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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81062-3 - The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars: The Nation-in-Arms in French Republican Memory Alan Forrest Index More information

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Abbane, Ramdane, 238 moral role of, 159 adventure, quest for, 71–2 noble mission of, 195 affiches, see war posters idea of a people’s army, 238 Africa, service in, 7, 107 instrument of social reconciliation, 138 Agathon, republican author, 163 army of the Year II, 98, 128, 132, 202 agriculture, importance to image of memories of, 198 France, 215 Athens, 2 Agulhon, Maurice, 133 Auerstädt, battle of, 246 Alabama, 71–2 Augereau, Charles-Pierre, Marshal, 46 Alexander the Great, 47 Aulard, Alphonse, 179–80 Algeria, 5, 91, 94, 236–42 Auriol, Vincent, 199 Algerian Communist Party, 230, Austerlitz, battle of, 24, 60, 74, 94 238 Austria, 109 Algerian nationalism, 237 Austro-Prussian War of 1866, 106, 109 liberation of, 228, 238 Australia, 34 Algérie Française, 236 Alsace, loss of, 187, 215 Bara, Joseph, 192 Alsace-Lorraine, 114, 144 –45, 151, 154, Barbusse, Henri, 206, 207 158, 163, 168, 172, 181, 185, 196, Barère, Bertrand, 31, 229 215 Barrès, Jean-Baptiste, 41, 181, 212 Altenkirchen, battle of, 172 Barrès, Maurice, 147, 162, 182 amalgamation of the Year II, 20 Barthou, Louis, 154 Amalvi, Christian, 188 Bastille, fall of, 177 Amiens, Peace of, 40, 49 Bastille Day, 147, 203, see July 14 anarchists, 198 Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Seigneur de, André, General, 161, 172 173 Angoulême, Duchess of, 97 Bazaine, François-Achille, General, 113, anti-clericalism, 134 114 –15 anti-militarism, 146, 223, 225 Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin anti-republicanism, 69, 157 Caron de, 183 antiquity, city-states of, 20 Beaumont, battle of, 169 Arago, Louis, 118 Bédé, Jacques-Etienne, 78 Arc de Triomphe, 38, 39, 74, 203 Belfort, conspiracy in, 90 Arcola, battle of, 46 Belgium, war in, 91, 94 Ardèche, department of, 231 Bellier, painter, 27 Armée de Libération Nationale Bentillon, mayor of fifth arrondissement (ALN), 239 of Paris, 123 Armée de métier, 139 Béranger, Pierre-Jean de, 74, 99, 244 army, service in Bergson, Henri, 212 boredom of, 41, 42 Berlin, 85 conditions in, 106 Bernstorff, Prussian ambassador to cult of, 216 London, 113 demoralisation of, 213 Berry, Duc de, 90 disillusionment with, 41 Bert, Paul, 141

267

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81062-3 - The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars: The Nation-in-Arms in French Republican Memory Alan Forrest Index More information

