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CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON YEAR BOOK No. 46 July 1, 1946—June 30, 1947 With Administrative Reports through December 12, 1947 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON WASHINGTON, D. C. 1947 THI LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND CONTENTS PAGES OFFICERS AND STAFF v—x ORGANIZATION, PLAN, AND SCOPE xi ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION xii-xiv BY-LAWS OF THE INSTITUTION xv-xix ABSTRACT OF MINUTES OF THE FORTY-NINTH MEETING OF THE BOARD OF TRUS- TEES xxi REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE xxiii-xxvii REPORT OF AUDITORS xxviii-xxxvi REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT 7-/5 REPORTS OF DEPARTMENTAL ACTIVITIES AND CO-OPERATIVE STUDIES Astronomy Mount Wilson Observatory 3- 25 Terrestrial Sciences Geophysical Laboratory 27- 41 Department of Terrestrial Magnetism 43- 81 Special Projects Frank T. Gucker, Jr 83 Biological Sciences Division of Plant Biology 85-106 Department of Embryology 107-121 Department of Genetics 123-170 Special Projects Ross G. Harrison 171-172 Historical Research Division of Historical Research 173-202 BIBLIOGRAPHY 203 INDEX 205-211 PRESIDENT AND TRUSTEES PRESIDENT VANNEVAR BUSH BOARD OF TRUSTEES WALTER S. GIFFORD, Chairman ELIHU ROOT, JR., Vice-Chairman LEWIS H. WEED, Secretary JAMES F. BELL FRANK B. JEWETT ELIHU ROOT, JR. ROBERT WOODS BLISS ERNEST O. LAWRENCE HENRY R. SHEPLEY LINDSAY BRADFORD ALFRED L. LOOMIS RICHARD P. STRONG FREDERIC A. DELANO ROSWELL MILLER CHARLES P. TAFT HOMER L. FERGUSON HENRY S. MORGAN JUAN T. TRIPPE W. CAMERON FORBES SEELEY G. MUDD JAMES W. WADSWORTH WALTER S. GIFFORD HENNING W. PRENTIS, JR. FREDERIC C. WALCOTT HERBERT HOOVER GORDON S. RENTSCHLER LEWIS H. WEED Executive Committee WALTER S. GIFFORD, Chairman ROBERT WOODS BLISS GORDON S. RENTSCHLER FREDERIC C. WALCOTT VANNEVAR BUSH ELIHU ROOT, JR. LEWIS H. WEED HENRY R. SHEPLEY Finance Committee LINDSAY BRADFORD, Chairman ALFRED L. LOOMIS HENRY S. MORGAN ELIHU ROOT, JR. HENNING W. PRENTIS, JR. Auditing Committee FREDERIC A. DELANO, Chairman HOMER L. FERGUSON JAMES W. WADSWORTH Nominating Committee FRANK B. JEWETT, Chairman WALTER S. GIFFORD HENRY S. MORGAN HENNING W. PRENTIS, JR. STANDING COMMITTEES Committee on Astronomy SEELEY G. MUDD, Chairman ROSWELL MILLER ELIHU ROOT, JR. JUAN T. TRIPPE Committee on Terrestrial Sciences FRANK B. JEWETT, Chairman HOMER L. FERGUSON ERNEST O. LAWRENCE FREDERIC C. WALCOTT Committee on Biological Sciences LEWIS H. WEED, Chairman JAMES F. BELL ALFRED L. LOOMIS RICHARD P. STRONG HENNING W. PRENTIS, JR. Committee on Historical Research HENRY R. SHEPLEY, Chairman ROBERT WOODS BLISS RICHARD P. STRONG JAMES W. WADSWORTH CHARLES P. TAFT FORMER PRESIDENTS AND TRUSTEES PRESIDENTS DANIEL COIT GILMAN, 1902—1904 ROBERT SIMPSON WOODWARD, 1904—1920 JOHN CAMPBELL MERRIAM, President 1921—1938; President Emeritus 1939—1945 TRUSTEES ALEXANDER AGASSIZ 1904-05 SETH LOW 1902-16 GEORGE J. BALDWIN 1925-27 WAYNE MACVEAGH 1902-07 THOMAS BARBOUR 1934-46 ANDREW J. MELLON 1924-37 JOHN S. BILLINGS 1902—13 DARIUS O. MILLS 1902-09 ROBERT S. BROOKINGS 1910-29 S. WEIR MITCHELL 1902-14 JOHN L. CADWALADER 1903-14 ANDREW J. MONTAGUE 1907-35 WILLIAM W. CAMPBELL 1929-38 WILLIAM W. MORROW 1902-29 JOHN J. CARTY 1916-32 WILLIAM CHURCH OSBORN i927-34 WHITEFOORD R. COLE *925-34 JAMES PARMELEE 1917-31 CLEVELAND H. DODGE *9°3-23 WM. BARCLAY PARSONS 1907-32 WILLIAM E. DODGE 1902—03 STEWART PATON 1916—42 CHARLES