Changes in Sea Ice Ecosystem in the Arctic Ocean Observed During a Life-Time of Research at Ice Stations and Ships
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POMOR N News Slett
2016 POMOR Newsletter Issue No 5, February 2016 www.pomor.spbu.ru 16.04.2016 their motivation and zest for action and be Editorial in touch in the future. We wish them good luck for their further development, whether Traditionally by the turn of the year in their career or in their private life. POMOR releases its Newsletter in order to In 2015, POMOR turned 14 years old. We report about its progress during the last already have educated around 90 students, year or two (or even three), to give the which means about 5500 active teaching graduates and students the opportunity to hours in specific modules, without share their experience with the whole counting the courses of the Core Module, POMOR community and its network, to tutorials and self‐learning, performed by introduce the new students, to show them circa 130 lecturers from at least 15 research the wide palette of possibilities during and institutions in Russia and in Germany. Our after the studies, and just to inform its old alumni network connects Europe and range and new friends about how things are to Canada and Australia. We thank all going and to sum up the achievements. partners and organizations which have In 2014 and 2015, our students (POMOR VI, been supporting us during the last 14 years 2013‐2015) cut their teeth in their first and hope to continue this way in the research expeditions aboard POLARSTERN future. (ARK‐XXVIII/4), VIKTOR BUYNITSKY Nadezhda Kakhro (TRANSDRIFT XXII), EUROFLEETS‐2, on the research station in the delta of Lena UPDATE: POMOR graduates from three -
The East Greenland Current North of Denmark Strait: Part I'
The East Greenland Current North of Denmark Strait: Part I' K. AAGAARD AND L. K. COACHMAN2 ABSTRACT.Current measurements within the East Greenland Current during winter1965 showed that above thecontinental slope there were large on-shore components of flow, probably representing a westward Ekman transport. The speed did not decrease significantly with depth, indicatingthat the barotropic mode domi- nates the flow. Typical current speeds were10 to 15 cm. sec.-l. The transport of the current during winter exceeds 35 x 106 m.3 sec-1. This is an order of magnitude greater than previous estimates and, although there may be seasonal fluctuations in the transport, it suggests that the East Greenland Current primarily represents a circulation internal to the Greenland and Norwegian seas, rather than outflow from the central Polarbasin. RESUME. Lecourant du Groenland oriental au nord du dbtroit de Danemark. Aucours de l'hiver de 1965, des mesures effectukes danslecourant du Groenland oriental ont montr6 que sur le talus continental, la circulation comporte d'importantes composantes dirigkes vers le rivage, ce qui reprksente probablement un flux vers l'ouest selon le mouvement #Ekman. La vitesse ne diminue pas beau- coup avec laprofondeur, ce qui indique que le mode barotropique domine la circulation. Les vitesses typiques du courant sont de 10 B 15 cm/s-1. Au cows de l'hiver, le debit du courant dkpasse 35 x 106 m3/s-1. Cet ordre de grandeur dkpasse les anciennes estimations et, malgrC les fluctuations saisonnihres possibles, il semble que le courant du Groenland oriental correspond surtout B une circulation interne des mers du Groenland et de Norvhge, plut6t qu'8 un Bmissaire du bassin polaire central. -
Bruce Hopper
april 1936 The Soviet Conquest of the Far North Bruce Hopper Volume 14 • Number 3 The contents of Foreign Affairs are copyrighted.©1936 Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution of this material is permitted only with the express written consent of Foreign Affairs. Visit www.foreignaffairs.com/permissions for more information. THE SOVIET CONQUEST OF THE FAR NORTH By Bruce Hopper THE search for the Northeast Passage to Cathay, which for four centuries stirred the imagination of European mari seem at ners, has at last ended in triumph. We the beginning a new of phase of man's relations with the North. are to In this great polar saga three historic dates. The first seek the short-cut route from the Atlantic to the Pacific was Sir on Hugh Willoughby, who in 1553 perished with all hands the coast. In centuries of of Murman the ensuing navigators many the seafaring nations resumed the search. Some turned back be were to fore being caught; others lured eastward their doom in the ice. In 1878-79, A. E. Nordenski?ld made the first through passage by "freezing in" for the winter. The only other expedi to ? of on tions subsequently pass those Vil'kitsky, Amundsen on ? the Maud, Toll, and Nansen the celebrated Fram pursued the same method. It remained for the Soviet ice-breaker, Sibiry akov, from to Vladivostok in 1932, to sailing Arkhangelsk ? complete a season first the through-passage in single navigating the time in history. was not an was This feat accident of Soviet exploration. -
Mystery of the Third Trip Or Time Pressure Levanevskogo