268 Index

Bertall, Charles, 131 Carra, 13 Berthier, Louis-Alexandre, Marshal, 44 Cathelineau, Joseph, 69, 130, 188 Berton, General, 90 Catholic Church, 161–64 Bertrand, Captain, 52 missions, activities of, 73 Bertrand, Henri-Gatien, general and outrage at celebration of First aide-de-camp to Napoleon Republic, 194 Bicentenary of Revolution, 176, 220, retreats held for conscripts, 150 243–44, see French Revolution consecration to Notre Dame des Bidermann, army contractor, 13 Armées, 150 Blin, Jules, industrialist, 168 writers on military education, 190–91 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, Cavaignac, Eugène, General, 100 Emperor Napoleon III, 12, 13, censorship, 207 103–07, 111 Centenary of Revolution, see French Bonaparte, Napoleon, Emperor Revolution Napoleon I, 39, 58, 157 Centenary of French Republic death of, 75, 212 Catholic outrage at, 149 gift for self-publicity, 42 Chalier, Joseph, 123 image of, 45 Chambre Introuvable, 66 loyalty to, 52 Champ d’asile, 72 legend of, 74 Chant du départ, 24, 39 propaganda by, 52 Charavay, Etienne, 192 Bonapartism, 76, 183 Charbonnerie, see Carbonari Bonapartists, 78, 89, 145 Charlemagne, 187 Bonchamps, Charles-Melchior-Arthus Charles-Brun, Jean, 181 de, 69 Charnay, Maurice, 146 Boufflers, Louis-François, Duc de, 173 Charette de la Conterie, Boulanger, Georges, General, 145, 147, François-Athanase de, 69, 130 151, 157 Charter of 1814, 94 Boulogne, camp at, 52 Chasseloup-Laubat, Marquis de, 137–38 Bourbon monarchy chasseurs des montagnes, 61 propaganda of, 77 Chaunu, Pierre, 245 rejection by, 70 Chauvin, Nicolas, 108 restoration, 96, 134 Chevalier, Jean-Michel, 41 Bourdon, Léonard, 28 Chevaliers de la Foi, 89 boy soldiers, 57 China, 4 brigands de la Loire, 70 Chirac, Jacques, 9, 241 Britain, war with, 18 chouans, 130 Broers, Michael, 60 Christian Democrats, 227 Brumaire, 48, see Coup of 18 Brumaire Cissey, General de, 169 Brun de Villeret, 96 citizen-soldier, 84, 139, 151, 200, 208, Brunswick, Duke of, 22 209, 221, 222, 235, 240, 246 Brussels, 70, 85 republican ideal of, 108, 133, 222 Buenos Aires, 127 public sense of debt to citizenship, 246, 247 Caesar, Julius, 47 civic republicanism, 188 Campo Formio, Peace of, 25, 36 civil war, 120, 127–32, 190 Canard Enchaîné, Le, 205 in Spain, 94, 220 Carbonari, 89–90 civilians in war, 64 caricature, 47, 130 Clarke, Henri de, Marshal, 92 Carlson, Marvin, 35 Clausewitz, Karl von, 59 Carnet B., 223 Clemenceau, Georges, 133, 178 carnets de route, 79 clubs and popular societies, 84 Carnot, Lazare, 17, 148, 189, 190, clubs de gymnastique et de tir 228–29 applications for affiliation

Index 269

membership, 167–68 Crimean War, 105, 109, 139, 203 role of local industrialists, 168 Croix-Rousse (Lyon), 101, 244 L’Alsacienne-Lorraine d’Elbeuf, 168 Cromwell, Oliver, 27, 30, 157 Avant-garde, 165, 167 Cruikshank, Isaac, 30 L’E st afet t e , 165 Custine, Adam Philippe, Comte de, 25 Patriotes Bordelais, 167 Coblenz, 12 Dalbiez, deputy, 205 Coignet, Jean-Roch, Captain, 52 Danton, Georges-Jacques, 148, 183 Cold War, 236 Davout, Louis-Nicolas, Marshal, 171 colonial service, 91, 94, 143–44 death in war in the Maghreb, 110 cult of the dead, 164 death rates in Decazes, Duc de, 18 colonnes infernales, 69 Decken, Hanoverian officer, 247 Combes, Emile, 189 decolonisation, 236 Comintern, 222 defeat, 125 commissaires to the armies, 51 culture of, 127 Committee of Instruction, 28 in 1871, 196 Committee of Public Safety, 180, defence, collective responsibility for, 16 189, 206 Demartial, Georges, 200 Communards, amnesty for, 135 demi-solde, 65, 68, 72, 89, 99 communists, 224, see French Communist demographic decline, 154, 172 Party (PCF) Denon, Vivant, 54 Concordat (1802), 59 deputies on mission to the armies, 24, concours de tir, 166 45, 51 Condé, Prince de, 30 Déroulède, Paul, 30, 47, 147, 151 Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas deserters, 50 Caritat, Marquis de, 244 Devinat, textbook author, 189 Confédération Générale du Travail Diderot, Denis, 183 (CGT), 146 Didon, Henri, 163 conscripts Dietrich, Frédéric de, Mayor of rappelés for war in Algeria, 240 Strasbourg, 135 conscription, 56, 158, 196, 220, 243 Directory, 42–6 avoidance of, 121 iconography of, 42 hostility to, 93 discipline, importance of, 58, 180 political argument won, 137 Dreyfus Affair, 145, 151, 157, 160–61, resentment of in rural areas, 136 164, 170, 201, 206 resumption of, 106 Du Barail, General, 156 ritual surrounding, 143 Dubois-Crancé, Edmond-Louis-Alexis, 18 as form of social discipline, 137 Dumouriez, Charles-François du Perrier, generals unconvinced by, 139 dit, 13, 22, 79, 191 introduction of a universal two-year Dupanloup, Bishop of Orleans, 191 term, 153 Dupuy, Roger, 25 Contrôle Postal, 207 Durafour, deputy, 205 Convention, orators of, 183 Durdent, René-Jean, 189 corps francs, 62, 126–28 Duruy, George, 172, 174 Cortot, sculptor, 38 pseudonym ‘Lieutenant counter-guerrilla methods, 235, 240 Marceau’, 172 Cossia, artist, 43 Dwyer, Philip G., 45 Coste, Emile, Colonel, 174 counter-revolution, 12 Ebener, Colonel, 172, 173 Coup of 18 Brumaire, 40 Ecole Militaire Supérieure, 169 Coup of 2 December 1851 education cours militaires spéciaux, 169 abstract quality of, 161 Crépin, Annie, 10 available to army officers, 169

