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Social Sciences in Pakistan The State of Social Sciences in Pakistan Editor S. H. Hashmi The State of Social Sciences in Pakistan Editor S. H. Hashmi Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan (COSS) Islamabad 2001 Any part of this book may be reproduced in any manner for educational purposes. However, permission of Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan (COSS) is necessary for reproducing the book or any part of it for commercial purposes. Copyright: Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan (COSS), 2001 Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan (COSS), Website www.coss.sdnpk.org Email address: [email protected] # 307, Dossal Arcade, Jinnah Avenue, Blue Area, Islamabad First published in 1989 by Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Printed at Allama Iqbal Open University Press, Sector H-9, Islamabad Preface to reprinted edition Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan (COSS) is reprinting the book The State of Social Sciences in Pakistan, edited by Dr. S. H. Hashmi and published by Quaid-i-University, Islamabad in 1989 to make it available to a larger number of social scientists. The book consists of 19 articles, 13 of them analyse major social science disciplines. The book is first comprehensive evaluation of social sciences in Pakistan. It retains its relevance and utility even after eleven years of its publication. COSS is grateful to: • Islamabad office of UNESCO for providing funds to process the book for reprinting and meeting the cost of paper needed for this purpose. • Vice Chancellor, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad to allow its printing free of cost. • Vice Chancellor Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad and Prof. S. H. Hashmi, editor of the book, for granting permission to reprint it. December 19, 2000 Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan (COSS) Islamabad Preface In Pakistan, Social Sciences have remained grossly under- developed and the number of social scientists miserably low and declining. Social Sciences, on the whole, have been badly ignored by the universities and public policy makers, although social sciences can and do play an important role in the socio-economic development of the country: in economic development, rural development, the solution of urban problems, improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness of organisations in the public and private sectors, control of the alarming rate of population growth, and in several other areas. By ignoring social sciences, our development planners and educational policy makers have created a situation which has adversely affected our socio-economic development. To discuss the state of social sciences and the causational factors of their under-development in Pakistan, the Quaid-i-Azam University, and the Centre for the Study of Central Asian Civilisations and the University Grants Commission organised a Conference from 24th May to 26th May, 1988 in Islamabad. This was the first conference of its kind and was attended by a large number of social scientists from all over the country. Papers were presented on general aspects of social sciences as well as on individual disciplines. The specific objectives of the Conference were to: i) identify characteristics, trends and problems in social sciences in Pakistan; ii) interpret the causes of development, under-development and mal- development of social sciences in Pakistan; iii) make recommendations about the advancement of social sciences in Pakistan and their utilisation in the socio-economic development of the country. At the end of the conference the following major recommendations were made: 1. The Government of Pakistan was requested to establish a Pakistan Social Sciences Research Council, the objectives of which would be to promote and finance research in social sciences, organise conferences and seminars, and promote the cause of social sciences in Pakistan. 2. The Conference noted the alarmingly low number of social scientists in the country and strongly recommended to the Government of Pakistan that a large number of scholarships should be made available for higher studies in social sciences abroad. 3. A social science conference should be organised annually. 4. A conscious effort should be made to invite scholars from the smaller provinces and teachers and researchers from the less developed universities of the country to the conference. 5. An effort should be made to revitalise associations of individual social science disciplines and encourage them to organise annual conferences. 6. The Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences being published by Quaid-i-Azam University should be given necessary encouragement and support by the social scientists so that it could become a national journal. 7. Efforts should be made to initiate social science forums in all universities in which teachers from various disciplines could present their papers and promote greater inter-disciplinary awareness and coordination. 