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A New Testament Theology of Discipling

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A New Testament Theology of Discipling A NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY OF DISCIPLING A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Systematic Theology Dallas Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Theology by A. Boyd Luter, Jr. May 1985 Accepted by the Faculty of the Dallas Theological Seminary in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Theology. Grade B-t Examining Committee F'~P=<"~ ~Jl'7' f.'~ i {u-ft {: ./J:.t~- ©1986 ASA BOYD LUTER JR. All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS To Chapter Cathy, a priceless wife INTRODUCTION and praiseworthy woman of faith (Prov. 31:10, 30), The Need for This Study a disciple The Pu~po~~ of This Study abounding in good works and giving (Acts 9:36). (1ethod.:>.i.ogy of This Study Without her loving encouragement and sacrifice, Distincti'le Features of This Study this project would not have been completed. I. THE THEOLOGY OF DISCIPLING IN MATTHEW AND MARK 16 Present Ferment in Evangelical Gospels Research 18 The Uniqueness of Christ's Ministry of Discipling. 36 The Centrality of the Great Commission in Hatthew. 51 Conclusion. .......... 60 II. THE THEOLOGY OF DISCIPLING IN LUKE-ACTS. 62 Luke: Historian and Theologian .... 64 Unity and Diversity in Lukan Theology .... 67 The Preparatory Contributions of Luke's Gospel 89 The Transition and Priority of Acts.. .. 98 Conclusion . 103 III. THE THEOLOGY OF DISCIPLING IN PAUL'S THOUGHT 106 The Impact of the Great Commission on Paul's Ministry in Acts ............... 107 The Priority of Edifying the Church .. 118 Instances of Great Commission Thought in Paul's Epistles 125 Conclusion . 135 IV. THE THEOLOGY OF DISCIPLING IN PETER'S THOUGHT. 138 Observations of Peter's Training in the Gospels. 139 Observations of Peter's Ministry in Acts .... 150 Observations of Peter's Thought in His Epistles. 158 Conclusion . 166 Chapter 169 INTRODUCTION V. THE THEOLOGY OF DISCIPLING IN JAMES, HEBREWS, AND J1~E 169 The Contribution of James . 174 At the end of Matthew's Gospel the resurrected Christ The Contribution of Hebrews 184 l The Contribution of Jude. 188 gave a major order of business that He wanted His church to Conclusion . be about in the time of His physical absence: "Go and make 190 VI. THE THEOLOGY OF DISCIPLING IN JOHN disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of 190 The Contribution of John's Gospel. 202 the Father, and the Son and the Spirit, teaching them to ob­ The Contribution of John's Epistles 208 The Contribution of Revelation 212 serve all that I commanded you; and 10, I am with you always, Conclusion . .. .. even to the end of the age" (Matt. 28:19-20).. 214 CONCLUSION . Because of the prominence of this passage, and the 214 Review of Chapter Summaries 218 structure of the Greek, which reveals "make disciples" to Theological Implications . 222 Practical Implications be the central command 2 of the Great Commission, it can be ........ 229 said that disciple making is of perennial relevance to the BIBLIOGRAPHY ..... church. This is the task the Lord Jesus wanted to have done, and it must be carried out. It's as simple as that. While discipling has not always been either a high priority or attained to a strong level of interest among God's people, that has not been the case in recent years. In 1974, in a Ph.D. dissertation at New York University, lCf. the suggestive title of Robert D. Culver's study on this passage, "What is the Church's Commission?" Bulletin of the Evangelical Theological Society 10 (Spring 1967) :115-26. 2D. A. Carson, "Matthew" in EXI)0sitors Bible Commen­ tary, 12 Vols., edited by Frank E. Gae elein, 8:595-96. 3 2 demonstrate the need for this dissertation-length treat- 1 Alcorn wrote of the current "discipleship craze." In 1979, ment. in an article in Eternity magazine, Waterman detailed the First, there is the problem of assumed understanding, 2 rise of a discipleship trend or movement. The accompanying which Calenberg alluded to. Many who are deeply interested avalanche ·Jf books, articles, cassette tapes, seminars, and in fulfilling the Great Commission simply assume the meanings church programs certainly reflected the truth of that state- of some very important concepts, without any collaborative ment. In retrospect, it could be said that, in many American study, and proceed to wide-reaching thought and action on evangelical circles, the 1970's were the decade of disciple- such an unproven basis. Even more deplorable is the student ship. or practitioner who reads his own preconceived notions or 1 framework into key passages. If, says Kaiser, a blessing The Need for This Study comes from such twisting of Scripture, it is "in spite of the With all of the interest and motion, though, Calen­ misinterpretation.,,2 berg's statement made in 1981 is highly ironic: "'Disciple­ Second, there is a major problem with competing