Mystery of the Third trip or time pressure Levanevskogo The author-composer: Kostarev Evgeny . 2007/2008 Part 1. Start "Flying high above, and the farthest the fastest! " Battle cry of the Soviet government. Shortcut In autumn 1934 the Hero of the Soviet Union, the polar marine pilot Sigismund Alexandrovich Levanevskogo enticed by the idea Flight. He was the first in the Soviet Union, who suggested the idea of non-stop flight across the North Pole. The starting point of the route was Moscow; fit to accomplish the same in the U.S. The Soviet government in this project was received with great interest and supported the idea of non-stop transpolar flight. Of course! From Moscow to San Francisco can be reached in three ways - through the pole across the Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean. In this case, the distance will be 9,605 km, 14,000 km and 18,000 respectively. Sigismund Levanevsky Zygmunt A. Levanevsky - a very controversial figure in the history of Soviet aviation. He was born in 1902 in St. Petersburg. Levanevskogo father, a Polish worker, died when he was only 8 years old. In 1916, after graduating from three classes of the district school, Sigismund gave up teaching and went to work in a factory the company "Spring" in order to feed his family. Revolution scattered Levanevskogo the world - Sigismund in 1919, joined the Red Army, and his family moved from Petrograd. During the Civil War Levanevsky managed to get a fighter requisition, party members, eliminate gangs in Dagestan, and assistant warden 4th aeronautic squad in Petrograd. -
Entries in the Barents Encyclopedia (By Topic Category)
Entries in the Barents Encyclopedia (by topic category) The list is divided into the following six sections: A. 118 submitted articles (as of 20 April 2011) (p. 4) B. 169 entries for which we have contracted authors (p. 18) C. 67 entries for which we have suggested or invited (but not contracted) authors (p. 39) D. 55 entries for which we have no suggested authors (p. 51) E. 113 suggested entries that might be included if space allows (p. 57) F. 158 suggested entries that are not likely to be included (p. 67) Note: As of April 20, 2011, we have 409 entries/articles to be included in the Barents Encyclopedia! Thus, we do not need any more new entry suggestions unless this is required for reasons of “balance” or serious omissions! Column contents In column “S” the status of the entry word is indicated (for labels, see top of p. 4). In column “E” the suggested entry word is stated. In column “Enc” the a cronym for the encyclopedia where the entry was found (see listing below) or the name of the person suggesting the entry is listed. In column “T” the “topics category” to which the suggested entry belongs (see category codes 1–12 below); In column “T alt” an alternative topic classification is given. In column “L” the suggested Length of entry is stated. (For labels of the different types of entries identified, see table below!) In column “A” the name (and affiliation/email address) of the suggested author is listed. In column “C” you may enter comments about the suggested entry. -
The Soviet Drifting Ice Station, NORTH-67
SHORT PAPERS,NOTES, AND INSTITUTE NEWS 263 FIG. 1. Itinerary of the 1967 Middle North Tour. from NORDAIR Ltd.in Montreal and ar- The Soviet Drifting Ice Station, rangements were made to visit ten carefully selected Middle North communities. On 16 NORTH-67 July, the evening before their departure, the group received a comprehensive briefing by In April 1967, one of the Arctic Research senior officials of the Department of Indian Laboratory's aircraft madetwo landings at Affairs andNorthern Developmentin Ot- the Soviet Drifting Ice Station NORTH-67. tawa, and at the end of their two-week tour, The stationwas on a floe about 2 metres on the evening of 29 July, they were briefed thick which was somewhatcracked around by members of the Northern Alberta Devel- the perimeter. The runway was in excellent opment Councilin Edmonton. Altogether, shape, about 5,000 feet long and 125 wide, the tour covered about 9,500 miles, for which slick andhard. It was on arefrozen lead 44 hours of flying time were required. The attached to the camp floe. Snow was scraped complete itinerary, with the arrival dates at off, rather than dragged, with the use of trac- each of the centres visited, is shown in Fig. 1. tors similar to small U.S. farm tractors. Seventeen people participated in the entire The first landing was madeon 15 April tour and thegroup was composed of 11 while the aircraft was en route from Point Americans, 5 Canadians, and 1 Scandinavian. Barrow to Fletcher's Ice Island T-3. The The professionalstatus of the participants Soviet Drifting Ice Station was then at 76" was as follows: 7 university presidents, asso- 40'N., 164"40'W., almost on a line between ciate deans,chairmen of departments, and Point Barrow and T-3. -
NSF 2018 Arctic Cruises
