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KNYGA ADOBE INDESI.Indd 4. Nematų klasikacija Nematai klasikuojami, nuo žemesnių paprastesnių gyvybės formų iki labiau išsivysčiusių (Allen, Sher, 1967; Paramonov, 1967, 1968; Andrassy, 1976; Inglis, 1983; Maggenti, 1971, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983). Nematų klasikuoti pradėta prieš 100 metų (1880), kai Orley pasiūlė grupuoti panašias nematų gentis į šeimas. Pirmą tikslią klasikaciją, apimančią jūrų, gėlų vandenų, žemės ir parazitinius nematus pateikė, Filipjev (1934). Ji naudojama ir dabar, be abejo naujai papildyta ir revizuota (Chitwood, 1950, 1958, Esser, 1979, 1987, Fotedar, Handoo, 1978, Golden, 1971, Goodey, 1963, Lorenzen, 1983). Nemathelminthes dažnai aprašoma kaip klasė, kitur kaip tipas Nemata. Vis dėlto daugelis mokslininkų tyrinėjančių bestuburius, skiria nematų tipą Nemata (= Nematoda) su dviem klasėmis Adenophorea ir Secernentea (Maggenti, 1982, 1983; Maggenti, Luc, Raski, Fortuner, Geraert, 1987). Ðiame darbe prisilaikyta Maggenti sistematikos. (Autoriai prie stambių taksonų Maggenti leidiniuose nenurodomi). Tipas Nemata Cobb, 1919 (1932) 1 Klasė: Adenophorea A Poklasis : Enoplia 1 Antbūris : Marenoplica 1 Būrys : Enoplida 1 Antšeimis : Oxystominoidea Šeima: Paraoxystominidae Oxystominidae Alaimidae 2 Antšeimis : Enoploidea Šeima: Enoplidae Lauratonematidae Leptosomatidae Phanodermatidae Thoracostomopsidae 2 Būrys : Oncholaimida Šeima : Oncholaimidae Eurystominidae Symplocostomatidae 3 Būrys : Tripylida 1 Pobūris : Tripylina Šeima: Tripylidae Prismatolaimidae 2 Pobūris : Ironina inquirenda Šeima : Ironidae 2 Antbūris : Terrenoplica 1 Būrys : Isolaimida inquirenda Šeima: Isolaiimidae 2 Būrys : Mononchida 57 1 Antšeimis : Mononchoidea Šeima : Mononchidae Mylonchulidae Cobbonchidae Anatonchidae Iotonchulidae 2 Antšeimis: Bathyodontoidea Šeima Bathyodontoidae Mononchulidae 3 Būrys : Dorylaimida 1 Pobūris : Dorylaimina 1 Antšeimis : Dorylaimoidea Šeima: Dorylaimidae Encholaimidae Tylencholaimidae Tylencholaimellidae Leptonchidae Belonenchidae Longidoridae 2 Antšeimis : Actinolaimoide Šeima Actinolaimidae Brittonematidae Carcharolaimidae Trachypleurosidae 3 Antšeimis : Belondiroidea Šeima Belondiridae Roqueidae Dorylaimellidae Oxydiridae Mydonomidae 2 Pobūris : Diphtherophorina Šeima Diphtherophoridae Trichodoridae 3 Pobūris : Nygolaimina Šeima Nygolaimidae Nygolaimellidae Aetholaimidae Campydoridae 4 Būrys : Stichosomida 1 Antšeimis : Trichocepaloidea Šeima Trichuridae Trichinellidae Trichosyringidae 2 Antšeimis : Mermithoidea 58 Šeima Mermithidae Tetradonematidae 3 Antšeimis : Echinomermelloidea incertae sedis Šeima Enchinomermellidae Marimermithidae Benthimermithidae B Poklasis : Chromadoria 1 Būrys : Chromadorida 1 Antšeimis : Chromadoroidea Šeima Chromadoridae Hypodontolaimimidae Microlaimidae Spirinidae Cyatholaimidae Comesomatidae 2 Antšeimis : Choanolaimoidea Šeima Choanolaimidae Selachinematidae Ethmolaimidae 2 Būrys : Desmoscolecida Šeima Desmoscolecidae Greefellidae 3 Būrys: Desmodorida 1 Antšeimis : Desmodoroidea Šeima Desmodoridae Ceramonematidae Monopostiidae 2 Antšeimis : Draconematoidea Šeima Draconematidae Epsilonematidae Prochaetosomatidae 4 Būrys : Monchysterida Šeima Linhomoeidae