-Order Subtyping Chapter 32 - Case Study: Purely Functional Objects Part VII - Appendices Appendix A - Solutions to Selected Exercises Appendix B - Notational Conventions References Index List of Figures < Free Open Study > < Free Open Study > Back Cover A type system is a syntactic method for automatically checking the absence of certain erroneous behaviors by classifying program phrases according to the kinds of values they compute.
    [Show full text]
  • HEP Computing Part I Intro to UNIX/LINUX Adrian Bevan
    HEP Computing Part I Intro to UNIX/LINUX Adrian Bevan Lectures 1,2,3 [email protected] 1 Lecture 1 • Files and directories. • Introduce a number of simple UNIX commands for manipulation of files and directories. • communicating with remote machines [email protected] 2 What is LINUX • LINUX is the operating system (OS) kernel. • Sitting on top of the LINUX OS are a lot of utilities that help you do stuff. • You get a ‘LINUX distribution’ installed on your desktop/laptop. This is a sloppy way of saying you get the OS bundled with lots of useful utilities/applications. • Use LINUX to mean anything from the OS to the distribution we are using. • UNIX is an operating system that is very similar to LINUX (same command names, sometimes slightly different functionalities of commands etc). – There are usually enough subtle differences between LINUX and UNIX versions to keep you on your toes (e.g. Solaris and LINUX) when running applications on multiple platforms …be mindful of this if you use other UNIX flavours. – Mac OS X is based on a UNIX distribution. [email protected] 3 Accessing a machine • You need a user account you should all have one by now • can then log in at the terminal (i.e. sit in front of a machine and type in your user name and password to log in to it). • you can also log in remotely to a machine somewhere else RAL SLAC CERN London FNAL in2p3 [email protected] 4 The command line • A user interfaces with Linux by typing commands into a shell.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Is C. Diff So Hard to Culture and Kill?
    Why is C. diff so hard to culture and kill? Clostridium difficile, commonly referred to as C. diff, is the #1 nosocomial infection in hospitals (it actually kicked staph infections out of the top spot). At Assurance, we test for this organism as part of our Gastrointestinal (GI) panel. C. diff is a gram-positive anaerobe, meaning it does not like oxygen. Its defensive mechanism is sporulation – where it essentially surrounds itself with a tough outer layer of keratin and can live in water, soil, etc. for over a decade. For reference, anthrax is another organism that sporulates. Once C. diff sporulates, it is very hard to kill and in fact, bleach is one of the only disinfectants that work. Unfortunately, it can spread quickly throughout hospitals. Spores of C. diff are found all over hospital surfaces and even in some hospital water systems. It’s the most threatening for those who are immunocompromised or the elderly, who are the most likely to end up with C. diff infections. With our PCR testing, we’re looking for the C. diff organism itself but we’re also looking at the production of toxin. Unless it produces toxins A AND B together OR toxin B, C. diff doesn’t cause severe disease. Many babies are exposed to it during birth or in the hospitals and may test positive on our GI panel. Unless they are expressing those toxins (both toxin A&B or just toxin B) it is not considered a clinical infection. Studies show that toxins A&B together causes infection, as well as toxin B.
