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The Figure Is in the Brain of the Beholder: Neural Correlates of Individual Percepts in The

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The Figure Is in the Brain of the Beholder: Neural Correlates of Individual Percepts in The The Figure is in the Brain of the Beholder: Neural Correlates of Individual Percepts in the Bistable Face-Vase Image A Thesis Presented to The Division of Philosophy, Religion, Psychology, and Linguistics Reed College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts Phoebe Bauer May 2015 Approved for the Division (Psychology) Michael Pitts Acknowledgments I think some people experience a degree of unease when being taken care of, so they only let certain people do it, or they feel guilty when it happens. I don’t really have that. I love being taken care of. Here is a list of people who need to be explicitly thanked because they have done it so frequently and are so good at it: Chris: thank you for being my support system across so many contexts, for spinning with me, for constantly reminding me what I’m capable of both in and out of the lab. Thank you for validating and often mirroring my emotions, and for never leaving a conflict unresolved. Rennie: thank you for being totally different from me and yet somehow understanding the depths of my opinions and thought experiments. Thank you for being able to talk about magic. Thank you for being my biggest ego boost and accepting when I internalize it. Ben: thank you for taking the most important classes with me so that I could get even more out of them by sharing. Thank you for keeping track of priorities (quality dining: yes, emotional explanations: yes, fretting about appearances: nu-uh). #AshHatchtag & Stella & Master Tran: thank you for being a ceaseless source of cheer and laughter and color and love this year. Orestis: thank you for having the time and the energy and the compassion and the knowhow because I don’t think this experiment would have been done in time without you (or at least, my relationship with Michael wouldn’t be as good as it is). Isabel: thank you for always knowing the precise nuances of what I find beautiful. Thank you for being able to talk about every single thing I think is worth thinking about. Eli: thank you for completing my soul. Thank you for listening when I monologue, for being my truest feelings equal, for doing whatever it is you’ve done that makes me comfortable telling you the things I’ve barely told myself. Thank you for being an anchor for my most adventurous self. ~~ Emilime: thank you for growing and changing and keeping track and holding on. Thank you for being the easiest person in my life to get along with. Flip: thank you for being there when I’m ready and being ready when I’m there. Thank you for reminding me that love is the most important thing and that it’s solid and simple and wholesome. Bonnie: thank you for all your deep magical thought bubbles. Amanda: thank you for eight years of sage wisdom and sass encouragement. Simon: thank you for understanding the things I wouldn’t think to explain. Thank you for forgiving and being worth forgiveness. Mom: thank you for teaching me to love books and puzzles and flowers and flavors and fabric. Thank you for teaching me that my choices are the ones that matter. Dad: thank you for teaching me to love bones and branches and birds and mountains and the sky. Thank you for letting me follow my bliss without worrying about the feasibility. Michael: thank you for ignoring my self-deprecation and anxiety and for holding faith in the value of this project. Thank you for showing me how to see patterns and stories in overwhelming amounts of data. Thank you for your contagious excitement, for inspiring me to keep reading and keep thinking, and for constantly proving to me that neuroscience is fun. Enriqueta: thank you for words of encouragement and for being available and attentive. Thank you for keeping every lab endeavor grounded in reality and for holding us all accountable for our claims. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Bistable Images......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Why look at bistability?............................................................................................ 2 1.3 Theoretical Accounts of Multistability..................................................................... 4 1.4 Neural Correlates of Perceptual Reversals ............................................................... 6 1.5 Manipulations of Top-Down Influences................................................................... 8 1.6 Neural Correlates of Individual Percepts.................................................................. 9 1.7 The Present Study ................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Methods ........................................................................................................ 13 2.1 Participants.............................................................................................................. 13 2.2 Stimuli..................................................................................................................... 13 2.3 EEG Apparatus ....................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 15 2.5 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 3: Results........................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Behavioral Results .................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Electrophysiological Results................................................................................... 20 3.2.1 Percept Differences.......................................................................................... 20 3.2.1.1 N170 Component...................................................................................... 22 3.2.1.2 Backpack Negativity................................................................................. 26 3.2.2 Reversal vs. Stable Differences ....................................................................... 30 3.2.2.1 Reversal Negativity (RN) ......................................................................... 30 3.2.2.2 Late Positive Complex (LPC)................................................................... 32 Chapter 4: Discussion..................................................................................................... 35 4.1 Differences in Neural Activity Due to Percept....................................................... 35 4.1.1 Relevance of Percept-Based Neural Differences to Consciousness Research. 36 4.1.2 Future Directions in Measuring Percept-Based Neural Differences................ 37 4.2 Differences in Neural Activity Due to Reversals ................................................... 39 4.2.1 Trying to Discriminate Top-Down From Bottom-Up ..................................... 42 4.2.2 Potentials for Further Research on Reversal-Based Neural Differences ......... 44 4.2.2.1 Analyses on Current Datasets ................................................................... 44 4.2.2.2 Further Studies.......................................................................................... 46 Appendix A: Complete List of Electrode Locations .................................................... 49 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 51 List of Tables Table 3.1: F- and p-values for the ANOVA examining N170 peak amplitude................ 24 Table 3.2: F- and p-values for the ANOVA examining N170 peak latency. ................... 25 Table 3.3: F- and p-values for the ANOVA examining mean amplitudes for the BPN... 27 Table 3.4: F- and p-values for the ANOVA examining RN difference amplitudes......... 31 Table 3.5: F- and p-values for the ANOVA examining LPC difference amplitudes. ...... 32 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Examples of multistable images....................................................................... 1 Figure 1.2: Three variants of Rubin’s bistable face-vase drawing. .................................... 2 Figure 1.3: The Kopfermann cubes examined by Hochberg; image taken from Attneave, 1971............................................................................................................................. 4 Figure 2.1: Experimental Stimuli...................................................................................... 14 Figure 2.2: Trial schematic of the intermittent paradigm adopted from Kornmeier and Bach. ......................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 3.1: ERPs for the face and vase percepts during the passive task. ........................ 20 Figure 3.2: ERPs for the face and vase percepts during the active task. .......................... 21 Figure 3.3: ERPs for the backpack and chalice percepts during the passive task. ........... 21 Figure 3.4: ERPs for the backpack and chalice percepts during the active task............... 22 Figure 3.5: The interaction between percept and stimulus for peak N170 amplitudes..... 23 Figure 3.6: Difference maps for the N170.......................................................................
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