Index270

education (cont.) Fourmies, massacre at, 146, 158 in citizenship, 176 Fournière, Eugène, 161 moral purpose of, 161–62 Fourth Republic, 236 role of universities, 160, 162–63 Fraipont, caricaturist, 215 for war, 160 Franco-Prussian War, 40, 86, 110, 112, egalitarianism, 141 136, 156, 169, 179, 189, 194, 217 equality of sacrifice, 204 francs-tireurs, 112, 124, 227, 233 Egypt, 20, 47, 76, 78, 79 image of, 125–27 Egyptian antiquities, 43 lack of sympathy for among Egyptian campaign, 42, 54, 79, 81 republicans, 132 élan, quality of, 24 fraternity, 177, 233 election of 1898, 157 in the Resistance, 233 embusqués, 205 Free French, 228, 235 emigration, 12–13 Freemasons, 157 Enlightenment, 47 French Communist Party (PCF), 15, Epinal, popular prints from, 55 222, 234, 237 equality, ideal of, 21 in the Resistance, 239 Erhebung, 22 communist newspapers, 231 Espagnac, Abbé d’, 13 Young Communists, 227 Etex, sculptor, 39 French Revolution, 147, 179, 186, 209 Europe, war in, 144 as vector of national energy, 147 exile, 70 Bicentenary of (1989), 244 exonération (personal exemption), 105 Centenary of (1889), 148 Eylau, battle of, 53, 74 150th anniversary of (1939), 225 four distinct periods of, 190 Faivre, Jules-Abel, 214 gains from, 235 Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 100 and the humanity of France, 194 Faure, Edgar, 236, 240 language of Year II, 240 Favre, François, 119 memories of, 201 Federations of 1790, 37, 111, 177 Freycinet, Charles de, 140 Ferry, Jules, 134, 153, 174, 177, 185, 189, Friedland, battle of, 26 191, 201, 244, 248 Froeschwiller, defeat at, 113 festivals and the military, 59–60 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), Festival of Saint-Napoleon, 60 236, 237 Festival of the Supreme Being, 37 Fructidor, coup of, 46 Fête des conscrits, 142 Furet, François, 134–35, 244 Fête de la Réunion, 37, 226 Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis, 132 Festival of Unity and Indivisibility, 37 involvement of clergy in, 59 Gagnol, Abbé, 186 Fierro, Alfred, 79 Gailhard-Bancel, journalist, 150 First Republic, 82, 198, 246 Gallipoli, myth of, 32 language of, 111 Gambetta, Léon, 42, 121, 126, 133–34, as symbol of heroism, 121 140, 155, 183 First World War (Great War), 38, 49, 64, Garde Impériale, 56, 61, 95 76, 199, 220 Garde National de la Gironde, Le, 102 human destruction caused by, 220 Garde Nationale, 61, see National Guard icons of, 209 Garde Nationale Mobile, 107, 112, 125 propaganda of, 213 Gates, David, 23 Fleurus, battle of, 31, 189 Gaulle, Charles de, 14, 22, 154, 227–29, Foch, colonel, 170 234, 236–38 Fontenoy, battle of, 58 appel of 18 June 1940, 234 food riots, 97 Gellner, Ernest, 184 Forces Françaises de l’Intérieur (FFI), Gemeau, General, 101 232, 233 gendarmerie, 68, 95 Fouillée, Augustine (pseudonym gender roles in war, 50 G. Bruno), 184 Geneva, 20, 70

