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India in Primitive Christianity ^^^^'^^^^^^^iillr INDIA IN PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANITY k c c c c c c c c ' t c , c t f . f f < ' , c << K < < a a: H India in Primitive Christianity BY ARTHUR ^.ILLIE (Late Regiment of Lucknow) " " Author of Buddhism in Christianity^'' Buddha and Buddhism^'' I3c. 15e gave tbc IRajaritc wine to DrinI? ant* commanDe& tbe ffiiropbct saging, ' ipropbes^ not.' "—tatian. LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Ltd. DRYDEN HOUSE, GERRARD STREET, W. 1909. p'^ , .. CONTENTS CHAPTER I S'lVA His legends being older and not in Sanskrit he has been neglected—Found in India by the Aryans when they crossed the mountains—S'iva as the Cobra, and Durga the Tree (pestilential Indian jungle) probably the oldest gods in the world. —S'iva as the Phoenician Baal. —Esoterically a noble Pantheism fighting with the Polytheisms around. —The S'iva-Durga cultus rises everywhere far above other religions and also sinks lower—Invents the Yogi and the Yoga philosophy— Invents the Hypostases—Great importance of Ganes'a in the history of civilisation. 9 CHAPTER IT BAAL Tree and Serpent Worship carried by the Phoenicians every- where—The religion of the Indian jungle—Baal in " " Palestine—The Star of Chiun (S'iva) —The Maha- deos and Masseboth—Special blood-thirstiness of the Phoenician divinity—Holy of Holies of Jewish Temple, " " and Sanctuary of the S'iva-hnga in India .. .. 27 CHAPTER III BUDDHA " " Born of a Virgin—Genealogies—The Flower star in the East—Asita and Simeon—The Four Presaging tokens—The Prince leaves the palace—The Bo Tree —Buddha preaches—Early biograpliy altered—Maya Devi is Durga—Dasasatanayana, S'iva the "thousand eyed," blesses him when he leaves the palace—Other changes . 46 258461 vi. CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER IV • THE WISDOM OF THE OTHER BANK Fine mysticism of Buddhism—The man who was born blind —The Tcvigga Sutta—The Sinner—The Penitent Thief—"God revealed in the form of Mercy"—The Death of Buddha . 6g CHAPTER V KINCx ASOKA King Asoka—Rock inscriptions—Only reliable records of early Buddhism—Not an atheism—Immortality— Dharma Raj —Kingdom of Justice—Helps to expose a portentotis fraud—Buddhaghosa and the Ceylon records—King Wijayo—Date altered by Buddhaghosa " " one hundred years—Fictitious Second Convocation —Mahindo, Asoka's son, visits Ceylon—Vast literature of S'iva-Buddhism palmed upon him—Brief of modern English missionaries in their attack on Buddha 84 CHAPTER VI THE MAHAYANA New gods—All of them S'iva—A mask of Buddhism on some of them—Dhyani or Heavenly Buddhas—Dhyani Bodhisatwas—Conversion of tlie relic cairn of early Buddhism into S'iva's Lingam disguised as a Chaitya— Chaitya worship atMathura—S'iva-Buddhism a worship " " of S'iva with Left-handed Tantrika rites —It is to be found in all Buddhist kingdoms— Rapid survey - - 107 CHAPTER VII AVALOKITESWARA " The great Monastery of Nalanda—The High Priest of all " the World —Is he the modeiTi Pontiff of Tibet ? — S'iva supposed to be incarnate in cacli successor—S'iva and Durga worshipped in all Buddhist rituals—Great revolution effected by King Kanis'ka—Strong remon- " strance on the part of the High Priest of all the " World —He declares that the encroaching cult us is pure S'ivism and Nihilism .. .. .. 120 CONTENTS. vii. PAGE CHAPTER VIII THE CAVE TEMPLE AND ITS MYSTERIES Maurice on Temple Worship—Description of Cave temples—Worship the same in Egypt and Persia—Im- mense labour employed in constructing them—Cave mysteries everywhere an object of dread—Cicero on them—Eleusis—Lucian on the Tree Festival at Hieropolis—Bacchantic Festivals derived from S'iva as Somnath [(lord of Soma the first intoxicant) —These festivals still secretly celebrated in India . 131 CHAPTER IX ARCHITECTURE " " Mr. James Fergusson—The Sangharama of Kasyapa — Was it Elora ? —Points of contact—Kailas—Import- ance of the head of Avalokitishwara—Found on all S'ivan buildings ancient and modern—Buddhist arch the head of the Cobra—Serpent not worshipped in Buddhism until union with S'ivism—Fergusson on the " " Lingam—Calls it a Dagoba —Believes the Kailas temples at Elora and the Mahabalipur Rathas to have been intended for dormitories of Buddhist monks— Proposition contested—Strange discovery that Avalo- kitishwara's head is very plentiful on both these old groups of rock-detached temples . 141 CHAPTER X THE ESSENES to ? — Was Essenism —due Buddhist Missionaries Testimony of Asoka The fj-ovaffr-qpiov, compared with the " " Sangharama— Apostles of the Bloodless Oblation — Tertullian on the similarity between the rites of the Christians and the Mithraists—Testimony of Philo— Thirty thousand mokns go from Alexandria to Ruanwelli in Ceylon and are hospitably received on the occasion of the consecration of the great temple there. B.C. 170 . 