Willdenowia Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin
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Mapping the Distributions of Ancient Plant and Animal Lineages in Southern Africa
Mapping the distributions of ancient plant and animal lineages in southern Africa Ashlyn Levadia Padayachee 209514118 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, In the school of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban November 2014 Supervisor: Prof. Şerban Procheş 2014 Preface: Declaration of plagiarism I hereby declare that this dissertation, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science, to the University of KwaZulu-Natal, is a result of my own research and investigation, which has not been previously submitted, by myself, for a degree at this or any other institution. I hereby declare that this work is my own, unaided work; appropriately referenced where others’ work has been used. ________________________ _________________________ Ashlyn Levadia Padayachee Date ________________________ __________________________ Prof. Şerban Procheş Date ii Acknowledgements: The success of this study would not have been possible without the help, guidance and direction given to me by the members of staff of the School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science (University of KwaZulu-Natal), family and friends. I would like to acknowledge the following people: God Almighty for blessing me with the courage and determination to complete this project Prof. Şerban Procheş, my supervisor and the man with the brilliant ideas. Very sincere and heartfelt thanks for the motivation, guidance and direction throughout this project, for which without it, it would not have been accomplished. Thank you Prof, the ‘pep-talks’ which were much needed, especially towards the end. Dr. Sandun Perera, who in the absence of my supervisor, stepped into the role of ‘interim supervisor’. -
Asteraceae) from Central and Southeastern Europe
ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica 53/1: 102–110, 2011 DOI: 10.2478/v10182-011-0014-3 CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN HIERACIUM AND PILOSELLA (ASTERACEAE) FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE TOMASZ ILNICKI1* AND ZBIGNIEW SZELĄG2** 1Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, Grodzka 52, 31-044 Cracow, Poland, 2Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 31, 31-501 Cracow, Poland Received March 20, 2011; revision accepted April 29, 2011 Chromosome numbers of 46 Hieracium L. and Pilosella Vaill. taxa from Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia are presented. Chromosomes numbers are given for the first time for Hieracium amphigenum Briq. 2n = 3x = 27, H. bohatschianum Zahn 2n = 4x = 36, H. borbasii R. Uechtr. 2n = 4x = 36, H. cernuum Friv. 2n = 2x = 18, H. hazslinszkyi Pax 2n = 3x = 27, H. mirekii Szeląg 2n = 4x = 36, H. polyphyllobasis (Nyár. & Zahn) Szeląg 2n = 3x = 27, H. porphyriticum A. Kern. 2n = 4x = 36, H. racemosum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. racemosum 2n = 3x = 27, H. scardicum Borm. & Zahn 2n = 4x = 36, H. sparsum subsp. ipekanum Rech. fil. & Zahn 2n = 4x = 36, H. sparsum subsp. peristeriense Behr & Zahn, H. sparsum subsp. squarrosobracchiatum Behr & al. 2n = 3x = 27, H. tomosense Simk. 2n = 4x = 36, H. tubulare Nyár. 2n = 4x = 36, H. werneri Szeląg 2n = 3x = 27 and Pilosella fusca subsp. subpe- dunculata (Zahn) Szeląg, as well as five species of Hieracium sect. Cernua R. Uechtr. not described to date and a hybrid between H. bifidum s. lat. and H. pojoritense Woł. Key words: Asteraceae, chromosome numbers, Europe, Hieracium, karyotypes, Pilosella. INTRODUCTION In the genus Pilosella, determining the mode of reproduction on the basis of ploidy level is more com- Hieracium L. -
Vicariance, Climate Change, Anatomy and Phylogeny of Restionaceae