Index 271

Gérard-Varet, radical deputy, 186 irregular forces, 121, see partisans, corps Gérault-Richard, socialist deputy, 153 francs, francs-tireurs Géricault, Théodore, 32 Italian campaign, 36, 46, 47 German War of Liberation, 1813, 22 Indochina, 144, 236, 240 Germany, war in, 79 Gildea, Robert, 230 Jacobin republic, 13, 106, 130, 199, 204, Gillray, James, 30 206, 222, 229, 234, 244 Girard, Louis, 79, 96 heritage of, 117 Girardet, Raoul, 44 Jauffret, Jean-Charles, 240 Girondins, 13 Jaurès, Jean, 29, 38, 41, 147, 153, 178, Girondin memoirs, 76 180–81, 197, 206, 221–22, 228 Girondin press, 24 Jemappes, battle of, 40, 123, 189, 196 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 22 Jena, battle of, 94, 246 Gohier, Urbain, 143 jeunesse dorée, 32, 206 Gourgaud, Gaspard, General, 74 Jeunesses Communistes, 230, see French Goursat, Serge, 216 Communist Party Gouvion Saint-Cyr, Marshal, 66, 72, 75, Joan of Arc, 187, 188, 199, 213 92–398, 104, 112, 114, 132, 169, Johnson, George, 35 Grande Armée, 49, 86, 210, 212 Joigny, playwright, 34 Great Fear of 1789, 27, 202 Jonas, Lucien, 215 Greece, 91, 94 Jouhaux, Léon, 198 French operations in, 91 Jourdan, Annie, 42 Greeks, comparisons to, 166, 204 journaux des tranchées, 210 Grévy, Jules, 134, 176 journaux du front, 205 Gros, Antoine-Jean, 32, 46, 54 Jullien, Marc-Antoine, 44 Grouchy, Emmanuel, Marshal, 65 July 14 (national day), 135, 149, 193, guerrilla activity, 126, see francs-tireurs 228, 243 Guillon-Lethière, Guillaume, 31 July Days, 98 Gulf War, 16 July Monarchy, 46, 53, 74, 76, 96–101 just war, belief in, 13, 180 Hannibal, 47 harkis, 242 Kléber, Jean-Baptiste, 55, 114 Haussmann, Baron Georges, 21, 122 Körner, Theodor, 93, 108 Hazareesingh, Sudhir, 100 hero, images of, 53 La Fayette, Gilbert, Marquis de, 27 heroic actions, revolutionary praise Lalauze, Alphonse, 215 for, 28 Lallemand, Charles, 72 Hervé, Gustave, 199, 221 Lamarzelle, Gustave de, 152 Hoche, Lazare, 43, 54, 79, 187, 234 landscape of France, 182, 185 holy places, conflict over, 105 Landwehr, conscription for, 110 Holy Roman Emperor, 16 La Rochelle, four sergeants of, 90–1 honour La Tour d’Auvergne, Théodore-Malo in French armies, 189 de, 148 honours system, 52 Laval, Pierre, 230, 231 Horne, John, 31, 86 Lavallée, Joseph, 33 Howard, Michael, 113 Lavisse, Emile, 195, 201, 204, 211 Hugo, Victor, 28, 86, 111, 136, 228 Lavisse, Ernest, 170, 193–95, 209 Hundred Days, 63, 65, 69, 70, 71, 96 League of Nations, 221 Hynes, Samuel, 77 legacy of the past, importance of, 173 legend Ingres, Jean-Auguste, 54 of Napoleon, 170 intellectuals, 206 of the Napoleonic armies, 85 intellectualism, denunciation of, 162 Legion of Honour, 52, 59, 174 international recruitment, 57 légions départementales, 66 Invalides, Les 203 legitimism, 76 Irish Legion, 57 Leith, James, 131