under­ ship' has become one of those theological catch words or standings. Because most treatments of discipling are developed shibboleths which eVii!ry card-carrying evangelical feels com­ in a topical framework,3 they are necessarily subjective, pelled to enthusiastically and repeatedly utter but which few varying widely as to the particular writer's emphasis. It have taken time to study and define biblically.,,3 After a could almost be said that no two discipling "experts" think great deal of study, it is the firm conviction of the present or do things alike, unless they are directly dependent on each writer that Calenberg is entirely too close to correct in other. The evangelical sector must move beyond this confusion. his assessment. The following section will state a number of difficulties or deficiencies that, individually and collectively, l This writer has critiqued such a procedure in A. Boyd Luter, Jr., "A Theological Evaluation of 'Christ Nodel' Disciple-Making," Journal of Pastoral Practice 5 (1982): 13. lWallace A. Alcorn, "The Biblical Concept of Disciple­ 2Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., "Legitimate Hermeneutics" in ship as Education for Ministry" (Unpublished Ph.D. disserta­ Inerrancy, edited by Norman L. Geisler, p. 129. tion, New York University, 1974), p. 15. 3E. g . Carl W. Wilson, With Christ in the School of 2David L. Waterman, "The Care and Feeding of Growing Disciple Building. Although the work of Robert E. Coleman, Christians," Eternity, September, 1979, p. 16. The Haster Plan of Evangelism, has been a model of topical thought for many later works, it was written for another pur­ 3Richard D. Calenberg, "The New Testament Doctrine pose before the current trend and is, thus, a less valid of Di.scipleship" (Unpublished Th.D. dissertation, Grace example. Theological Seminary, 1981), p. 1. 5 Fifth, many of the scholarly treatments on this sub­ Third, the vast bulk of previous studies have been ject are Continental or liberal in orientation. This dis­ either overly scholarly or overly practical. While there sertation seeks to utilize European scholarship, where have been many scholarly journal articles and monographs applicable, but to adapt it to the questions of interpreta­ written in recent years on specialized aspects of disciple­ tion and application within the American evangelical context. ship and discipling, the practical ramifications have not Similarly, while many liberal studies have been consulted , 1 been explored to any degree. On the other hand, the mass of few are of Significant value for evangelical thought and practical publications suffer from lack of in-depth study, practice. as discussed above. Because the practitioner's interest is Sixth, there is presently no comprehensive evangel­ application they have strongly tended to get the cart (of ical study available on making diSCiples. The dissertation application) before the horse (of adequate interpretation). by Calenberg at Grace Theological Seminary in 1981 on the This treatment seeks to balance interpreting and application related issue of "the New Testament Doctrine of Discipleship" to a significant degree. is the closest. However, Calenberg used a systematic theo­ Fourth, there has been, even in scholarly circles, logy methodology, while the present work is a biblical theo- A recent inadequate specialized study in certain areas. logy, and necessarily more extensive in scope. article by Siker-Geiseler doc~~ents the surprising paucity Seventh, the writer has found no significant scholarly of studies done on diSCiples and discipleship in John's treatment that has deeply probed the relationship between dis­ for instance. There also have been no major works Gos~el,l cipling and the church. This has been a concern of the present accounting for the troublesome absence of "disciple" from the writer for some time,2 and this dissertation has, as a partial New Testament after Acts 21.2 It is hoped that the present study will partially redress some of these deficiencies. lSee t~e Bibliography for the significant number of studles, es~eclally ~ourna~ articles, contributed by liberal or non-Engllsh speaklng WTlters that are tangential to this dissertation. lJeffrey S. Siker-Geiseler, "Disciples and Di~ciple­ 2The writer's first thoughts on the subject are found ship in the Fourth Gospel", Studia Biblica et Theologlca 10 in "Discipleship and the Church." Others who have briefly (October 1980) :200. developed th~ r~latio,?ship are Ronald A. Jenson, "Gearing the Church for Dlsclpleshlp" (Unpublished D.Min. dissertation 2Calenberg, p. 210. does speak briefly to the problem. Western Conservative Baptist Seminary, 1974); Jenson and Jim For a concise version of the present writer's view, see Luter, Stephens, Dynamics of Church Growth, pp. 157-66; and Roger "Discipleship and the Church," Bibliotheca Sacra 137 (July­ Hu?b~rd and J~rome C. Wells, ."An Approach to Bod.?' Disciple­ September 1980):267-73.
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