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EFFICACY of Steinernema Karii and Heterohabditis

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EFFICACY of Steinernema Karii and Heterohabditis EFFICACY OF Steinernema karii AND Heterohabditis. Indica NEMATODES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SWEET POTATO WEEVIL ( Cylas puncticollis) IN KIBWEZI A THESIS SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN CROP PROTECTION IN THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI By MARTHA M. SILA B.SC (Hons) Agriculture and Home Economics EGERTON UNIVERSITY 2004 1 DECLARATION I declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own, and apart from the acknowledged assistance, is a record of my own research. The material has never been submitted for a degree in any other university or any other establishment for an academic award. Signed………………………………………….Date……………………………… M.M. SILA UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, DEPARTMENT OF CROP PROTECTION, Supervisors This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as supervisors PROFESOR J.H. NDERITU, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, DEPARTMENT OF CROP PROTECTION, Signed………………………………………….Date………………………………. DR. G.H.N. NYAMASYO, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, Signed………………………………………….Date………………………………. 2 DEDICATION To my son James, parents, brothers and sisters for their prayers, understanding and support. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I want to thank God for the strength and ability He has given me to undertake this study. My profound gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. G.H.N.. Nyamasyo and Dr. J.H.Nderitu, for their guidance, comments and constructive criticisms, which enabled the successful completion of the research study. Heartfelt thanks go to the Manager and staff of Kibwezi Irrigation Project where the study was undertaken for their moral and logistic support. I am much indebted to Rockefeller Foundation (FORUM) through Dr. Nyamasyo for the finances which supported this research study, and to my employer Ministry of Agriculture for granting me study leave. The guidance and encouragement given by the entire crop protection department staff is also highly appreciated. Finally, I want to express sincere gratitude to my family, relatives and friends who through their prayers, encouragement and moral support has seen me through this study. May God bless you all. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE……………………………………………………………………………..i DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………ii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………...iv TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………….v LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………...viii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………..ix ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….x CHAPTER 1. 1.0 Introduction And Literature Review………………………………………..1 1.1 Sweet Potato Production……………………………………………………1 1.2 Constraints to sweet potato production in Kenya………………………….2 1.2.1 Arthropod Pests of Sweet Potato……………………………………..3 1.3 Sweet potato weevil (Cylas puncticolli Boheman)………………………….4 1.3.1 Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Geographic distribution……………………4 1.3.2 Morphology…………………………………………………………………4 1.3.3 Biology and Ecology………………………………………………………..5 1.3.4 Host Range………………………………………………………….……….6 1.3.5 Economic Impact…………………………………………………………….6 1.4 Current management strategies for sweet potato weevil on sweet potato…..8 5 1.4.1 Biological Control………………………………………………………………8 1.4.1.1 Life cycle and Development of entomopathogenic nematodes…………………9 1.4.2 Chemical Control………………………………………………………………12 1.4.3 Cultural Control………………………………………………………………..12 1.4.4 Host Plant Resistance………………………………………………………….13 1.4.5 Use of Sex Pheromones………………………………………………………..14 1.5 Justification of the study………………………………………………………14 1.6 Objectives ………………………………………………………………………..16 1.6.1 0verall 0bjectivce………………………………………………………………...16 1.6.2 Specific 0bjectives……………………………………………………………….16 1.7 References………………………………………………………………………...17 CHAPTER 2 2.0 GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………27 2.1 Experimental Site……………………………………………………….27 2.2 Establishment of Experiment……………………………………………27 2.3 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………....28 2.4 Reference………………………………………………………………..28 6 CHAPTER 3 3.0 INSECT SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH SWEETPOTATO IN KIBEZI, MAKUENI DISTRICT, EASTERN PROVINCE OF KENYA 3.1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………29 3.2 Introduction……………………………………………………………..30 3.3 Materials and methods…………………………………………………..31 3.4 Results…………………………………………………………………..32 3.5 Discussion……………………………………………………………....37 3.6 References………………………………………………………………40 CHAPTER 4 4.0 EFFECTS OF Steinernema karii AND Hetrohabditis indica ON SWEET POTATO WEEVIL (Cylas pucticollis)……………………………………….43 4.1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………43 4.2 Introduction……………………………………………………………..44 4.3 Materials and methods…………………………………………………..45 4.3.1 Persistence of the nematodes in the soil………………………………….47 4.4 Results…………………………………………………………………...48 4.5 Discussion……………………………………………………………….57 4.6 References……………………………………………………………….60 7 CHAPTER 5 5.0 EFFICACY OF Steinernema karii AND Heterohabditis indica AGAINST THE SWEET POTATO WEEVIL (Cylas puncticollis)…61 5.1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………..61 5.2 Introduction……………………………………………………………62 5.3 Materials and methods…………………………………………………..63 5.3.1 Presence of entomopathogenic nematodes in soils samples collected from Kibwezi farm……………………………………………63 5.3.2 Application of nematode cultures……………………………………..