Index272

Lejeune, officer and military artist, 32 Marmont, Auguste-Frédéric, marshal, Le Nôtre, André, 36 59, 97 Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, Marquant, dragon, 23 Louis-Michel, 143, 187 Marrou, Henri-Irénée, 239 letters written by soldiers, 207, 208 Marseillaise, 24, 102, 135, 183, 188, 201, in Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 203, 216 244 Masséna, André, marshal, 114 in the First World War, 227 Massis, Henri, 207 Levant, expedition to, 221 Mathiez, Albert, 15 levée des 300,000, 17–20, 229–30 Maurras, Charles, 181, 212 levée en masse, 31, 40, 51, 53, 57, 61, 62, memoirs, 75–80 64, 86, 88, 91, 94, 99, 104, 111, 119, false, 75 137, 196, 202, 214, 215, 219, 232, Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, 75, 80, 104 243, 245, 248 Merle, Pierre-Hugues, General, 69 Liberation (1944), 234, 235 Metz, siege of, 113, 115 Liège, 70 Mexico expedition, 136 Ligue de l’Enseignement, 148, 185 Meynier, artist, 54 Ligue des Patriotes, 48, 151 Mézières, Alfred, 114 Ligue girondine de préparation militaire et Michelet, Jules, 15, 86, 111, 136, 177–78, d’enseignement physique, 166 181 line army of the Bourbons, 65–73, 89, 130 mystical status of the French literacy in the armies, 83 people, 178 Lodi, battle of, 46 representation of the revolutionary sol- Loi Jourdan, 50 dier, 16, 177 Lorraine, loss of, 185 Milan, 85 Louis XIV, 36, 149 militarism, 146 Louis XVI, 97, 135, 188, 190 military Louis-Philippe, 39, 48, 74, 99 anxieties about the state of, 107 coronation of, 74 civil perceptions of, 60 Louisiana, 71 military spirit, plea for, 152 Lyon, 123 need to create a new army, 118 Commune in, 127–32, 133 strategic approach to, 100 silk workers’ risings in, 98 military bulletins, 43 military coups , 157 Macdonald, Etienne-Jacques, military culture, 81 marshal, 66 military drill, 40 MacMahon, Patrice, marshal, 133 military education, 174 Madagascar, 144 military history, teaching of, 169 Maillard, educator, 169 military morale, 155 Mainard, Louis, 193 military preparation, 159, 167, 200 Mainz, 12 societies for, 166 Maison du Roi, 65, 184 military press, 44 Maistre, Joseph de, 87 military hospitals, 41 Malraux, André, 228 military science, teaching of, 169 manliness, 161 military service, 245, 247 appeal to masculinity, 123 case for democratisation of, 152, 221 image of aggressive heterosexuality, 246 educational value of, 153, 183 maquis, 230, 232, 244 military spirit, 162 Marat, Jean-Paul, 28, 188 military values, 159 Marianne, 213 militia, service in, 95 in wartime propaganda, 199 miquelets, 61 Marceau, François-Séverin, General, 56, Mirabeau, Gabriel-Honoré Riqueti, 79, 148, 192 Comte de, 14 Marcel, Etienne, 183 Mitterrand, François, 243 Marengo, battle of, 53, 94 modernisation, processes of, 247 Marie-Antoinette, 97 Mollet, Guy, 240