8. All universities should create research funds which should be provided to teachers to carry out research work. 9. Students at the post-graduate level in all universities should be required to take a certain number of courses in related disciplines so as to acquire a better understanding of the inter-disciplinary emphasis in the present day social sciences. 10. The syllabi and curricula of social science subjects should be updated and modernised. This volume contains the papers presented at the conference. I hope it will be a useful addition to the limited literature presently available on social sciences in Pakistan and will be a pioneering effort for further studies in social sciences in general as well as studies in specific disciplines. For the preparation of the papers, a general guideline and a bibliography were prepared and some useful background material was collected by Dr. Inayatullah and circulated among the writers for which I am grateful. I should also thank Dr. Z. A. Ansari, Director National Institute of Psychology, and Mr. Sabir for their help in the printing of the book. April 1989 S. H. Hashmi Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad TABLE OF CONTENTS Ch. 1: SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PAKISTAN: AN EVALUATION Inayatullah………………………………………………………………………1 Ch. 2: UNDERDEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PAKISTAN Mohammad Waseem…………………………………………………………..69 Ch. 3: SOME METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN ISLAMISATION OF SOCIAL SCIENCESf Anis Ahmad…………………………………………………………………...89 Ch. 4: DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY IN PAKISTAN Z. A. Ansari …………………………………………………………………...97 Ch. 5: WHITHER HISTORY? THE STATE OF THE DISCIPLINE IN PAKISTAN M. Naeem Qureshi ………………………….………………………………109 Ch. 6: POLITICAL SCIENCE: PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS AND SCOPE IN PAKISTAN Saeed Shafqat ………………………………………………………………..129 Ch. 7: DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE IN PAKISTAN Sabeeha Hafeez ………………………………………………………………139 Ch. 8: DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICS AS A DISCIPLINE IN PAKISTAN Karamat Ali ………………………………………………………………….149 Ch. 9: THE STATE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN PAKISTAN A. R. Jafri …………………………………………………………………….163 Ch. 10: THE STATE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN PAKISTAN Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema and Rasul Bux Rais ………………………………….177 Ch. 11: THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEFENCE AND STRATEGIC STUDIES AS A SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINE IN PAKISTAN Shireen M. Mazari and Ayaz Naseem………………………………………..183 Ch. 12: EDUCATION AS A SYSTEM AND DISCIPLINE IN PAKISTAN Sarfraz Khawaja …………………………………………………………….193 Ch. 13: ROLE OF ADMINISTRATIVE TRAINING INSTITUTIONS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH IN PAKISTAN Anwar H. Siddiqui …………………………………………………………..209 Ch. 14: SOCIAL SCIENCES: THE SUPPRESSED AGENT OF CHANGE M.A. Hussain Mullick ……………………………………………………….223 Ch. 15: ROLE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN UNDERSTANDING FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND FORMULATION OF FOREIGN POLICY Latif Ahmed Sherwani ……………………………………………………… 231 Ch. 16: PAKISTAN STUDIES: STATE OF THE DISCIPLINE IN PAKISTAN Saeeduddin Ahmad Dar and Sarfraz Hussain Ansari ………………………..247 Ch. 17: AMERICAN STUDIES PROGRAMME: A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY EFFORT IN PAKISTAN Iftikhar H. Malik …………………………………………………………… 275 Ch. 18: AFRICAN STUDIES IN PAKISTAN Rukhsana A. Siddiqui ……………………………………………………… 287 Ch. 19: SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THE PLANNING DISCIPLINE IN PAKISTAN - A CALL FOR HELP Muzaffar Mahmood Qurashi ………………………………………………...295 CONTRIBUTORS……………………………………………………………311 INDEX……………………………………………………………………… 313 The State of Social Sciences in Pakistan Ch. 1 SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PAKISTAN: AN EVALUATION Inayatullah Introduction The emergence of a "scientific outlook" and scientific methodology in the West as a dominant mode of knowing and validating reality has proved to be a development of revolutionary consequences. It increased man's understanding of uniformities and variations in natural phenomena which in turn enabled him to use it for developing new technologies and to gain control over nature. The new knowledge and the new technologies transformed the pre- existing social order in a way that it became conducive for the development of a new intellectual culture. This culture shook the foundations of established cosmologies, and conceptions about nature, man, and social order and gave birth to what are now known as "social sciences." Impressed by the achievements and exactness of natural sciences the pioneering social scientists patterned social sciences after natural sciences, that is, they applied the same methodology to social phenomena which natural sciences applied to nature. This distinguished social sciences from their earlier ancestors - philosophy, moral philosophy and moral sciences (Easton, 1969: 20- 21). The emergence of social sciences further strengthened the new intellectual culture.
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