    [Show full text]
  • Cisco Telepresence ISDN Link API Reference Guide (IL1.1)
    Cisco TelePresence ISDN Link API Reference Guide Software version IL1.1 FEBRUARY 2013 CIS CO TELEPRESENCE ISDN LINK API REFERENCE guide D14953.02 ISDN Link API Referenec Guide IL1.1, February 2013. Copyright © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Cisco TelePresence ISDN Link API Reference Guide ToC - HiddenWhat’s in this guide? Table of Contents text The top menu bar and the entries in the Table of Introduction ........................................................................... 4 Description of the xConfiguration commands ......................17 Contents are all hyperlinks, just click on them to go to the topic. About this guide ...................................................................... 5 Description of the xConfiguration commands ...................... 18 User documentation overview.............................................. 5 We recommend you visit our web site regularly for Technical specification ......................................................... 5 Description of the xCommand commands .......................... 44 updated versions of the user documentation. Support and software download .......................................... 5 Description of the xCommand commands ........................... 45 What’s new in this version ...................................................... 6 Go to:http://www.cisco.com/go/isdnlink-docs Description of the xStatus commands ................................ 48 Automatic pairing mode ....................................................... 6 Description of the
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Data Specifications & Capacities
    5669 (supersedes 5581)-0114-L9 1 Technical Data Specifications & Capacities Crawler Crane 300 Ton (272.16 metric ton) CAUTION: This material is supplied for reference use only. Operator must refer to in-cab Crane Rating Manual and Operator's Manual to determine allowable crane lifting capacities and assembly and operating procedures. Link‐Belt Cranes 348 HYLAB 5 5669 (supersedes 5581)-0114-L9 348 HYLAB 5 Link‐Belt Cranes 5669 (supersedes 5581)-0114-L9 Table Of Contents Upper Structure ............................................................................ 1 Frame .................................................................................... 1 Engine ................................................................................... 1 Hydraulic System .......................................................................... 1 Load Hoist Drums ......................................................................... 1 Optional Front-Mounted Third Hoist Drum................................................... 2 Boom Hoist Drum .......................................................................... 2 Boom Hoist System ........................................................................ 2 Swing System ............................................................................. 2 Counterweight ............................................................................ 2 Operator's Cab ............................................................................ 2 Rated Capacity Limiter System .............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Useful Tai Ls Dino
    SCIENCE & NATURE Useful Tails Materials Pictures of a possum, horse, lizard, rattlesnake, peacock, fish, bird, and beaver What to do 1. Display the animal pictures so the children can see them. 2. Say the following sentences. Ask the children to guess the animal by the usefulness of its tail. I use my tail for hanging upside down. (possum) I use my tail as a fly swatter. (horse) When my tail breaks off, I grow a new one. (lizard) I shake my noisy tail when I am about to strike. (rattlesnake) My tail opens like a beautiful fan. (peacock) I use my tail as a propeller. I cannot swim without it. (fish) I can’t fly without my tail. (bird) I use my powerful tail for building. (beaver) More to do Ask the children if they can name other animals that have tails. Ask them how these animals’Downloaded tails might by [email protected] useful. from Games: Cut out the tailsProFilePlanner.com of each of the animals. Encourage the children to pin the tails on the pictures (like “Pin the Tail on the Donkey”). Dotti Enderle, Richmond, TX Dino Dig Materials Plastic or rubber dinosaurs or bones Sand Wide-tip, medium-sized paintbrushes Plastic sand shovels Small plastic buckets Clipboards Paper Pencil or pens 508 The GIANT Encyclopedia of Preschool Activities for Four-Year-Olds Downloaded by [email protected] from ProFilePlanner.com SCIENCE & NATURE What to do 1. Beforehand, hide plastic or rubber dinosaurs or bones in the sand. 2. Give each child a paintbrush, shovel, and bucket. 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Shell Variables
    Shell Using the command line Orna Agmon ladypine at vipe.technion.ac.il Haifux Shell – p. 1/55 TOC Various shells Customizing the shell getting help and information Combining simple and useful commands output redirection lists of commands job control environment variables Remote shell textual editors textual clients references Shell – p. 2/55 What is the shell? The shell is the wrapper around the system: a communication means between the user and the system The shell is the manner in which the user can interact with the system through the terminal. The shell is also a script interpreter. The simplest script is a bunch of shell commands. Shell scripts are used in order to boot the system. The user can also write and execute shell scripts. Shell – p. 3/55 Shell - which shell? There are several kinds of shells. For example, bash (Bourne Again Shell), csh, tcsh, zsh, ksh (Korn Shell). The most important shell is bash, since it is available on almost every free Unix system. The Linux system scripts use bash. The default shell for the user is set in the /etc/passwd file. Here is a line out of this file for example: dana:x:500:500:Dana,,,:/home/dana:/bin/bash This line means that user dana uses bash (located on the system at /bin/bash) as her default shell. Shell – p. 4/55 Starting to work in another shell If Dana wishes to temporarily use another shell, she can simply call this shell from the command line: [dana@granada ˜]$ bash dana@granada:˜$ #In bash now dana@granada:˜$ exit [dana@granada ˜]$ bash dana@granada:˜$ #In bash now, going to hit ctrl D dana@granada:˜$ exit [dana@granada ˜]$ #In original shell now Shell – p.
