Ósanngjarnt Forskot Eða Eðlileg Þróun? Hlaupaskór Og Umdeildar Tækninýjungar Síðustu Ár

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Ósanngjarnt Forskot Eða Eðlileg Þróun? Hlaupaskór Og Umdeildar Tækninýjungar Síðustu Ár Ósanngjarnt forskot eða eðlileg þróun? Hlaupaskór og umdeildar tækninýjungar síðustu ár Daði Lár Jónsson Lokaritgerð til BA-prófs Listaháskóli Íslands Hönnunardeild Nóvember 2020 Ósanngjarnt forskot eða eðlileg þróun? Hlaupaskór og umdeildar tækninýjungar síðustu ár Daði Lár Jónsson Lokaritgerð til BA-prófs í Vöruhönnun Leiðbeinandi: Anna Dröfn Ágústsdóttir Vöruhönnun Hönnunardeild Nóvember 2020 Ritgerð þessi er 8 eininga lokaritgerð til BA-prófs í Vöruhönnun. Óheimilt er að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi höfundar. Útdráttur Hönnun á hlaupaskóm hefur tekið miklum framförum undanfarin ár og ný heimsmet í langhlaupum hafa verið sett í kjölfarið. Ekki virðast allir vera sáttir með þessa þróun en hlauparar, skóframleiðendur og áhorfendur vilja setja hömlur á þróun hlaupaskóa. Íþróttavörumerkið Nike setti á markað skó með koltrefjaplötum sem bera heitið Vaporfly. Skiptar skoðanir eru um hvort koltrefjar í hlaupaskóm séu eðlileg þróun eða hvort fyrirtækið Nike sé að fara yfir einhvers konar siðferðisleg mörk í heimi hlaupaíþróttarinnar. Sögu hlaupaskósins má rekja til árins 1865 en þá var hlaupið í nokkurs konar spariskóm með nöglum á sólanum. Converse voru brautryðjendur í íþróttaskóm fyrir um 100 árum þegar þeir settu á markað All-Star skóna sem voru framleiddir úr strigaefni og gúmmísóla. Dassler bræðurnir komu svo til sögunnar á stríðsárunum og stofnuðu síðar hvor um sig íþróttavörurisana Adidas og Puma. Hlaupaunnendurnir Bill Bowerman og Phil Knight stofnuðu fyrirtækið Nike árið 1972 eftir að hafa flutt inn japanska hlaupaskó frá fyrirtækinu Onitsuka með misgóðum árangri. Miðsólafroðan EVA frá skóframleiðandanum Brooks kom á markað árið 1975 og var froðan notuð af flestum skófyrirtækjum til ársins 2013 en þá kynnti Adidas Boost miðsólafroðuna. Nike kom nokkrum árum síðar með sína útgáfu af miðsólafroðu með skónum ZoomX og React. Nike notar þessar froðu í Vaporfly skóinn en það er þó aðallega koltrefjaplatan í miðsólanum sem er aðal nýjung Nike. Ef rannsóknir á Vaporfly skónum eru skoðaðar með tilliti til þess hvort skórinn gefi hlaupurum ósanngjarnt forskot eða ekki er grein Dr. Bryce Dyer um siðferðislega ádeilu Vaporfly áhugaverð en hann fer yfir hvort skórnir séu skaðvaldandi, ónáttúrulegir, veiti ósanngjarnt forskot, setji pressu á íþróttamanninn, breyti áliti áhorfanda, virði heiður íþrótt- arinnar, breyti ekki getukröfum, ómannlegir, of dýrir, virði íþróttandann og séu jafn aðgangilegir öllum. Vaporfly skórinn virðist þá standast allar þessar kröfur. Í kjölfar tækninýjunga í hönnun hlaupabúnaðar hefur Alþjóðafrjálsíþróttasambandið sett nýjar reglur um þykkt á miðsóla í hlaupaskóm og fjölda harðra platna í skónum. Samkvæmt þeim reglum er Vaporfly skórinn löglegur, en betrumbætta frumgerðin Alphafly er með of þykkum miðsóla auk þess að hafa þrjár koltrefjaplötur sem gerir þá ólöglega. 1 Efnisyfirlit Inngangur ............................................................................................................................. 4 1. Saga ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Upphafið ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Dassler bræðurnir ........................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Upphaf Nike ................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Nike AIR ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Að hlaupa berfættur ................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Mjúkar froður............................................................................................................. 11 2. Nike Vaporfly ............................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Koltrefjaplötur ........................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Maraþon undir tveimur klukkutímum ........................................................................ 13 2.3 Reglubreytingar ......................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Ólíkar skoðanir .......................................................................................................... 15 Niðurlag .............................................................................................................................. 19 Heimildaskrá ...................................................................................................................... 21 Myndaskrá .......................................................................................................................... 