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (2000), 134: 159–177. With 12 figures doi:10.1006/bojl.2000.0368, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Under the microscope: plant anatomy and systematics. Edited by P. J. Rudall and P. Gasson Vicariance, climate change, anatomy and phylogeny of Restionaceae H. P. LINDER FLS Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa Cutler suggested almost 30 years ago that there was convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae in the distinctive culm anatomical features of Restionaceae. This was based on his interpretation of the homologies of the anatomical features, and these are here tested against a ‘supertree’ phylogeny, based on three separate phylogenies. The first is based on morphology and includes all genera; the other two are based on molecular sequences from the chloroplast genome; one covers the African genera, and the other the Australian genera. This analysis corroborates Cutler’s interpretation of convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae. However, it indicates that for the Australian genera, the evolutionary pathway of the culm anatomy is much more complex than originally thought. In the most likely scenario, the ancestral Restionaceae have protective cells derived from the chlorenchyma. These persist in African Restionaceae, but are soon lost in Australian Restionaceae. Pillar cells and sclerenchyma ribs evolve early in the diversification of Australian Restionaceae, but are secondarily lost numerous times. In some of the reduction cases, the result is a very simple culm anatomy, which Cutler had interpreted as a primitively simple culm type, while in other cases it appears as if the functions of the ribs and pillars may have been taken over by a new structure, protective cells developed from epidermal, rather than chlorenchyma, cells. -
Diversity of the Mountain Flora of Central Asia with Emphasis on Alkaloid-Producing Plants
diversity Review Diversity of the Mountain Flora of Central Asia with Emphasis on Alkaloid-Producing Plants Karimjan Tayjanov 1, Nilufar Z. Mamadalieva 1,* and Michael Wink 2 1 Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences, Mirzo Ulugbek str. 77, 100170 Tashkent, Uzbekistan; [email protected] 2 Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +9-987-126-25913 Academic Editor: Ipek Kurtboke Received: 22 November 2016; Accepted: 13 February 2017; Published: 17 February 2017 Abstract: The mountains of Central Asia with 70 large and small mountain ranges represent species-rich plant biodiversity hotspots. Major mountains include Saur, Tarbagatai, Dzungarian Alatau, Tien Shan, Pamir-Alai and Kopet Dag. Because a range of altitudinal belts exists, the region is characterized by high biological diversity at ecosystem, species and population levels. In addition, the contact between Asian and Mediterranean flora in Central Asia has created unique plant communities. More than 8100 plant species have been recorded for the territory of Central Asia; about 5000–6000 of them grow in the mountains. The aim of this review is to summarize all the available data from 1930 to date on alkaloid-containing plants of the Central Asian mountains. In Saur 301 of a total of 661 species, in Tarbagatai 487 out of 1195, in Dzungarian Alatau 699 out of 1080, in Tien Shan 1177 out of 3251, in Pamir-Alai 1165 out of 3422 and in Kopet Dag 438 out of 1942 species produce alkaloids. The review also tabulates the individual alkaloids which were detected in the plants from the Central Asian mountains. -
Rodents and Restios: Rodents and the Fates of Willdenowia Incurvata (Restionaceae) Seeds
Rodents and Restios: Rodents and the fates of Willdenowia incurvata (Restionaceae) seeds by Benjamin Weighill Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Science in Zoology at Stellenbosch University Supervisor : Prof. Bruce Anderson Co- supervisor : Prof. Theresa Wossler Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch Univeristy Private Bag X1 Matieland 7600 March 2017 1 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. This study forms part of a larger study on rodent assisted seed dispersal in the fynbos which was initiated by Professor Bruce Anderson. The seed tagging method has been used previously by Bruce Anderson and his former student Ursina Rusch. The rest of the study was designed and executed by myself unless otherwise stated. The chapters in this thesis have been prepared for publication, therefore some duplication is unavoidable. Chapter 2: entitled “The nightshift: Seed dispersal and consumption differences by rodents before and after dark” has been submitted and accepted for publishing in the South African Journal of Botany and is included in this thesis with only minor edits. Benjamin Weighill March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved 2 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The biodiversity hotspot of the fynbos offers a “natural laboratory” to study species diversification, particularly in flowering plants. -
Distribution of Mountain Hawkweeds (Hieracium S. Str.)