Siphonolaimidae Monchysteridae Scaptrellidae Sphaerolaimidae Xyalinidae Meyliidae 5 Būrys : Araeolaimina 1 Pobūris : Araeolaimina Šeima Axonolaimidae 59 Camacolaimidae Tripyloididae 1 Antšeimis : Araeolaimoidea Šeima Araeolaimidae Cylindrolaimidae Diplopeltidae Rhabdolaimidae 2 Antšeimis : Plectoidea Šeima Plectidae Leptolaimidae Haliplectidae Bastianidae 2 Klasė: Secernentea A Poklasis : Rhabditia Myenchidae: Familium incertae sedis; 1 Būrys1: Rhabditida 1 Pobūris : Rhabditina 1 Antšeimis : Rhabditoidea Šeima Rhabditidae Rhabditonematidae Odontorhabditidae Steinernematidae Rhabdiasidae Angiostomatidae Agdae Strongyloididae Syrphonematidae Heterorhabditidae Carabonematidae Pseudodiplogasteroididae 2 Antšeimis : Bunonematoidea Šeima Bunonematidae Pterygorhabditidae 3 Antšeimis : Cosmocercoidea Šeima Cosmocercidae Atractidae 4 Antšeimis : Oxyuroidea Šeima Oxyuridae Thelastomatidae Rhigonematidae 5 Antšeimis : Heterakoidea Šeima Heterakidae 60 Ascaridiidae 2 Pobūris : Cephalobina Šeima Cephalobidae Robertiidae Chambersiellidae Elaphonematidae 1 Antšeimis : Panagrolaimoidea Šeima Panagrolaimidae Alirhabditidae Brevibuccidae 2 Būrys : Strogylida Šeima Diaphanocephalidae Metastrongylidae Maupasinidae 1 Antšeimis : Strogyloidea Šeima Strongylidae Cloacinidae Syngamidae 2 Antšeimis : Ancylostomatoidea Šeima Ancylostomatidae Uncinariidae Globocephalidae 3 Antšeimis : Trichostrongyloidea Šeima Trichostrongylidae Amidostomatidae Strongylacanthidae Heligmosomatidae Ollulanidae Dictyocaulidae B Poklasis: Spiruria 1 Būrys : Ascaridida 1 Antšeimis : Ascaridoidea Šeima Ascarididae Toxocaridae Anisakidae Acanthocheilidae Goeziidae Crossophoridae Heterocheilidae 2 Antšeimis : Seuratoidea Šeima Seuratidae Schneidernematidae Quimperiidae 61 Subuluridae Cucullanidae 3 Antšeimis : Camallanoidea Šeima Camallanidae Anguillicolidae 4 Antšeimis : Dioctophymatoidea Šeima Dioctophymatidae Soboliphymidae 5 Antšeimis : Muspiceoidea incertae sedis Šeima Muspiceidae Robertdollfusidae Phlyctainophoridae 2 Būrys : Spirurida 1 Antšeimis : Spiruroidea Šeima Spiruridae Thelaziidae Acuariidae Hedruridae Tetrameridae 2 Antšeimis : Drilonematoidea Šeima Drilonematidae Ungellidae Scolecophilidae Creagrocericidae Mesidionematidae Humungellidae 3 Antšeimis: Physalopteroidea Šeima Physalopteridae Megalobatrachonematidae Gnathostomatidae 4 Antšeimis : Dracunculoidea Šeima Dracunculidae Philometridae Micropleuridae 5 Antšeimis : Diplotriaenoidea Šeima Diplotriaenidae Oswaldolariidae 6 Antšeimis: Filarioidea Šeima Filariidae Aproctidae Setariidae Desmidocercidae Onchocercidae C Poklasis : Diplogasteria 62 1 Būrys : Diplogasterida Šeima Diplogasteridae Odontopharyngidae Diplogasteroididae Cylindrocorporidae insertae sedis 2 Būrys : Tylenchida 1 Pobūris : Tylenchina 1 Antšeimis : Tylenchoidea Šeima Tylenchidae Anguinidae Dolichodoridae Belonolaimidae Pratylenchidae Hoplolaimidae Heteroderidae 2 Antšeimis : Criconematoidea Šeima Criconematidae Tylenchulidae 2 Pobūris : Aphelenchina Šeima Aphelenchidae Paraphelenchidae Aphelenchoididae Seinuridae Entaphelenchidae 3 Pobūris : Sphaerulariina Šeima Sphaerulariidae Allantonematidae Iotonchidae Fergusobiidae 1 Klasė Adenophorea Burnos skylę dengia šešios į lūpas panašios struktūros. Stoma su judriais žandikauliais ar dantukais ar netikru stiletu arba be jo. Amdės įvairių formų, panašios į kišenes, apskritos ar spirališkos. 