…64 5.4 Results…………………………………………………………………...65 5.5 Discussion……………………………………………………………….78 5.6 Reference………………………………………………………………...81 CHAPTER 6 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS…………………………………….84 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Mean count of insect pests collected from sweet potato in Kibwezi Farm…………………………………………………………..34 Table 4.1 Mean number of nematodes recovered per larvae of Galleria. mellonella………………………………………………………..57 8 Table 5.1 Presence or absence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from soil samples collected at Kibwezi Farm………………….67 Table 5.2 Mean count of sweet potato adults, larvae, pupae weevils after treatment application………………………………………………74 Table 5.3 Mean nematode count after dissecting cadavers of sweet potato adults, larvae, pupae weevils (n=5)……………………………………...74 Table 5.4 % Root damage caused by sweet potato weevils and total % marketable tubers…………………………………………………......76 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 Mean weevil mortality on and around potted sweet potato plant after treatment with H. indica and S. karii………………………………49 Figure 4.2 Mean live weevils on and around the treated sweet potato potted plants…………………………………………………………………….50 Figure 4.3 Mean count of larvae in treated sweet potato vines……………………..51 Figure 4.4 Mean count of larvae in sweet potato tubers ………………………........52 Figure 4.5 Mean count of pupae in sweet potato vines……………………………...53 Figure 4.6 Mean count of pupae in sweet potato tubers……………………………54 Figure 4.7 Mean weights of tuber parts damaged by the sweet potato weevil……....55 Figure 4.8 Mean Percent mortality of G. mellonella larvae after exposure to treated soils……………………………………………56 Figure 5.1 Mean counts of dead weevils recorded on sweet potato plants 9 21 days after treatment application……………………………………..69 Figure 5.2 Mean number of live weevils counted within the sweet potato plant 21 days after treatment application…………………………………….70 Figure 5.3 Mean number of dead weevils counted in infected sweet potato tubers 21 days after treatment application………………………………71 Figure 5.4 Mean number of dead larvae counted in infected tubers 21 days after treatment application……………………………….72 Figure 5.5 Mean number of dead pupae after dissecting infected sweet potato tubers days after treatment application…………………………………..73 Figure 5.6 Percent mortality of G. mellonella exposed to soil collected from the field at four intervals post treatment.………………………….77 Figure 5.7 Mean number of nematodes recovered per larvae of G. mellonela.. Exposed to soil from the field at four intervals post treatment…………..78 Plate 1 Damage caused by Cylas puncticollis…………………………………….7 10 ABSTRACT Studies were carried out in Kibwezi Irrigation scheme of the University of Nairobi with the main objective of evaluating the efficacy of newly identified indigenous entomopathogens Steinernema karii and Heterohabditis indica nematodes in the management of Cylas puncticollis in sweetpotato, and to review the insects associated with sweetpotato. Sweet potato was found to be attacked by a wide spectrum of insects. Eight of the insect spp. were major pests inflicting damage on the leaves, vines or tubers, twenty one were minor pests whose damaging effects were not easily noticeable on the plants while seven of them were beneficial insects. The most important pest species were sweet potato weevil (C. puncticollis) and the clearwing moth (Synathedon dascyceles). Defoliating pests also dominated the spectrum of the pests observed, Aspidormopha spp. and Systates spp, being the most abundant. A scereenhouse experiment whereby potted sweet potato plants were infested with ten male adult weevils and ten adult females showed that both S. karii and H. indica significantly suppressed weevil population. Larvae and pupae were more susceptible to both species of nematodes fourteen days after treatment application (P<0.001), with the larvae being more susceptible compared to the pupae. Both nematode species did not, however, have any significant effect on either male or female weevils but greater mortality was achieved in males compared to females (2.3% mortality in males compared 11 to 1.1% in females). It was also noted that more male weevils were observed on the vines and leaves of the plants compared to females, which were more abundant in the tubers. Field experiments whereby nematodes were applied at a rate of 1.0x1010 per Ha
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