ISSN 2336 - 3193 Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Natur., 66: 193 - 229, 2017 DOI: 10.1515/cszma - 2017 - 0024 Published: online 31 th January 2018, print Fe bruary 2018 Distribution of mountain hawkweeds ( Hieracium s. str.) in the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains Jiří Kocián & Jindřich Chrtek Distribution of mountain hawkweeds ( Hieracium s. str.) in the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains. – Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Natur., 66: 193 - 229 , 201 7 . Abstract : Field revision of current distribution of mountain hawkweeds ( Hieracium s. str.) in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts was undertaken. Hieracium atratum, H. chlorocephalum, H. engleri , H. grabow - skianum and H. plumbeum , whose last occurrence was documented many decades or even a century ago, were rediscovered. H. plumbeum was even found in new localities. The occurrence of H. alpinum, H. bifidum, H. chrysostyl oides, H. inuloides, H. nigritum, H. prenanthoides, H. silesiacum, H. stygium and H. villosum was ascertained at many of their historical localities and a few new localities were found too. A neophyte species H. mixtum was discovered. Hieracium moravicum w as not found. Accurate locality description and population size are provided for each finding. Herbarium revision and excerption of crucial literature were performed to provide historical distribution. Distributional changes as well as threatening and bene ficial factors influencing Hieracium species in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts are discussed. Key words : Hieracium , Hrubý Jeseník, distribution, field revision, rediscovery, mountain plants Introduction The Hrubý Jeseník Mountains (referred to below as “HJM“ , also as an adjective) are the second highest mountains range in the Czech Republic. Their botanical richness has been systematically studied for two centuries and current knowledge of the botanical richness of this area is at a high level (Bureš 2013). -
Seed Predation and Potential Dispersal of Ceratocaryum Argenteum (Restionaceae) Nuts by the Striped Mouse (Rhabdomys Pumilio) University
University of Cape Town Faculty of Science Department of Biological Sciences Thesis Town Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Honours (BiologicalCape Sciences) 2013of Seed predation and potential dispersal of Ceratocaryum argenteum (Restionaceae) nuts by the striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) University Joseph Douglas Mandla White Supervisors: Dr. Gary Bronner (Biological Sciences, UCT) and Prof. Jeremy Midgley (Biological Sciences, UCT) 1 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University PLAGIARISM DECLARATION 1. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and pretend that it is my own. 2. Each contribution to, and quotation in this research report from the work(s) of other people has been contributed, and has been cited and referenced. 3. This research report is my own work and has not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted at any other university for another degree. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. Town Signature: Cape of Date: University 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to better understand the role of rodents as seed predators and dispersers in the fynbos biome at De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa in May and June, 2013. -
Lamiales – Synoptical Classification Vers
Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.6.2 (in prog.) Updated: 12 April, 2016 A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales Version 2.6.2 (This is a working document) Compiled by Richard Olmstead With the help of: D. Albach, P. Beardsley, D. Bedigian, B. Bremer, P. Cantino, J. Chau, J. L. Clark, B. Drew, P. Garnock- Jones, S. Grose (Heydler), R. Harley, H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, B. Li, L. Lohmann, S. Mathews, L. McDade, K. Müller, E. Norman, N. O’Leary, B. Oxelman, J. Reveal, R. Scotland, J. Smith, D. Tank, E. Tripp, S. Wagstaff, E. Wallander, A. Weber, A. Wolfe, A. Wortley, N. Young, M. Zjhra, and many others [estimated 25 families, 1041 genera, and ca. 21,878 species in Lamiales] The goal of this project is to produce a working infraordinal classification of the Lamiales to genus with information on distribution and species richness. All recognized taxa will be clades; adherence to Linnaean ranks is optional. Synonymy is very incomplete (comprehensive synonymy is not a goal of the project, but could be incorporated). Although I anticipate producing a publishable version of this classification at a future date, my near- term goal is to produce a web-accessible version, which will be available to the public and which will be updated regularly through input from systematists familiar with taxa within the Lamiales. For further information on the project and to provide information for future versions, please contact R. Olmstead via email at [email protected], or by regular mail at: Department of Biology, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA. -
Effects of a Fire Response Trait on Diversification in Replicated Radiations
ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/evo.12273 EFFECTS OF A FIRE RESPONSE TRAIT ON DIVERSIFICATION IN REPLICATED RADIATIONS Glenn Litsios,1,2 Rafael O. Wuest,¨ 3 Anna Kostikova,1,2 Felix´ Forest,4 Christian Lexer,5 H. Peter Linder,6 Peter B. Pearman,3 Niklaus E. Zimmermann,3 and Nicolas Salamin1,2,7 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 2Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 3Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland 4Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, United Kingdom 5Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee´ 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland 6Insitute for Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland 7E-mail: [email protected] Received May 14, 2013 Accepted September 9, 2013 Fire has been proposed as a factor explaining the exceptional plant species richness found in Mediterranean regions. A fire response trait that allows plants to cope with frequent fire by either reseeding or resprouting could differentially affect rates of species diversification. However, little is known about the generality of the effects of differing fire response on species evolution. We study this question in the Restionaceae, a family that radiated in Southern Africa and Australia. These radiations occurred independently and represent evolutionary replicates. We apply Bayesian approaches to estimate trait-specific diversification rates and patterns of climatic niche evolution. We also compare the climatic heterogeneity of South Africa and Australia. Reseeders diversify faster than resprouters in South Africa, but not in Australia. -
