http://www.balkaninstitut.com Serbian A cademy of Sciences and • Department of History, University of Arts, I nstitute for Balkan Studies, California, Santa Barbara Belgrade ( special editions No 39) Prosveta, Export-Import Agency, Belgrade Editors i n chief: • N ikola Tasid, corresponding member, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts • D uSica StoSid, director Prosveta, Export-Import Agency Editorial b oard: • R adovan Samard2id, full member, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts • D imitrije Dordevic, full member Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts • I van Ninid publishing manager Prosveta, Export-Import Agency Secretary: • D r. Milan St. Protid, fellow Serbian A cademy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies The p ublication was financially supported by the "Republidka Zajednica nauke Srbije" http://www.balkaninstitut.com MIGRATIONS I N BALKAN HISTORY BELGRADE 1 989 http://www.balkaninstitut.com £33/ И*1 CIP - К аталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије, Београд 325.1 ( 497) (082) MIGRATIONS i n Balkan History / [urednik Ivan Ninic]. - Beograd: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, 1989. - 171 стр. : 24 cm ПК:. a Миграције - Балканско полуострво - Зборници ISBN 8 6-7179-006-1 http://www.balkaninstitut.com ■1130 M l CONTENTS Radovan S amardzic Dimitrije D jordjevid PREFACE 7 Mark. R Stefanovich ETHNICITYND A MIGRATION IN PREHISTORY 9 Nikola T asic PREHISTORIC M IGRATION MOVEMENTS HEIN T BALKANS 29 Robert F rakes THE I MPACT OF THE HUNS IN THE BALKANS I N LATE ANTIQUE HISTORIOGRAPHY 3 9 Henrik B irnbaum WAS T HERE A SLAVIC LANDTAKING OF T HE BALKANS AND, IF SO, ALONG WHAT R OUTES DID IT PROCEED? 47 Dragoljub D ragojlovid MIGRATIONS O F THE SERBS IN THE MIDDLE A GES 61 BariSa K rekic DUBROVNIK A S A POLE OF ATTRACTION AND A P OINT OF TRANSITION FORHE T HINTERLAND POPULATION INHE T LATE MIDDLE AGES 67 Dragan. R Zivojinovid WARS, P OPULATION MIGRATIONS AND RELIGIOUS P ROSELYTISM IN DALMATIA DURING T HE SECOND HALF OF THE XVIIth C ENTURY 77 Radovan S amardzic MIGRATIONS I N SERBIAN HISTORY .... 83 Milan S t. Protic MIGRATIONS R ESULTING FROM PEASANT UPHEAVALS I N SERBIA DURING THE XlXth C ENTURY 91 Linda. L Nelson THE B ULGARIAN INTELLECTUAL EMIGRATION I N RUMANIA DURING THE VUZRAZHDANE 9 7 Frank. J Frost FALLMERAYER R EVISITED 109 Dimitrije D jordjevid MIGRATIONS D URING THE 1912-1913 BALKAN W ARS AND WORLD WARNE O 115 Veselin D juretid THE E XODUS OF THE SERBS FROM KOSOVON I THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ANDTS I POLITICAL BACKGROUND .... 131 Dragoslav A ntonijevid CATTLEBREEDERS' M IGRATIONS IN THE BALKANS T HROUGH CENTURIES 147 Djurica K rstic MIGRATIONS A ND CUSTOMARY LAW IN T HE BALKANS 157 Elsie I vancich Dunin MIGRATIONS A ND CULTURAL IDENTITY EXPRESSED T HROUGH DANCE: A STUDY OF D ANCE AMONG SOUTH SLAVS IN CALIFORNIA 1 61 http://www.balkaninstitut.com http://www.balkaninstitut.com PREFACE On A pril 10-12, 1988, a conference was held at the University of California in Santa Barbara on Population Magrations in the Balkans From Pre-History to Recent Times. The conference was the result of an agreement for collaboration reached in 1986 between the History Department of the University of California in Santa Barbara and the Institute for Balkan Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The p urpose of the meeting was to present and discuss the results obtained in different disciplines concerning Balkan migrations (in history, anthropology, ethnography, linguistics) and to study their interaction. The t opic was chosen due to the importance of migrations which stamped the history of the Balkan peoples. For centuries the Balkans were the transit area and the crossroads of European civilizations. Ancient Greece, the Roman nad Byzantine empires, the settlement of the Slavs, their medieval states as well as centuries of Ottoman rule left a deep impact on the ethnic, political and cultural composition of the Peninsula. The Eastern Question and the rivalry of the European powers to participate in the Ottoman heritage introduced the Balkans into modern European history, parallel to the birth of domestic, national Balkan States in the nineteenth century. The conflict between modernization and traditionalism created a fascinating symbiosis in the development of Balkan national societies and cultures. Nationalism created confrontations between Balkan States which played an important role in the outbreak of World War I. Population m igrations were among the decisive factors which contri buted to the dynamism of Balkan history. The succession of the Illyrians and Thracians and the Celtic tribes changed the ethnic composition of the Balkans. The Roman invasion of Dacia created the Rumanian nation. The Slavic intrusion in the Balkans introduced the Yugoslavs and Bulgarians to the historical stage. The split of the Churches further divided the population and religious heresies stimulated ethnic movements. Throughout the middle ages the mountaineer, the cattle breeder, followed his herds and contributed to the population mixture. The Ottoman invasion caused a