162 CHAPTER XI THE ESSENE JESUS Was Jesus an Essene ? —Nazarites or Nazareens—Baptised " by the Nazarite John—A secret society— Inquire who viii. CONTENTS. PAGE " is worthy ! —Essene Bread Oblation—Miracle of the Loaves—Probably an Essene Passover gathering—The Codex Nazaraeus—The earliest gathering of Christians at Rome, Essene water-drinkers and vegetarians—The Gospel according to the Hebrews—Gospel of the Infancy . 176 CHAPTER Xn MORE COINCIDENCES — — Twelve— Disciples —Love one another— Buddhist Beatitudes The Sower Blind— Guides Early Buddhism, a religion of joy Buddhist baptismal rites—Other coincidences . 200 CHAPTER XIII RITES The Abbe Hue on the close similarity of Christian and Buddhist rites—Confirmed by Fathers Disderi and Grueber—Reverend S. Beal on a Buddhist liturgy— Mr. Fergusson holds that the various details of the Christian basilica have been taken from the temples of the Buddhists—On which side was the borrowing ? — Arguments pro and con . 219 CHAPTER XIV PAULINISM St. Paul a puzzle—Was he an ascetic mystic, or the author " " of the theory of the Atonement," Original Sin," etc., in fact of priestly Christianity ? —Up to the date of Irenaeus there is no trace of his writings, nor even of his teachings—Did he convert Peter and James as " " described in The Acts ? James, Peter, John the Evangelist and Matthew all Nazarites—also Paul— Were they all instrumental in making the water- " drinking Essenes drink wine ?—Valentinus— Left- " handed gods —Early Zodiac of S'iva . 225 CHAPTER XV TRANSUBSTANTIATION Gibbon on the rites of the Agapae at Alexandria—Professor Horace Hayman Wilson discovers similar rites in the CONTENTS. ix. I'AGIC Indian books—The S'ri Ka Chakra in the Devi Rashya—— The Sacrifice of the Year-god in the Kali Ka Purana— Its analogy with the Roman Catholic Eucharist Both sacrifices make-believe—Startling points of contact with — of the the great Mystery-play in Tibet Description " Sacrificial Body of the Dead Year "—Stabbed and the cut to pieces—Great scramble for fragments- New Year as in Alexandria represented by a baby • • covered with flour . • • 235 CHAPTER XVI CEYLON Hiouen Tsiang, the Chinese traveller, on the religion of the " " Island in his day— Followers of the Great Vehicle —Bishop Copleston combats this—Three hundred "Great Vehicle" monks at Kanchapura—Wytulian heresy—Kappooism—S'iva as Saman Deva Raja supreme in the Island —Dewales and Buddhist Viharas in the same enclosures—Cure of the sick officially handed over to the Kappooists—Sekkraia (Siva as " " Indra) a man, half man, half stone—S'ivan Mystery " " —The Inebriating Festival of the Buddha — Legend—Temple women—Kattragam or Karttikeya— His power and popularity . 245 CHAPTER XVII ALEXANDRIA — Adi-Buddha described by Hodgson Abrasax— described— by Matter—Close points of contact Mithras His death and burial at Easter—Abrasax,—an individual, and also the whole body of the faithful, like Sangha, " " and also St. PaiU's Christ —Points of contact between Kattragam and the Logos of Philo—Abrasax has two serpent legs—So has Padmapani in the sculptvires of Jemalgiri—Close analogies between Sekkraia and Serapis—Each is half man, half stone —Description of the advent of the Son of JNIan in the Gospels quite different from what was expected, but quite in harmony with S'iva's Pralaya . 263 X. CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER XVIII OPHIS AND THE SERPENTS — Serpent symbol everywhere in S'iva-Buddhism Unknown in early Buddhism—Legend of Buddha burning the palace of the Naga King—On a bas relief of the Sanchi Xope—The Serpent and the Lotus leaf—Valentinus— Dhyani Buddhas—Saktis or Wives of the Dhyani Buddhas—Gnostic Aeons—They also have their — Tertullian on these Saktis— Saktis Violent attack of — Valentinus and Fourth Gospel Valentinus and— Serpent worship—The Gnostic Christos a Serpent " Cainites and Naasseni—The Thousand-eyed (Dasa- " satanayana) in Alexandria . 276 CHAPTER XIX DESCENT INTO HELL — of the Amaravati —• New evidence Five bas reliefs —Tope They illustrate Buddha's Descent into Hell Details— of Amaravati Tope imitate details of an early tope— Tree Worship—Tree stem a lingam—Cairn Worship — maintain that their Cairn a lingam Roman Catholics — rites give the life of Jesus in epitome Question examined—Not the life of the Jesus of the first three " " — — gospels —A wihing victim Suffers at night " Herod Antipa.s, the King of the Jews "—An origin- —His dress the same ality of Luke—Why brought in " as that of a Catholic Bishop—The Amice," the Hoodwinking rag of the Freemasons—The spear thrust —Blood and water—Baby New Year, in Alexandria " and Tibet—Covered with flour—Tertullian on Eleu- " sinian dissipations . • • • • 282 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES. PAGE FRONTISPIECE (rATHAS OF MAHAbAHPUR) I. DURGA AS THE SERPENT MANASA - - lO 2. TRAILINGA IsHWARA - - - - 4I s'lVA DANCING 3. ----- 26 4. THE BUDDHIST VIRGIN AND CHILD - - - 49 - - - - 5. BUDDHA PREACHING gg 6. THE CHAITYA LINGAM - - - - IO9 - 7. CHAITYA LINGAM WORSHIP- - - 112 8. SAaiANA DEVA RAJA - - - - II3 - - - 9.
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