Index 273

Moltke, Helmuth von, 109 Ory, Pascal, 148, 225 monarchism, 182 Ozouf, Jacques, 185 Montalivet, minister of the interior, 62 Ozouf, Mona, 185 Montivideo, 127 Moran, Daniel, 23 pacifism, 198 Morocco, war in, 221 pacifist groups, 147, 180, 224 Moulin, Jean, 228, 229 painting Mourier, deputy, 206 history painting as a genre, 29 Mun, Albert de, 203 military subjects in, 29 muscadins, 206 Pantheon, 150, 203 parades, use of army for, 97 Nantes, 124 Paret, Peter, 214 Naples, seizure of, 36 Paris, 85, 134 Napoleon I, Emperor, see Bonaparte, Paris Commune, 107, 136 Napoleon parallels with national defence in Napoleon III, Emperor, 80, 86, 112, 113, 1793, 231 124, 136, 155, 160, 170, 177, 203, violence of, 128 246, see Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon partisans, use of, 62 Napoleonic legend, 45, see Legend in 1814, 88, 229 Napoleonic Wars, 246 tradition in times of invasion, 180 nation, identity of, 53 patrie, reference to, 14 nation-in-arms, legend of, 1, 117 patrie en danger, 20, 30, 97, 116 –18, 126, basis in historical reality, 36 139, 197, 204, 213, 227, 243 commitment of soldiers, 39 patriotism, 20, 24, 83, 120, 182, 207 discredit to, 241 in the republican tradition, 116, as effective revolutionary force, 103 230 flexibility of legend, 22 giving legitimacy to, 195 legitimation of the state, 16 Paul-Boncour, 222 republican character, 176 peace, rhetoric of, 218 National Guard, 21, 25–7, 31, 95, 101, pedlars, role in the countryside, 55 102, 119, 122–25, 129, 177 Péguy, Charles, 212 banners of, 26 Pellerin, Jean-Claude, 54, 55, 74, 99, as symbol of the Republic, 102 188 nationalists, 90, 163, 206 Pétain, Philippe, Marshal, 230, 231, in nineteenth-century Germany, 109 235 Neerwinden, battle of, 77, 191 Pétainism, 227 Neiberg, Michael, 220 Peninsular War, 125 Nelson, Horatio, 57 pensions, 67–8 Niel, Adolphe, marshal, 106, 107, 109 pétroleuses, 131 Nora, Pierre, 193 Philipon, playwright, 34 nostalgia, role of, 76, 87 philosophes, 15, 182 Nuremberg trial, 239 Picard, General, 156 pieds-noirs, 240 Occupation of France, 88, 239 Poincaré, Raymond, 201–02, 204 in 1814 political journalism, 44 in 1940 Popular Front, 209, 223 officer class, distrust of, 11, 14 Prendergast, Christopher, 46, 54 officers Pressburg, treaty of, 57, 58 banishment of, 67 profiteers, 13 challenge of civilian life for, 68 propaganda, 237 forcible retirement of, 66 prosecution of political opponents, reform of, 155 156 sense of public service among, 155 provinces Opportunists, 134 and attitudes to war, 233 Oradour-sur-Glane, 239 provincial difference, 117, 181 Orleanists, 99 Provisional Government (1870), 119