23 2 3 Inngangur Skóbúnaður hlaupara hefur verið óvenju mikið í fjölmiðlum síðustu ár en miklar framfarir hafa verið í þróun þeirra á stuttum tíma. Þar hefur borið mest á stórfyrirtækinu Nike og tilraunum þeirra til þess að setja heimsmet í maraþonhlaupi með því að hanna skó sem eiga að gera hlaupurum kleift að bæta tíma sína til muna. Mikil umræða hefur verið hvort Nike hafi gengið of langt í sinni þróun. Umræður eru um hvort að flokka megi notkun á hlaupaskónum þeirra Vaporfly og Alphafly í keppni svindl en fyrr á þessu ári kom út grein í Fréttablaðinu sem bar fyrirsögnina „Ekki samkeppnishæf án þeirra” en þar er verið að vísa í hlaupaskó sem innihalda nýjustu tækni í skóhönnun frá Nike en sú hönnun hefur verið umdeild síðustu misseri1. Í þessari ritgerð verður stiklað á stóru í sögu stærstu hlaupaskóaframleiðanda og þróun þeirra. Leitast verður við að svara hvort fyrirtækið Nike gefi hlaupurum ósanngjarnt forskot með skóbúnaði sínum. Ennfremur verður farið yfir sögu koltrefja og hvernig efnið var síðan nýtt í hlaupaskó. Dregin verða fram sjónarmið þeirra sem telja þróun í skóbúnaði hlaupara hafi gengið of langt og þeirra sem eru á annarri skoðun. Reynt verður að meta hvort hægt sé að draga línu milli eðlilegrar þróunar og því að gefa hlaupurum ósanngjarnt forskot með tækninýjungum í skóbúnaði. 1 Oddur Freyr Þorsteinsson, „Ekki samkeppnishæf án þeirra”, Fréttablaðið. 31. júlí 2020 4 1. Saga 1.1 Upphafið Rúm fimmtíu ár eru síðan Bretanum Roger Bannister tókst það sem menn töldu ómögulegt þegar hann hljóp mílu (1.6km) á undir fjórum mínútum. Bannister afrekaði þetta í leðurskóm sem líktust einna helst fínum spariskóm nema að þessir skór voru með nöglum í gegnum sólann. 2 Í dag hafa yfir 1400 einstaklingar hlaupið míluna á undir fjórum mínútum. Vangaveltur eru um hvort skóbúnaður gæti hafa spilað stórt hlutverk í þessum árangri.3 Sögu hlaupaskóna má rekja aftur til ársins 1865 en í safni í Northampton Englandi má finna spariskó úr léttu leðri með nöglum undir líkt og Roger Bannister notaði 1954. Hlauparinn J.W. Foster fylgdi fast á eftir og árið 1890 stofnaði hann fyrirtæki sem heitir nú Reebok. Foster bjó til leðurskó fyrir hlaupara með það að markmiði að betri hraði myndi nást í hlaupum. Markmiðið náðist en Harold Abrahams vann 100 metra hlaupið í skóm frá Foster á Ólympíuleikunum árið 1924. 4 Næsta stóra skref sem hlaupa- skóframleiðendur tóku var eftir fyrra stríð þegar aðgengi að efnum úr gúmmí jókst. Hafist var handa við að setja saman skósóla úr gúmmíi og tauefni í stað yfirleðurs. Þessi tegund af skóm fékk nafnið sneakers því það heyrðist ekki eins mikið í þeim og klassískum leðurskóm. Bandaríska íþróttavörumerkið Converse varð í framhaldinu aðalframleiðandi á íþróttaskóm sem báru heitið All-Star en þeir njóta enn í dag um 100 árum seinna mikilla vinsælda. 5 2 Kieran Alger, „The history of the running shoe”. Zappos, E.d. Sótt 14. október 2020 af: https://www.zappos.com/c/history-of-the-running-shoe 3Nathan Branner. „Only 1,497 people have ever broken the 4-minute mile – and I am one of them”, CBC, 27. júní 2018. Sótt 21. október 2020 af: https://www.cbc.ca/playersvoice/entry/only-1497-humans-have-ever- broken-the-4-minute-mile-and-im-one-of- them#:~:text=Will%20to%20Win-,Only%201%2C497%20humans%20have%20ever%20broken%20the%20 4%2Dminute%20mile,I'm%20one%20of%20them&text=There%20are%20few%20events%20in,over%20the %201%2C609%2Dmetre%20race. 4 Alger, „The history of the running shoe”. 5 Alger, „The history of the running shoe”. 5 1.2 Dassler bræðurnir Ekki er hægt að skrifa um sögu hlaupaskóa án þess að fjalla um þýsku Dassler bræðurna Adolf ,,Adi“ og Rudolf ,,Rudi“. Upp úr 1920 í smábænum Herzogenaurach í Þýskalandi hófu Dassler bræður framleiðslu á hlaupaskóm undir nafninu Gebrüder Dassler, Sportschuhfabrik eða skóframleiðsla Dassler bræðra. Dassler bræðurnir náðu flugi með hönnun sinni á gadda-hlaupaskóm en þeir náðu að selja skóna til Josef Waitzer sem var þjálfari frjálsíþróttaliðs Þýskalands. Úr varð að þýskir íþróttamenn notuðu skóna á Ólympíuleikunum árið 1928 sem skilaði Þjóðverjum meðal annars gulli í 800 metra hlaupi en það var hlaupakonan Lina Radke sem vann til þeirra verðlauna.6 Þegar Hitler komst til valda í Þýskalandi urðu Dassler bræðurnir enn vinsælli en þeir voru báðir meðlimir Nasistaflokksins sem gerði þeim kleift að stækka fyrirtækið í gegnum ungmennahreyfingar Hitlers. Þrátt fyrir pólítískar skoðanir bræðranna gátu þeir ekki sleppt tækifærinu og auglýstu fyrirtækið á heimsvísu með því að styðja svarta Bandaríkjamanninn Jesse Owens á Ólympíuleikunum í Berlín 1936. Jesse Owens þakkaði traustið og vann fimm gullverðlaun
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