Attention Cueing in Rivalry: Insights from Pupillometry
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Longitudinal Investigation of Disparity Vergence in Young Adult Convergence Insufficiency Patients
New Jersey Institute of Technology Digital Commons @ NJIT Theses Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 2019 Longitudinal investigation of disparity vergence in young adult convergence insufficiency patients Patrick C. Crincoli New Jersey Institute of Technology Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/theses Part of the Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons Recommended Citation Crincoli, Patrick C., "Longitudinal investigation of disparity vergence in young adult convergence insufficiency patients" (2019). Theses. 1683. https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/theses/1683 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ NJIT. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ NJIT. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright Warning & Restrictions The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a, user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use” that user may be liable for copyright infringement, This institution -
The Figure Is in the Brain of the Beholder: Neural Correlates of Individual Percepts in The
The Figure is in the Brain of the Beholder: Neural Correlates of Individual Percepts in the Bistable Face-Vase Image A Thesis Presented to The Division of Philosophy, Religion, Psychology, and Linguistics Reed College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts Phoebe Bauer May 2015 Approved for the Division (Psychology) Michael Pitts Acknowledgments I think some people experience a degree of unease when being taken care of, so they only let certain people do it, or they feel guilty when it happens. I don’t really have that. I love being taken care of. Here is a list of people who need to be explicitly thanked because they have done it so frequently and are so good at it: Chris: thank you for being my support system across so many contexts, for spinning with me, for constantly reminding me what I’m capable of both in and out of the lab. Thank you for validating and often mirroring my emotions, and for never leaving a conflict unresolved. Rennie: thank you for being totally different from me and yet somehow understanding the depths of my opinions and thought experiments. Thank you for being able to talk about magic. Thank you for being my biggest ego boost and accepting when I internalize it. Ben: thank you for taking the most important classes with me so that I could get even more out of them by sharing. Thank you for keeping track of priorities (quality dining: yes, emotional explanations: yes, fretting about appearances: nu-uh). #AshHatchtag & Stella & Master Tran: thank you for being a ceaseless source of cheer and laughter and color and love this year. -
UC Merced Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
UC Merced Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Title Voluntary versus Involuntary Perceptual Switching: Mechanistic Differences in Viewing an Ambiguous Figure Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/333348w4 Journal Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 27(27) ISSN 1069-7977 Authors Rambusch, Jana Ziemke, Tom Publication Date 2005 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Voluntary versus Involuntary Perceptual Switching: Mechanistic Differences in Viewing an Ambiguous Figure Michelle Umali ([email protected]) Center for Neurobiology & Behavior, Columbia University 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA Marc Pomplun ([email protected]) Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts at Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA Abstract frequency, blink frequency, and pupil size, which have been robustly correlated with cognitive function (see Rayner, Here we demonstrate the mechanistic differences between 1998, for a review). Investigators utilizing this method have voluntary and involuntary switching of the perception of an examined the regions within ambiguous figures that receive ambiguous figure. In our experiment, participants viewed a attention during a specific interpretation, as well as changes 3D ambiguous figure, the Necker cube, and were asked to maintain one of two possible interpretations across four in eye movement parameters that may specify the time of different conditions of varying cognitive load. These switch. conditions differed in the instruction to freely view, make For example, Ellis and Stark (1978) reported that guided saccades, or fixate on a central cross. In the fourth prolonged fixation duration occurs at the time of perceptual condition, subjects were instructed to make guided saccades switching. -
Frontoparietal Activity and Its Structural Connectivity in Binocular Rivalry