Index274

Prussia, 108, 137, 247 reservists, 225 Army Law of 1868, 110 Resistance, 227, 228, 235 conscription in, 239 language of, 228 Law concerning Compulsory Military resistance activity, 229 Service, 95, 108 Restoration, 65–71, 76, 92, 94 French war with, 17 Restoration church, 87 model for modern nation-in arms, 137 Restoration monarchy, 52, 117 rights of citizenship in, 244 Return of the Ashes, 74 Prussia, King of, 16 as the Second Coming, 99 Prussian army, 109 revanche, against Germany, 157 Prussian War of Liberation, 144 Réveillon, Jean-Baptiste, 27 Psichari, Ernest, 207 revenge killings, 69, 189 Revolution, 97 Quatorze juillet 1942, 228 in the streets of Paris Quinet, Edgar, 136 of 1830, 89 of 1848, 100 Radical, Le, 199 Revolutionary armies, 173, 216 Radicals, view on conscription of, 140 imagined by nineteenth-century Radical Socialist Party, 180 France, 85 Rambuteau, Comte de, 20 revolutionary rhetoric Rapp, Jean, general, 65 identification with 1789 and 1792, 123 rearmament, 222 revolutionary tradition, 211 reconstruction after 1815, 64 Revue des Deux Mondes, 159 problems of reinsertion, 67 Rio de Janeiro, 127 Recruitment Law Robespierre, Maximilien, 13, 14, 24, 37, of 1868 (Loi Niel), 112, 136 Roland, French military hero, 193 of 1872, 139–41 Roncevaux, defence of, 193 of 1889, 141 Rosanvallon, Pierre, 49 of 1913, 197 Rouget de Lisle, Claude-Joseph, 135, regiments 188, 190, 203 employment agencies in, 248 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 183 suppression of, 65 royalists, 145 regionalism, 181 royalist ceremonies, participation of Regnault de Saint-Jean d’Angély, 44 army in, 97 Reinach, Joseph, 145 Royer-Collard, Pierre, 19, 94 religion Rude, François, 38, 183, 216 Church and state, battle between, 184 Russia, defence treaty of 1894 with, 145 religious difference, 218 religious tolerance, 188 Sabattier, caricaturist, 214 remembrance sacre, coronation ceremony, 59 public mourning, 217, 218 Sadowa, battle of, 106, 136 silence for victims in Algeria, 241 Saint-Cyr, military academy, 155, 159, remplacement, 19, 105, 107, 139 169–72, 176 insurance to cover cost of, 139 Saint-Domingue, 71 republicanism, 76 Saint-Helena, 74 romantic republicanism of 1820s, 91 sans-culottes, 122 memories of republican heritage, 121 Sarrail, commandant, 172 republicans, 78 Sarrebrücken, capture of, 113 and the language of 1793, 117 Saumur, conspiracies in, 90 character of a republican army, 135 scandals, 146 republican banquets, 212 schools, 160, 182 official republican histories, 211 school curriculum, 181 republican secret societies, 39 place of history in, 186 republican trials of 1822, 90 inclusion of civic instruction in, 193 republican relish for a people’s war in school textbooks (manuels scolaires), 1870, 199 184–95, 200