MV Norseman II 180° 170° 170° 160° 160° B NSF 2018 Woodgate (PI) e r i CHUKOTSKIY n g S PENINSULA t r a 50 S i t E 150° 150° T CCGC Sir Wilfred Laurier A Arctic Cruises T A C 50 S I D R CHUKCHI E Yukon DBO, Grebmeier (PI) 140° E 140° SEA E Kolyma T G N M A R I S H K A HERALD E O SHOAL R A O R L N D B WRANGEL I V A Y F L E L L E L U Y A V O A H E M Colville R Y N L A Indigirka O Y L O EAST N D K A C C 130° HANNA A W 130° O SHOAL N R Y RV Sikuliaq R O A N B 50 SIBERIAN 100 HANNA CANYON200 SEA 50 RV Akademik 500 Y C E Ashjian (PI) Mackenzie 1000 L A L V K A I R I G 100 D BEAUFORT N I N A 2000 O KUCHEROV TERRACE 200 C R C H T N A N U Tryoshnikov H 500 1000 120° SEA N K W 120° C A I E S O N H N E W S I B E R I A N I S L A N D S A D K D O I E G A S S Great Bear I Y A I Z R P Lake R A E R D I L I V O A D V 50 A 500 200 1000 R Y T T NABOS 2018 100 B Lena G T R I E 2000 D R H O G E E L Y U G U USGC Healy 18-03 L A O G R E A H A T 3000 S V U N E A S S A D N N A U HEALY SEAMOUNT P A M 500 O Y Olenek A L C H T STOLBOVOY R A V R BANK E P POZHARSKY SEAMOUNT Polyakov (PI) V PiCkart (PI) P L L E A T E A E A N 110° BANKS U I E 110° B KARUSEV N SEAMOUNT I L ISLAND LAPTEV D A A EY LL E SHAMSHUR HILL S VA K NE E E V S WRANGEL ABYSSAL PLAIN L I C SEA O T D D O R I A P A R I KOVRIGIN SEAMOUNT M ’ C l u r e S t r a i t N Q + C I N +TRUKSHIN SEAMOUNT H E F G P U + ROGOTSKY SEAMOUNT EY U A BUKOVSKIY KNOLL B LL T R A A V O R ARKADY KARASIK VALLEY E U A I N C P G 200 N R K E S A T SEVER SPUR S T I A I T H S + SAVAQATIGIIK S L E KOZHEMYAKIN SEAMOUNT+ I E K A M - -
Denisenko, N. V., 2011. Bryozoans of the East Siberian
Paper in: Patrick N. Wyse Jackson & Mary E. Spencer Jones (eds) (2011) Annals of Bryozoology 3: aspects of the history of research on bryozoans. International Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp. viii+225. BRYOZOANS OF THE EAST SIBERIAN SEA, ARCTIC OCEAN 1 Bryozoans of the East Siberian Sea: history of research and current knowledge of diversity Nina V. Denisenko Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Universitetskaya emb., 1, Russia 1. Introduction 2. End of the 19th century: first records 3. Beginning of the 20th century: more study and more information 4. Middle years of the 20th century: new records and new species 5. 1962: publishing the first summary results for this region of the Arctic Ocean 6. Second half of the 20th century and the present time: large reviews and new approaches 7. Acknowledgements Appendix. East Siberian Sea bryozoan species diversity 1. Introduction The East Siberian Sea as well as other seas of Asian sector of the Arctic Ocean is an epicontinental sea. The East Siberian Sea is bounded by Wrangel Island on the east and by the New Siberian Islands Archipelago on the west (Figure 1). Owing to its shallow depth, which averages about 45m, and its location in high latitudes, the East Siberian Sea is characterized by severe environments. Ice covers the whole sea for eight months from early October to the beginning of July. During the hydrological summer (July to September) long-lived pack-ice covers up to 65% of the whole sea. Bottom topography is monotonous and slowly increases in depth toward the continental slope. -
Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic (The Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Chukchi Sea)
Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic (the Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Chukchi Sea) Seventeenth century 1629 At the Yenisei Voivodes’ House “The Inventory of the Lena, the Great River” was compiled and it reads that “the Lena River flows into the sea with its mouth.” 1633 The armed forces of Yenisei Cossacks, headed by Postnik, Ivanov, Gubar, and M. Stadukhin, arrived at the lower reaches of the Lena River. The Tobolsk Cossack, Ivan Rebrov, was the first to reach the mouth of Lena, departing from Yakutsk. He discovered the Olenekskiy Zaliv. 1638 The first Russian march toward the Pacific Ocean from the upper reaches of the Aldan River with the departure from the Butalskiy stockade fort was headed by Ivan Yuriev Moskvitin, a Cossack from Tomsk. Ivan Rebrov discovered the Yana Bay. He Departed from the Yana River, reached the Indigirka River by sea, and built two stockade forts there. 1641 The Cossack foreman, Mikhail Stadukhin, was sent to the Kolyma River. 1642 The Krasnoyarsk Cossack, Ivan Erastov, went down the Indigirka River up to its mouth and by sea reached the mouth of the Alazeya River, being the first one at this river and the first one to deliver the information about the Chukchi. 1643 Cossacks F. Chukichev, T. Alekseev, I. Erastov, and others accomplished the sea crossing from the mouth of the Alazeya River to the Lena. M. Stadukhin and D. Yarila (Zyryan) arrived at the Kolyma River and founded the Nizhnekolymskiy stockade fort on its bank. -
Russian-German Cooperation in the Siberian Shelf Seas: Geo-System Laptev-Sea