massive migration of population from South to North, towards the Western and Northern Balkans. Similar migrations were provoked by the following Austro-Otto- man and Russo-Ottoman wars in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The formation of modern Balkan states and the establishment of their political frontiers caused new migrations and the intermingling of peoples. The mobility of peoples who lived for centuries in multi-national empires (Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Habsburg) made extremely difficult the establishment of ethnic frontiers based on the principle of national self- determination. This became most evident during the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars, World War I and its aftermath. Ethnic mixtures resulting from 7 http://www.balkaninstitut.com migrations b lurred national affiliations in adjacent Balkan national confines. This mixture stimulated nationalism, caused the presence of national minorities in the Balkan States and contributed to the genocide and fratri cidal conflicts during World War II. Twenty-three s cholars, among them eight from Yugoslavia, as well as from Hungary, Universitiy of California in Santa Barbara, Berkeley, Los Angeles and Stanford took part in the conference. Presented papers were grouped in four parts. The f irst group of papers dealt with the migrations in pre-history, ethnicity and social organization in pre-Roman times, the impact of the Huns on migrations, and the Slavic landtaking. The second group included presen tations referring to migrations during the middle ages, the movements of cattle-breeders, the city of Dubrovnik and its hinterland. Serbian migrations and ethnic movements in general and in Bosnia and Hercegovina particu larly. Papers presented in the third part of the conference dealt with migrations and cultural identity expressed through dances, the effects of migrations on the South Slav dialects, the historian Fallmerayer and his theory of migrations, the impact of migrations on the customary law and the Jewish migrations in the Balkans. The fourth part included papers dealing with the modern period starting from the eighteenth century, wars and migrations during the Ottoman rule, migrations resulting from peasant upheavals in the nineteenth century, Bulgarian migrations to Rumania, migrations caused by the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars and World War I as well as recent migrations from the Kosovo region in Yugoslavia. Papers p resented at the conference are included in this volume. The intention of the authors is to contribute to the understanding of Balkan migrations and to stimulate further research in this complex and significant aspect of Balkan social history. The meeting of scholars in Santa Barbara was made possible by grants obtained from the Universitiy of California Santa Barbara (the Interdisciplinary Humanities Center, the Opportunity Fund, the Office of Research Development and the Department of History), the support from the International Research and Exchanges Board - IREX, the Center for Russian and East European Studies of the University of California in Los Angeles and the generous private donation of Mr. Peter Dimitri in Geneva. Last but not least this volume could not appear without the funds obtained from the Institute for Balkan Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Our gratitude goes to all of these scholarly institutions. Radovan S amardiii Directorf o the Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Dimitrije D jordjevid Professor of History Chairman of Balkan Studies at UCSB. 8 http://www.balkaninstitut.com Mark. R Stefanovich University of California Los Angeles NDETHNICITY A MIGRATION IN PREHISTORY Methodological c onsiderations Whatn i observation is loose and vague, is in information deceptive and treacherous. Francis B acon Archaeology i s most often associated by the lay person with images of exotic temples overgrown with hundreds of years of unfettered verdage, rich tombs, decorated caves, underground cities or meeting places that are now being exposed for the first time by the archaeologist. Although this does happen occasionally - the Mayan temples, Tuthankhamen's tomb, the Caves of Altamira and Lascaux or the tomb of Philip the II of Macedon - these stunning finds are more the exception than the rule, yet they are fuel for the romantic imagination of the dreamer in all of us. But the archaeologist is often obliged of necessity to operate with much scantier and less glamorous material in order to reconstruct the cultural, social and economic systems of the past. The archaeologist needs to understand how change takes place and to attempt to comprehend why it has taken place. When p eople observe the unearthed remains of vanished societies, the question that most often comes to mind is "Who were the people who made these artifacts or monuments and where did they come from?" The archaeologist, more than any other professional, is faced with this perplexing question. During the unearthing of an archaeological site the origin of the inhabitants is not the archaeologist's immediate concern.