Index 275

anti-clerical textbooks, 182, 186–87 Sparta, 3 civic purpose of, 189, 191, 192–95 Spitzer, Alan, 89 heroic figures in, 187 sport and military preparation, 159 illustrations in, 188 standing army, 92, 110, 139, 222 portrayal of war in, 192 state, apparatus of, 49 schoolteachers, 181, 183, 201 statues, vogue for, 183 Sébastiani, Horace-François-Bastien, substitutes, purchase of, 93 General, 65 Suchet, Louis-Gabriel, general, 75 Secher, Reynald, 245 symbols of the republic Second Empire, 76, 86, 101 symbolic decors, 176 armies of, 112 Second Republic, 76, 104, 156 tactics, 40 Second World War, 235 Taine, Hyppolyte, 179 sections of revolutionary Paris, 26 Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice secularisation, 134 de, 87 Sédan, battle of Talma, François-Joseph, 32 French prisoners taken at, 114 Terquem, Emile, 164 psychological impact of, 110 Ter ror, 84, 186, 244 Seignac, Georges, 215 memories of, 50 Semaine sanglante, 131 theatre, 32–5 Serman, William, 156 military themes in, 32, 36–7 Servan, Joseph, 18 Thiers, Adolphe, 132, 134 Service du travail obligatoire (STO), Third Republic, 31, 76, 82, 115–17, 232, 236 133–54, 155–56, 176 –78, 188–89, shooting clubs, 125, see clubs de 233 gymnastique et de tir bloodless revolution to establish, 116 Simon, Jules, 178 debt of gratitude to revolutionary Sirejean, conspirator, 90 ancestors, 177, 182 sister republics, 20 Thirty Years War, 246 Soboul, Albert, 25 Thomson, Richard, 151 socialists, 146, 221 tirage au sort, 142 Socialist Party, 197 Tomiche, Nada, 45 sociétés de tir, 164, 200, 201, see clubs de Tone, Wolfe, 57 gymnastique et de tir torture, use of, 239 Soldat de Demain, Le, 201 Toulon, siege of, 45 soldiers Tour de la France par deux enfants, Le, disdain for during the Restoration, 92 184–85 experiences of, 216 trenches homesickness among, 85 conditions in, 212 idealisation of, 92 trench newspapers, see journaux des légèreté of, 56 tranchées political suspicion of, 89 tricolor, 102 pride in soldiering, 41–2, 58 Trieste, capture of, 36 professionalism of, 57 Triumph of the Republic, statue to, 148 as representatives of Empire, 59 Trochu, Louis-Jules, General, 107, 109 soldiers of the Year II, 149, 199, 211, Tu seras soldat, 195 228, 230, 235, 245, see Army of the Tuffrau, Paul, 209 Year II, Tuileries, assault on (10 August), 25 Sorbonne, 162–63, 170, 179, 193 Tulard, Jean, 75 Sorel, Albert, 171–72 Tunisia, war in, 140, 242 Soulié, Frédéric, 74 Tu r i n, 12 Soult, Nicolas, marshal, 65, 98 South Africa, 8 Uhlans, 125 Soviet Union, 222 Ulm, battle of, 94 Spain, operations in Union Sacrée, 197, 201, 216 1823–4, 73 United States, 20

Index276

uniforms, 56, 214 Vienna, peace of, 87 Universal Exhibition of 1889, 148 Vietnam, 6 Vigny, Alfred de, 136 Valabrègue, Colonel, 172 Villefranche-sur-Saône, 144 Vallé, Captain, 90 Villemarest, Maxime de, 75 Valmy, battle of, 23, 33, 40, 76, 77, Vine and Olive, lands of, 71–2 115, 117, 123, 158, 190, 196, 201, Vogüé, Melchior de, 220 203, 213, 216, 229–31, 234, 235, Voltaire, François-Marie-Arouet de, 243–44 15, 183 language of, 227 Voix du Peuple, La, 146 legend of, 21–4 volunteers, 17, 25 150th anniversary of, 230 of 1792, 179, 193, 212, 213 Valmy, newspaper of the FFI, 141, Vuillermet, Ferdinand-Antonin, 161 147, 215 Vandepitte, Abbé, 190 Waddington, William Henry, 134 Varennes, flight to, 12 war Vast, Henri, 184 experience of, 50, 202 Vendée, 20, 36, 234, 244 of foreign conquest, 48 Vendeans, comparisons with, 130, 245 hysteria, 164 Vendôme Column, 39, 177 impact of, 64 vengeance after the fall of the Commune, imperialist war, opposition to, 224 131 industrialisation of, 221 Vengeur, sinking of, 31 mechanisation of, 220 Vercengetorix, 187 posters (affiches), 213 Verdun, battle of, 209, 216 psychological preparation for, 196, 240 Versailles, 135 techology and, 203 veterans of Revolutionary and as war of liberty, 199 Napoleonic Wars, 51, 199 war memorials, 216 in civil administration, 69 sculptures on, 218 longevity of, 80 war-weariness, 208 veterans of colonial wars in North Africa, Warsaw, 85 100, 158 Waterloo, battle of, 86, 87, 127 Veunac, director of a shooting club, 201 Weber, Eugen, 247 Viala, Agricol, 34–5, 192 White Terror, 87 victory, glorying in, 49 Wissembourg, defeat at, 113 Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, 239 women, role played by, 131 Vidalenc, Jean, 66 mobilisation in 1870, 203