Russian-German Cooperation in the Siberian Shelf Seas: Geo-System Laptev-Sea Edited by Heidemarie Kassens, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten Sergey M. Pryamikov, RüdigeStein Ber. Polarforsch. 144 (1 994) ISSN 0176 - 5027 edited by H. Kassens GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Geosciences, Kiel, Germany, H.W. Hubberten Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany, S. M. Pryamikov Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, and R. Stein Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ...........................................................................................................i Liste of authors and participants ..............................................................iv Prologue and Scientific Perspectives for the Project 'Laptev Sea System' .....................................................................................vii Oceanography, biology, and climatology of the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea .......................................................................................... 1 Alekseev, G. V. The Arctic Seas in the Arctic climate system ..................................................3 Schauer, U. The Arctic shelves: their role in water mass formation ...................................9 Timokhov, L.A. Regional characteristics of the Laptev and the East Siberian seas: climate, topography, ice phases, thermohaline regime, and circulation .....................15 Zakharo V, V.F. On the character of cause-effect -
The Following Section on Early History Was Written by Professor William (Bill) Barr, Arctic Historian, the Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary
The following section on early history was written by Professor William (Bill) Barr, Arctic Historian, The Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary. Prof. Barr has published numerous books and articles on the history of exploration of the Arctic. In 2006, William Barr received a Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to the recorded history of the Canadian North from the Canadian Historical Association. As well, Prof. Barr, a known admirer of Russian Arctic explorers, has been credited with making known to the wider public the exploits of Polar explorations by Russia and the Soviet Union. HISTORY OF ARCTIC SHIPPING UP UNTIL 1945 Northwest Passage The history of the search for a navigable Northwest Passage by ships of European nations is an extremely long one, starting as early as 1497. Initially the aim of the British and Dutch was to find a route to the Orient to grab their share of the lucrative trade with India, Southeast Asia and China, till then monopolized by Spain and Portugal which controlled the route via the Cape of Good Hope. In 1497 John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), sponsored by King Henry VII of England, sailed from Bristol in Mathew; he made a landfall variously identified as on the coast of Newfoundland or of Cape Breton, but came no closer to finding the Passage (Williamson 1962). Over the following decade or so, he was followed (unsuccessfully) by the Portuguese seafarers Gaspar Corte Real and his brother Miguel, and also by John Cabot’s brother Sebastian, who some theorize, penetrated Hudson Strait (Hoffman 1961). The first expeditions in search of the Northwest Passage that are definitely known to have reached the Arctic were those of the English captain, Martin Frobisher in 1576, 1577 and 1578 (Collinson 1867; Stefansson 1938). -
ASPECT: Antarctic Sea Ice Processes & Climate
ASPeCt Antarctic Sea-Ice Processes and Climate Science and Implementation Plan 1998-2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. OVERVIEW 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History of the ASPeCt Programme 1.3 Rationale 1.4 Overall Objectives of ASPeCt 2. KEY SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS FOR ASPeCt 3. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY 3.1 Climatology 3.1.1. Reconstruction of 1980-1997 Climatology 3.1.2. Climatology Studies in the Implementation Period 1998-2008 3.1.2.1. Snow and ice thickness distributions 3.1.2.2. Snow and ice properties surveys 3.2 Process Studies 3.2.1. Short Time Series Experiments 3.2.2. Coastal Polynyas 3.2.3. Long Time Series Experiments 3.2.4. Ice Edge Experiments 3.3 Long Term Observations: Landfast Ice 4. RELATED DATA SETS AND PROGRAMME COORDINATION 4.1 Satellite Data Records 4.2 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) 4.2.1. International Programme on Antarctic Buoys (IPAB) 4.2.2. Antarctic Ice Thickness Measurement Programme (AnITMP) 4.3 International Antarctic Zone (IAnZone) 5. REFERENCES APPENDICES A. ASPeCt Science Steering Group B. ASPeCt Activities and Schedule C. Ice Observation Protocols D. Snow and Ice Properties-Survey Protocols E. Antarctic Coastal Polynas: Candidates for ASPeCt Study F. List of Acronyms and Abbreviations FIGURES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With the growth of activities in Global Change research in the Antarctic, both by SCAR programmes and by other international programmes such as IGBP and WCRP, key deficiencies in our understanding and lack of data from the sea ice zone have been identified. Important problems remaining to be adequately covered by Antarctic sea ice research programmes include: 1.