Author's personal copy BRAIN RESEARCH 1305 (2009) 96– 107 available at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/brainres Research Report Frontoparietal activity and its structural connectivity in binocular rivalry Juliane C. Wilckea,b,⁎, Robert P. O'Sheac,d, Richard Wattsb,e aDepartment of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand bDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand cDepartment of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand dPsychology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia eVan der Veer Institute for Parkinson's and Brain Research, Christchurch, New Zealand ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: To understand the brain areas associated with visual awareness and their anatomical Accepted 20 September 2009 interconnections, we studied binocular rivalry with functional magnetic resonance imaging Available online 25 September 2009 (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Binocular rivalry occurs when one image is viewed by one eye and a different image by the other; it is experienced as perceptual alternations Keywords: between the two images. Our first experiment addressed problems with a popular Visual awareness comparison condition, namely permanentsuppression,bycomparingrivalrywith Conscious perception binocular fusion instead. We found an increased fMRI signal in right frontal, parietal, and Binocular rivalry occipital regions during rivalry viewing. The pattern of neural activity differed from findings Binocular fusion of permanent suppression comparisons, except for adjacent activity in the right superior fMRI parietal lobule. This location was near fMRI signal changes related to reported rivalry DTI tractography alternations in our second experiment, indicating that neighbouring areas in the right parietal cortex may be involved in different components of rivalry. -
M Pathway and Areas 44 and 45 Are Involved in Stereoscopic Recognition Based on Binocular Disparity
Japanese Journal of Physiology, 52, 191–198, 2002 M Pathway and Areas 44 and 45 Are Involved in Stereoscopic Recognition Based on Binocular Disparity Tsuneo NEGAWA, Shinji MIZUNO*, Tomoya HAHASHI, Hiromi KUWATA†, Mihoko TOMIDA, Hiroaki HOSHI*, Seiichi ERA, and Kazuo KUWATA Departments of Physiology, * Radiology, and † Nursing Course, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, 500–8705 Japan Abstract: We characterized the visual path- was reported that these regions were inactive ways involved in the stereoscopic recognition of during the monocular stereopsis. To separate the the random dot stereogram based on the binocu- specific responses directly caused by the stereo- lar disparity employing a functional magnetic res- scopic recognition process from the nonspecific onance imaging (fMRI). The V2, V3, V4, V5, in- ones caused by the memory load or the inten- traparietal sulcus (IPS) and the superior temporal tion, we designed a novel frequency labeled sulcus (STS) were significantly activated during tasks (FLT) sequence. The functional MRI using the binocular stereopsis, but the inferotemporal the FLT indicated that the activation of areas 44 gyrus (ITG) was not activated. Thus a human M and 45 is correlated with the stereoscopic recog- pathway may be part of a network involved in the nition based on the binocular disparity but not stereoscopic processing based on the binocular with the intention artifacts, suggesting that areas disparity. It is intriguing that areas 44 (Broca’s 44 and 45 play an essential role in the binocular area) and 45 in the left hemisphere were also ac- disparity. [Japanese Journal of Physiology, 52, tive during the binocular stereopsis. -
Symmetric Networks with Geometric Constraints As Models of Visual Illusions
S S symmetry Article Symmetric Networks with Geometric Constraints as Models of Visual Illusions Ian Stewart 1,*,† and Martin Golubitsky 2,† 1 Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK 2 Department of Mathematics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 17 May 2019; Accepted: 13 June 2019; Published: 16 June 2019 Abstract: Multistable illusions occur when the visual system interprets the same image in two different ways. We model illusions using dynamic systems based on Wilson networks, which detect combinations of levels of attributes of the image. In most examples presented here, the network has symmetry, which is vital to the analysis of the dynamics. We assume that the visual system has previously learned that certain combinations are geometrically consistent or inconsistent, and model this knowledge by adding suitable excitatory and inhibitory connections between attribute levels. We first discuss 4-node networks for the Necker cube and the rabbit/duck illusion. The main results analyze a more elaborate model for the Necker cube, a 16-node Wilson network whose nodes represent alternative orientations of specific segments of the image. Symmetric Hopf bifurcation is used to show that a small list of natural local geometric consistency conditions leads to alternation between two global percepts: cubes in two different orientations. The model also predicts brief transitional states in which the percept involves impossible rectangles analogous to the Penrose triangle. A tristable illusion generalizing the Necker cube is modelled in a similar manner. -