16 cefalinių sensilių. Uodegos ganglijai trys. Patinai su dviem sujungtomis spikulomis ir gubernakulumu. Retai būna uodegos alae. Klasė skirstoma į du poklasius: Enoplia ir Chromadoria. A Poklasis Enoplia Labai didelė individų įvairovė. Kai nematų amdės panašios į maišelį, anga būna skersinė. Kai vidinė struktūra vamzdiška, anga gali būti, akutės formos, elipsiška ar pailga. Cefalinės sensilės - papilės, setos tipų arba mišrios. Uodegos liaukos gali būti arba ne. Stemplės liaukos atsiveria viršutinėje stemplės dalyje, prie prostomalinio danties arba prie nervinio žiedo. Būdingos 5 liaukos, tačiau nematodų parazitinių formų stemplės liaukos dubliuojasi su išorinėmis ir vadinamos stichosomomis. Stemplė cilindriška arba butelio formos. Išorinė kutikula paprastai be skersinių ir išilginių 63 striae (dryžių), bet gali jų ir būti. Poklasis skiriamas į du antbūrius: Marenoplica ir Terrenoplica. 4. 1 pav. Enoploides fluviatis Kirjanova, Krall, 1969 (pagal Micoletzky, 1923). 1 - galva; 2 - uodega; 3 - þandikauliai 1 Antbūris Marenoplica Šiame antbūryje daugiausia jūrinių nematų, bet pasitaiko, gėluose vandenyse ir dirvose gyvenančių. Charakteringas požymis - šešios papilės formos cefalinės sensilės lūpų srityje ir dešimt bendrų sensilių žemiau lūpų. Skiriami 3 būriai. 1 Būrys Enoplida Būdingas iš kutikulos cefalinėje srityje susiformanęs šalmas ar kepurėlė. Stomoje būna (arba ne) judantis žandikaulis ar dantis. Gerai išvystyta stemplė beveik cilindriška ir matyti ezofagoitestinalinis vožtuvas. Galinėje stemplės dalyje išsidėsčiusios penkios stemplės liaukos, tačiau tų liaukų anga yra nervinio žiedo priešakyje. Nugaros ir dvi priešakinės subventralinės liaukos atsiveria per stomą. Amdžių angos išilginiai skersinės arba ovaliai pailgos. Patinų spikulos sujungtos yra gubernakulumas. Uodegos liaukas ir kutikuliarines verpstes turi tiek patinai tiek patelės. Būryje du antšeimiai: Oxystominoidea ir Enopoidea. 2 Būrys Oncholaimida Amdės kaip kišenės su ovaliomis ar elipsinėmis angelėmis. Stoma dažniausiai su kutikulos sienelėmis, su vienu dorsaliniu ar dviem subventraliniais dantimis, sienelėse gali būti papildomos eilės mažų dantukų. Stoma skiriama į cheilostomą ir esophastomą. Kai kurių taksonų patinų stoma neryški ar sunykusi. Yra cefalinė sensilė, tipiška – su dviem žiedais. Kai kurių taksonų visa sensilė papilės formos. Stemplė kūgiškai cilindriška, rečiau jos galinė dalis su eile pailgų bulbusų. 3 Būrys Tripylida Galvos srities kutikula paprasta - ne dviguba, nėra šalmelio. Kūno kutikula lygi. Amdės panašios į maišelius, angelės neryškios skersai ovalios. Stoma daugelio taksonų išklota stemplės audiniu, t.y. esophastoma. Stemplės liaukos atsiveria virš nervinio žiedo. Daugelio taksonų patinai turi tris antrinius organus, gubernakulumą ir spikulas. Dažniausiai turi kaudalines liaukas. 2 Antbūris Terrenoplica Antbūryje daugiausia sausumos Enoplia. Cefalinės sensilės lūpų srityje ir būna dviejų tipų: 64 akučių (coeloconica) ir kūginės (basiconica). Trys ar penkios stemplės liaukos, kurios atsiveria už nervinio žiedo. Patinų antriniai organai
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