    [Show full text]
  • Penndot Form MV-409
    MV-409 (3-18) www.dmv.pa.gov APPLICATION FOR CERTIFICATION OF For Department Use Only BureauP.O. Box of Motor 68697 Vehicles Harrisburg, • Vehicle PAInspection 17106-8697 Division OFFICIAL VEHICLE SAFETY INSPECTOR • PRINT OR TYPE ALL INFORMATION - MUST BE SUBMITTED TO AN APPROVED EDUCATIONAL FACILITY Applicant must be 18 years of age and have a valid operator’s license for each class of vehicle he/she intends to inspect. Applicant must also complete a lecture course at an approved educational facility, pass a written test and satisfactorily perform a complete inspection of a vehicle. upon successful completion of these courses, you will receive your certified safety inspection certification card in approximately 6 to 8 weeks from the date your class ended. The school has 35 days from the class ending date to submit the paperwork for processing. You may not begin inspecting until you receive your certification card. A APPLICANT INFORMATION Last Name First Name Middle Name Sex birth Date Driver’s License Number State r M r F Street Address City State County Zip Code Work Telephone Number Home Telephone Number Do you currently hold a valid out-of-state driver’s license? (If yes, attach a copy.) . r Yes r No *Contact PennDOT’s Vehicle Inspection Division at 717-787-2895 to establish an out-of-state mechanic record prior to completion of this class. List any restrictions on your driver’s license (if applicable): ______________________________________________________________ Do you currently hold a valid Pennsylvania driver’s license? . r Yes r No Have you held a Pennsylvania driver’s license in the past? .
    [Show full text]
  • What Is UNIX? the Directory Structure Basic Commands Find
    What is UNIX? UNIX is an operating system like Windows on our computers. By operating system, we mean the suite of programs which make the computer work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system for servers, desktops and laptops. The Directory Structure All the files are grouped together in the directory structure. The file-system is arranged in a hierarchical structure, like an inverted tree. The top of the hierarchy is traditionally called root (written as a slash / ) Basic commands When you first login, your current working directory is your home directory. In UNIX (.) means the current directory and (..) means the parent of the current directory. find command The find command is used to locate files on a Unix or Linux system. find will search any set of directories you specify for files that match the supplied search criteria. The syntax looks like this: find where-to-look criteria what-to-do All arguments to find are optional, and there are defaults for all parts. where-to-look defaults to . (that is, the current working directory), criteria defaults to none (that is, select all files), and what-to-do (known as the find action) defaults to ‑print (that is, display the names of found files to standard output). Examples: find . –name *.txt (finds all the files ending with txt in current directory and subdirectories) find . -mtime 1 (find all the files modified exact 1 day) find . -mtime -1 (find all the files modified less than 1 day) find . -mtime +1 (find all the files modified more than 1 day) find .
    [Show full text]
  • Tracking Computer Use with the Windows® Registry Dataset Doug
    Tracking Computer Use with the Windows® Registry Dataset Doug White Disclaimer Trade names and company products are mentioned in the text or identified. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the products are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Statement of Disclosure This research was funded by the National Institute of Standards and Technology Office of Law Enforcement Standards, the Department of Justice National Institute of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the National Archives and Records Administration. National Software Reference Library & Reference Data Set The NSRL is conceptually three objects: • A physical collection of software • A database of meta-information • A subset of the database, the Reference Data Set The NSRL is designed to collect software from various sources and incorporate file profiles computed from this software into a Reference Data Set of information. Windows® Registry Data Set It is possible to compile a historical list of applications based on RDS metadata and residue files. Many methods can be used to remove application files, but these may not purge the Registry. Examining the Registry for residue can augment a historical list of applications or provide additional context about system use. Windows® Registry Data Set (WiReD) The WiReD contains changes to the Registry caused by application installation, de-installation, execution or other modifying operations. The applications are chosen from the NSRL collection, to be of interest to computer forensic examiners. WiReD is currently an experimental prototype. NIST is soliciting feedback from the computer forensics community to improve and extend its usefulness.
    [Show full text]