The Perception of Transparent Three-Dimensional Objects (Vision͞illusion͞visual Learning͞association)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 6517–6522, June 1997 Neurobiology The perception of transparent three-dimensional objects (visionyillusionyvisual learningyassociation) DALE PURVES* AND TIMOTHY J. ANDREWS Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 Contributed by Dale Purves, April 9, 1997 ABSTRACT When the proximal and distal elements of orientation, the cube appears to be balanced on its distal– wire-frame cubes are conflated, observers perceive illusory inferior vertex, with the surface on which it actually rests rising structures that no longer behave veridically. These phenom- from the balance point (see Figs. 1 and 2). (Illusory, in this ena suggest that what we normally see depends on visual case, means an interpretation of the stimulus that does not associations generated by experience. The necessity of such accord with the configuration of the object determined by learning may explain why the mammalian visual system is direct measurement.) In short, the observer no longer judges subject to a prolonged period of plasticity in early life, when the object to be a cube, despite the unchanged retinal image, novel circuits are made in enormous numbers. knowledge of its actual structure, and the immediately pre- ceding perception of a cube in top-down view. Information generated by the eyes is ambiguous. Everyday we A first order explanation of these phenomena follows from have to make decisions (about the size and distance of objects, the geometry of the situation. Because of their greater dis- their form, and whether they are moving) based on retinal tance, the angles subtended on the retina by the distal elements images that can have two or more meanings (1–4). -
Brain Networks Underlying Bistable Perception
This is a repository copy of Brain networks underlying bistable perception. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/88383/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Baker, Daniel Hart orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-443X, Karapanagiotidis, Theodoros orcid.org/0000-0002-0813-1019, Coggan, David et al. (2 more authors) (2015) Brain networks underlying bistable perception. Neuroimage. pp. 229-234. ISSN 1053-8119 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.053 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Baker, Karapanagiotidis, Coggan, Wailes-Newson & Smallwood (2015) Neuroimage, 119: 229-234 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.053 Brain networks underlying bistable perception Daniel H. Baker, Theodoros Karapanagiotidis, David D. Coggan, Kirstie Wailes-Newson & Jonathan Smallwood Department of Psychology, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK email: [email protected] Abstract Bistable stimuli, such as the Necker Cube, demonstrate that experience can change in the absence of changes in the environment. -
Cueing the Necker Cube: Pupil Dilation Reflects the Viewing-From-Above Constraint in Bistable Perception
Journal of Vision (2020) 20(4):7, 1–14 1 Cueing the Necker cube: Pupil dilation reflects the viewing-from-above constraint in bistable perception Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Fumiaki Sato Japan Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Bruno Laeng Time, and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Shigeki Nakauchi Japan Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Tetsuto Minami Japan We hypothesized that a perceptually ambiguous or bistable object (Necker cube) can be more effectively Introduction biased to assume a point of view-from-above (VFA) than from below the object by cueing attention. Participants Our visual system receives two-dimensional viewed a Necker cube in which one surface was information from each image on the retina. From temporarily shaded so as to prime a specific perspective these two-dimensional images, it restores to vision on the cube. Subsequently, the standard (wireframe) the three-dimensional shape of the object, sometimes Necker cube was viewed for 3 seconds, and participants resolving ambiguities in the visual input in an automatic reported what perspective they had seen initially and and unconscious manner. As a way of resolving whether their perception shifted to the alternative perceptual ambiguity, Nakayama and Shimojo (1992) perspective during the brief viewing. Concomitantly, proposed a theoretical framework in which the visual pupil size was monitored with an eye-tracker to obtain system tends to interpret images and surfaces as an index of cognitive effort. -
Depth Cues, Rather Than Perceived Depth, Govern Vergence
