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ZOOGEOGRAPHY of OUACHITA HIGHLAND FISHES by MICHAEL R

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ZOOGEOGRAPHY of OUACHITA HIGHLAND FISHES by MICHAEL R ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF OUACHITA HIGHLAND FISHES By MICHAEL R. SCHWEMM Bachelor of Science in Zoology Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 1998 Master of Science in Biology Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 2006 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2013 ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF OUACHITA HIGHLAND FISHES Dissertation Approved: Anthony A. Echelle Dissertation Adviser Ronald A. Van Den Bussche James M. Long Andrew N. Doust ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my major advisor, A. A. Echelle, for significant encouragement throughout the completion of my dissertation. I consider our many discussions, both formal and as dear friend, the most important contribution to my education. His efforts and patience in my training was invaluable. I also thank my committee members R. A. Van Den Bussche, J. M. Long and A. N. Doust for their time and critical review of this work. I am particularly grateful for R. A. Van Den Bussche for providing an excellent opportunity to conduct laboratory aspects of my research. I also thank D. T. Lynch for considerable efforts in the field, as well as J. B. Lack and C. Stanley for technical aspects in the laboratory. Additionally, I am especially thankful for J. M. Barkstedt, who efforts contributed substantially to all aspects of this research and my success at Oklahoma State University. Additional collections and support were provided by the Percina pantherina annual monitoring crew from the U. S. Forest Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. These include R. Bastarache, B. Bristow, K. Collins, D. Fenner, and R. Standage, and personnel from the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. Funding was provided by the U. S. Forest Service and the Oklahoma Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, and administered by the Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and the Department of Zoology at Oklahoma State University. iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. Name: MICHAEL R. SCHWEMM Date of Degree: DECEMBER, 2013 Title of Study: ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF OUACHITA HIGHLAND FISHES Major Field: ZOOLOGY Abstract: Knowledge about species distributions in space and time is a central goal of comparative phylogeography, and essential to understanding evolution, ultimately providing the mechanisms for the origin and maintenance of biological diversity. The Ouachita Highlands of central North America, together with the Ozark and Eastern Highlands, comprised a once continuous upland region now separated by intervening lowland habitats unsuitable for most highland species. These disjunct upland habitats now support exceptional richness in aquatic taxa. The complex biogeographic history of the Ouachita Highlands provides an excellent opportunity to investigate taxa with distinctive distributional patterns. In this dissertation I use mtDNA and microsatellite variation to assess the phylogeographic history, demographic changes and conservation status of small-bodied fishes of the Ouachita Highlands. The first study examines phylogeographic history of Notropis suttkusi (rocky shiner) to infer historical factors governing the composition of the fish assemblage. My second study investigates the impacts of reservoirs on the genetic structure of Percina pantherina (leopard darter), a federally threatened species of the Little River system. My third study examines how intrinsic life-history attributes mediate patterns of genetic variation and gene flow in two syntopic darters, P. pantherina and P. caprodes (logperch). Last, my final two chapters are methodological notes describing the development of microsatellite markers used to conduct the above investigations. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 References ................................................................................................................4 II. HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY AND PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE ROCKY SHINER: DO EXTIRPATIONS EXPLAIN PATTERN OF OCCURRENCE OF OZARK FISHES IN THE RED RIVER, OKLAHOMA, USA? ............................8 Introduction ............................................................................................................10 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................13 Results ....................................................................................................................18 Discussion ..............................................................................................................22 References ..............................................................................................................26 Tables .....................................................................................................................34 Figures....................................................................................................................38 Appendices .............................................................................................................44 III. GENETICALLY EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZES AND ANTHROPOGENIC RANGE FRAGMENTATION IN THE THREATENED LEOPARD DARTER: THE ROLE OF LARGE-RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION .........................................53 Introduction ............................................................................................................54 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................56 Results ....................................................................................................................61 Discussion ..............................................................................................................64 References ..............................................................................................................69 Tables .....................................................................................................................77 Figures....................................................................................................................84 Appendices .............................................................................................................88 v Chapter Page IV. LIFE-HISTORY DIFFERENCES PREDICT PATTERNS OF GENETIC VARIATION IN TWO CO-OCCURRING DARTERS, PERCINA PANTHERINA AND P. CAPRODES .............................................................................................92 Introduction ............................................................................................................93 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................94 Results ....................................................................................................................96 Discussion ..............................................................................................................98 References ............................................................................................................101 Tables ...................................................................................................................107 Figures..................................................................................................................112 Appendices ...........................................................................................................115 V. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 10 POLYMORPHIC MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR THE OUACHITA HIGHLANDS ENDEMIC NOTROPIS SUTTKUSI (TELEOSTEI: CYPRINIDAE) ....................................116 Results ..................................................................................................................117 References ............................................................................................................119 Tables ...................................................................................................................120 VI. DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EIGHT POLYMORPHIC TETRA-NUCLEOTIDE MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR THE THREATENED LEOPARD DARTER ( PERCINA PANTHERINA ) ..................122 Results ..................................................................................................................123 References ............................................................................................................125 Tables ...................................................................................................................128 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Knowledge about species distributions in space and time is a central goal of comparative phylogeographic study. Such insights are essential to understanding evolution, ultimately revealing the mechanisms for the origin and maintenance of biological diversity. A multi- species comparison of genetic variation permits investigation of specific hypotheses of how geologic and climatic forces influence patterns of genetic variation in co-distributed taxa (Avise 2000). Often, such concordance yields replicate patterns among species and implicates the role of historical biogeographic factors that simultaneously influence multiple taxa (Avise 1992, 2009). However, the expectation of congruent patterns across diverse taxa has
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