A Phytosociological Study of the Cape Fynbos and Other Vegetation at Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch by M
Bothalia, 10, 4: 599-614 A Phytosociological Study of the Cape Fynbos and other Vegetation at Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch by M. J. A. Werger,* F. J. Krugerf and H. C. Taylor J A b s t r a c t The Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method was tested in the complex Fynbos vegetation of the South-western Cape Region of South Africa. In the Swartboschkloof Nature Reserve, Jonkers- hoek, the Fynbos, riverine scrub and forest vegetation was classified preliminarily into eight com munities, which are described floristically and related to habitat. The results hold promise, and the possibilities of classifying the Cape Fynbos in a formal phytosociological system are discussed. I ntroduction The Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method commonly used in Europe has remained relatively unknown in Southern Africa. Possible reasons for this are language difficulties, the need for more general, rather than more detailed information on the vegetation, and the general non-acceptance of the method by English and American plant ecologists. For many years the only source of information in the English-speaking world was Fuller & Conard’s (1932) authorised translation of Braun-Blanquet’s first edition of Pflanzensoziologie (1928), a work that omitted certain important details of the phytosociological technique. More detailed German works of the phytosociological school were largely inaccessible (for example Ellenberg, 1956; Braun-Blanquet, 1951. 1964). In recent years an English evaluation of the method was given by Poore (1955, 1956), although his main criticisms were shown by Moore (1962) to be largely unfounded. Becking (1957) reviewed the phytosociological school and its concepts, and Kiichler (1967) translated the tabulation techniques from Ellenberg (1956).1 Originally, nearly all vegetation surveys undertaken in Southern Africa were on a physiognomic or on a non-formal descriptive basis, with the exception of Acocks (1953) who used his own floristic technique to construct a system of veld types. -
A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales
Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.0 (in prog.) Updated: 13 December, 2005 A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales Version 2.0 (in progress) Compiled by Richard Olmstead With the help of: D. Albach, B. Bremer, P. Cantino, C. dePamphilis, P. Garnock-Jones, R. Harley, L. McDade, E. Norman, B. Oxelman, J. Reveal, R. Scotland, J. Smith, E. Wallander, A. Weber, A. Wolfe, N. Young, M. Zjhra, and others [estimated # species in Lamiales = 22,000] The goal of this project is to produce a working infraordinal classification of the Lamiales to genus with information on distribution and species richness. All recognized taxa will be clades; adherence to Linnaean ranks is optional. Synonymy is very incomplete (comprehensive synonymy is not a goal of the project, but could be incorporated). Although I anticipate producing a publishable version of this classification at a future date, my near-term goal is to produce a web-accessible version, which will be available to the public and which will be updated regularly through input from systematists familiar with taxa within the Lamiales. For further information on the project and to provide information for future versions, please contact R. Olmstead via email at [email protected], or by regular mail at: Department of Biology, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA. Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.0 (in prog.) Updated: 13 December, 2005 Acanthaceae (~201/3510) Durande, Notions Elém. Bot.: 265. 1782, nom. cons. – Synopsis compiled by R. Scotland & K. Vollesen (Kew Bull. 55: 513-589. 2000); probably should include Avicenniaceae. Nelsonioideae (7/ ) Lindl. ex Pfeiff., Nomencl. -
Check List Lists of Species Check List 12(1): 1824, 6 January 2016 Doi: ISSN 1809-127X © 2016 Check List and Authors
12 1 1824 the journal of biodiversity data 6 January 2016 Check List LISTS OF SPECIES Check List 12(1): 1824, 6 January 2016 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.1.1824 ISSN 1809-127X © 2016 Check List and Authors Flora of Niti Valley: a cold arid region of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya, India Amit Kumar, Monideepa Mitra, Bhupendra S. Adhikari* and Gopal S. Rawat Department of Habitat Ecology, Wildlife Institute of India, Post Box #18, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Located in the extended buffer zone of region and characterized by extreme climatic conditions, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in Western Himalaya, such as diurnal fluctuations in temperatures, scanty and Niti valley represents a cold arid region. The reserve has erratic rainfall, heavy winds and snowfall. been extensively surveyed in terms of floral diversity by The Indian Trans-Himalaya (ITH) usually described as various workers, albeit highly confined to the core zones. ‘High Altitude Cold Desert Zone’ (Zone 1) spreads into The current survey recorded 495 species belonging to three biogeographic provinces: 1A, Ladakh mountains: 267 genera and 73 families of vascular plants through Kargil, Nubra and Zanskar in Jammu and Kashmir systematic collection in the years 2011, 2012 and 2014. and Lahul and Spiti in Himachal Pradesh); 1B, Tibetan Of the recorded species, 383 were dicots, 93 monocots, plateau: Changthang region of Ladakh and northern 9 pteridophytes and 10 gymnosperms. Asteraceae was parts of the states of Uttarakhand; and 1C, Sikkim most diverse family (32 genera with 58 species), followed Plateau (Rodgers et al.