Exp Brain Res (2008) 184:61–70 DOI 10.1007/s00221-007-1081-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Depth cues, rather than perceived depth, govern vergence D. A. Wismeijer · R. van Ee · C. J. Erkelens Received: 5 May 2007 / Accepted: 21 July 2007 / Published online: 24 August 2007 © Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract We studied the inXuence of perceived surface Introduction orientation on vergence accompanying a saccade while viewing an ambiguous stimulus. We used the slant rivalry In vision, binocular fusion is facilitated by vergence. Vari- stimulus, in which perspective foreshortening and disparity ous diVerent types of horizontal vergence have been distin- speciWed opposite surface orientations. This rivalrous con- guished based on inputs used by the vergence system, e.g. Wguration induces alternations of perceived surface orienta- binocular disparity and accommodation. One of those, tion, while the slant cues remain constant. Subjects were fusional vergence, uses binocular disparity as input. And able to voluntarily control their perceptual state while view- another, proximal vergence, is associated with “knowledge ing the ambiguous stimulus. They were asked to make a of nearness” (Howard, 2002). Recently, the inXuence of saccade across the perceived slanted surface. Our data show depth perception on vergence has regained interest, because that vergence responses closely approximated the vergence of the possibility to probe perception through vergence. In response predicted by the disparity cue, irrespective of vol- several studies, various depth cues were used to induce untarily controlled perceived orientation. However, com- depth and the inXuence of perception on vergence was stud- paring the data obtained while viewing the ambiguous ied both without and with binocular disparity present. -
Right Parietal Brain Activity Precedes Perceptual Alternation During Binocular Rivalry
r Human Brain Mapping 32:1432–1442 (2011) r Right Parietal Brain Activity Precedes Perceptual Alternation During Binocular Rivalry Juliane Britz,1* Michael A. Pitts,2 and Christoph M. Michel2 1Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 2Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California r r Abstract: We investigated perceptual reversals for intermittently presented stimuli during binocular ri- valry and physical alternation while the ongoing EEG was recorded from 64 channels. EEG topogra- phies immediately preceding stimulus-onset were analyzed and two topographies doubly dissociated perceptual reversals from non-reversals. The estimated intracranial generators associated with these topographies were stronger in right inferior parietal cortex and weaker bilaterally in the ventral stream before perceptual reversals. No such differences were found for physical alternation of the same stim- uli. These results replicate and extend findings from a previous study with the Necker cube and sug- gest common neural mechanisms associated with perceptual reversals during binocular rivalry and ambiguous figure perception. For both types of multi-stable stimuli, the dorsal stream is more active preceding perceptual reversals. Activity in the ventral stream, however, differed for binocular rivalry compared to ambiguous figures. The results from the two studies suggest a causal role for the right in- ferior parietal cortex in generating perceptual reversals regardless of the type of multi-stable stimulus, while activity in the ventral stream appears to depend on the particular type of stimulus. Hum Brain Mapp 32:1432–1442, 2011. VC 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: EEG; EEG mapping; binocular rivalry; inverse solution; LORETA; right inferior parietal r r INTRODUCTION every few seconds between the two rivaling percepts. -
Reality, Perception, and Simulation: a Plausible Theory
WILLIAM R. POWELL REALITY, PERCEPTION, AND SIMULATION: A PLAUSIBLE THEORY Vision is such an automatic process that few people think about it. In this article, I examine some new and well-known visual phenomena and suggest a framework for understanding them. I conclude with some speculation about the nature of experienced reality and the classical philosophical problem of free will. The proposition advanced is that all perception is contained within a simulation of physical reality created by the brain and, further, that this simulated reality has at least as strong a claim to being "real" as the physical reality that is inferred on the basis of the brain's simulation and analysis. INTRODUCTION doesn't the world appear to lurch as object images jump When most people think about vision, they are usually to new locations on the retina several times each second? concerned only with how an image is focused on their Yet another puzzle: How does the brain recognize that retinas. But that part of the visual process is relatively an object that is activating a set of neurons in one small simple. Even the electrochemical process that converts part of the periphery of the retina on one fixation is the same object that was creating different neural activity in the photons of light into a two-dimensional (2D) pattern of neural activity in retinal neurons is simple in compar another part of the retina during the previous fixation? ison to what is required to convert those signals (retinal The problem becomes even more complex when we cell output pulses) into a visual experience of recognized recognize that the shadows of the retinal blood vessels fragment the object images into many different parts with objects in a perceived three-dimensional (3D) world.