P. FENNER 1914-24 GEORGE W. PEPPER 1914-19 SIMON FLEXNER 1910—14 JOHN J. PERSHING 1930-43 WILLIAM N. FREW 1902-15 HENRY S. PRITCHETT 1906-36 LYMAN J. GAGE 1902-12 ELIHU ROOT 1902-37 CASS GILBERT 1924-34 JULIUS ROSENWALD 1929-31 FREDERICK H. GILLETT 1924-35 MARTIN A. RYERSON 1908-28 DANIEL C. GILMAN 1902-08 THEOBALD SMITH 1914-34 JOHN HAY 1902-05 JOHN C. SPOONER 1902—07 MYRON T. HERRICK 1915-29 WILLIAM BENSON STOREY 1924-39 ABRAM S. HEWITT 1902-03 WILLIAM H. TAFT 1906-15 HENRY L. HIGGINSON 1902-19 WILLIAM S. THAYER 1929-32 ETHAN A. HITCHCOCK 1902—09 CHARLES D. WALCOTT 1902-27 HENRY HITCHCOCK 1902-02 HENRY P. WALCOTT 1910-24 WILLIAM WIRT HOWE 1903-09 WILLIAM H. WELCH 1906-34 CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON 1902-04 ANDREW D. WHITE 1902-03 WALTER A. JESSUP 1938-44 EDWARD D. WHITE 1902-03 SAMUEL P. LANGLEY 1904-06 HENRY WHITE 1913-27 CHARLES A. LINDBERGH I934~39 GEORGE W. WICKERSHAM 1909-36 WILLIAM LINDSAY 1902-09 ROBERT S. WOODWARD 1905-24 HENRY CABOT LODGE 1914-24 CARROLL D. WRIGHT 1902—08 Besides the names enumerated above, the following were ex-officio members of the Board of Trustees under the original charter, from the date of organization until April 28, 1904: the President of the United States, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the President of the National Academy of Sciences. STAFF OF INVESTIGATORS FOR THE YEAR 1947 ASTRONOMY MOUNT WILSON OBSERVATORY 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena 4, California Organized in 1904; George E. Hale, Director 1904-1923, Honorary Director 1923-1936; Walter S. Adams, Director 1924-1945. IRA S. BOWEN, Director ROBERT B. KING WALTER BAADE PAUL W. MERRILL HAROLD D. BABCOCK RUDOLPH MINKOWSKI HORACE W. BABCOCK SETH B. NICHOLSON fTHEODORE DUNHAM, JR. EDISON PETTIT JOSEPH O. HICKOX ROBERT S. RICHARDSON EDISON HOGE ROSCOE F. SANFORD EDWIN P. HUBBLE OLIN C. WILSON MILTON L. HUMASON RALPH E. WILSON ALFRED H. JOY TERRESTRIAL SCIENCES GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY 2801 Upton Street, N.W., Washington 8, D. C. Organized in 1906, opened in 1907; Arthur L. Day, Director 1909—1936 LEASON H. ADAMS, Director fEUGENE POSNJAK NORMAN L. BOWEN *HOWARD S. ROBERTS JOHN S. BURLEW JOHN F. SCHAIRER GORDON L. DAVIS f GEORGE TUNELL JOSEPH L. ENGLAND O. FRANK TUTTLE ROY W. GORANSON WILLIAM D. URRY JOSEPH W. GREIG EMANUEL G. ZIES fEARL INGERSON Visiting Investigators FRANK C. KRACEK FELIX CHAYES GEORGE W. MOREY MACKENZIE LAWRENCE KEITH f CHARLES S. PIGGOT TH. G. SAHAMA DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM Broad Branch Road, N.W., Washington 15, D. C. Organized in 1904; Louis A. Bauer, Director 1904-1929; John A. Fleming, Acting Director 1929-1934, Director 1935—1946. MERLE A. TUVE, Director WILLIAM J. ROONEY PHILIP H. ABELSON WALTER E. SCOTT LLOYD V. BERKNER f STUART L. SEATON DEAN B. COWIE fKENNETH L. SHERMAN SCOTT E. FORBUSH WILLIAM F. STEINER fALBERT A. GlESECKE, JR. HOWARD E. TATEL OLIVER H. GISH OSCAR W. TORRESON NORMAN P. HEYDENBURG ERNEST H. VESTINE ELLIS A. JOHNSON GEORGE R. WAIT fMARK W. JONES HARRY W. WELLS PAUL G. LEDIG Visiting Investigator WILFRED C. PARKINSON HUGH H. DARBY RICHARD B. ROBERTS * Deceased January 30, 1947. f Resigned in 1947. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DIVISION OF PLANT BIOLOGY Central Laboratory, Stanford, California Desert Laboratory, opened in 1903, became headquarters of Department of Botanical Research in 1905. Name changed to Laboratory for Plant Physiology in 1923; reorganized in 1928 as Division of Plant Biology, including Ecology. Herman A. Spoehr, Chairman 1927-1930 and 1931-1947. C. STACY FRENCH, Director HAROLD W. MILNER JENS C. CLAUSEN JAMES H. C. SMITH WILLIAM M. HIESEY HERMAN A. SPOEHR DAVID D. KECK HAROLD H. STRAIN DEPARTMENT OF EMBRYOLOGY Wolfe and Madison Streets, Baltimore 5, Maryland Organized in 1914; Franklin P. Mall, Director 1914-1917; George L. Streeter, Director 1918-1940 GEORGE W. CORNER, Director SAMUEL R. M. REYNOLDS ROBERT K. BURNS DAVID B. TYLER LOUIS B. FLEXNER fWALTER S. WILDE CHESTER H. HEUSER, Curator of the Embryological Collection DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New Yor\ Station for Experimental Evolution, opened in 1904, combined with Eugenics Record Office in 1921 to form Department of Genetics. Charles B. Davenport, Director 1904-1934; Albert F. Blakeslee, Director 1935-I94I- MILISLAV DEMEREC, Director Research Associates BERWIND P. KAUFMANN ERNEST W. CASPARI EDWIN C. MACDOWELL "(-HOWARD B. NEWCOMBE BARBARA MCCLINTOCK MARGARET R. MCDONALD HISTORICAL RESEARCH DIVISION OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH 10 Frisbie Place, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts Department of Historical Research organized in 1903; Andrew C. McLaughlin, Director 1903-1905; J. Franklin Jameson, Director 1905—1928. In 1930 this Department was incorporated as a section of United States history in a new Division of Historical Research, ALFRED V. KIDDEE, Chairman KARL RUPPERT f ROBERT S» CHAMBERLAIN GEORGE SARTON MARGARET W. HARRISON, Editor ANNA O. SHEPARD SYLVANUS G. MORLET EDWIN M. SHOOK EAEL H. MORRIS A. LEDYARD SMITH ALEXANDER PQGO ROBERT E. SMITH HARRY E. D. POLLOCK GUSTAV STEOMSVIK TATIANA PlOSKOURIAKOFF J. ERIC S. THOMPSON RALPH L. ROYS +ALFONSO VILLA R. t Resigned in 1947. ¥111 RESEARCH ASSOCIATES RESEARCH ASSOCIATES ENGAGED IN POST-RETIREMENT STUDIES WALTER S. ADAMS, Astronomy HERBERT E. MERWIN, Geophysics GEORGE L. STREETER, Embryology RESEARCH ASSOCIATES CONNECTED WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS V. BJERKNES (University o£ Oslo), Meteorology JOSEPH C. BOYCE (New York University), Physics RALPH W. CHANEY (University of California), Paleobotany TH. DOBZHANSKY (Columbia University) Genetics JOSEPH GILLMAN (Johannesburg Medical School), Embryology FRANK T. GUCKER, JR. (Indiana University), Chemistry Ross G. HARRISON (Yale University), Biology ARTHUR T. HERTIG (Boston Lying-in Hospital), Embryology E. A. LOWE (The Institute for Advanced Study), Paleography ROBERT REDFIELD (University of Chicago), Anthropology FRANCE V. SCHOLES (University of New Mexico), History JOEL STEBBINS (University of Wisconsin), Astronomy SOL TAX (University of Chicago), Ethnology IX OFFICES OF ADMINISTRATION Office of the President VANNEVAR BUSH, President PAUL A. SCHERER, Executive Officer SAMUEL CALLAWAY, President's Secretary Office of Publications and Public Relations FREDERICK G. FASSETT, JR., Director AILENE J. BAUER, Assistant to the Director DOROTHY R. SWIFT, Editor Adviser on International Scientific Relations JOHN A. FLEMING Office of the Bursar EARLE B. BIESECKER, Bursar J. STANLEY LINGEBACH, Assistant Bursar JAMES F. SULLIVAN, Assistant to the Bursar Investment Office (New Yor\ City) PARKER MONROE, Investment Officer RICHARD F. F. NICHOLS, Assistant Investment Officer ORGANIZATION, PLAN, AND SCOPE The Carnegie Institution of Washington was founded by Andrew Carnegie, January 28, 1902, when he gave to a board of trustees an endowment of registered bonds of the par value of ten million dollars.