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AN ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGA Tlon of STREAM INSECTSIN 62 EFFECTS OFTHE ENVIRONMENTON ANIMAL ACTIVITY UNIVERSITYOF TORONTO STUDIES BIOLOGICAL SERIES, No. 56 MELLANB~, K. 1940.Temperature coefficients and acclimatization. ~ature 14 165-166. 6: Pxxrrx, C. F. A. 1923. On the physiology of amoeboid movement II. The elf of temperature, Brit. J. Exp. Bio!. 1: 519-538. eet POLnIAXTI, O. 1914. Uber die Asphyxie der See-und Susswasserfische an d Luft und uber die postrespiratorische Dauer der Herzpulsationen.. At: AN ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGA TlON OF Anat. u. Physiol. Abt. 436-519. EiiTTER,A. 1914. Temperaturkoeffizienten. Zeits. aJlg. Physio!. 16: 574-627. STREAM INSECTS IN ALGONQUIN PARKI REYXOLDSOYT, . B. 1943. A comparative account of the life cycles of Lumbricil/ u s lineazus Mul!. and Enclvytraeus albidus Henle in relation to temperature. AIlIl ONTARIO Appl.BioI. 30: 60-66. Scorr, G. W. ms. 1943. Certain aspects of the behaviour of frog tadpoles and fish with respect to temperature. Doctor's thesis in the library of the Uni- versity of Toronto. By SPE..'lCER,W. P. 1939. Diurnal activity rhythms in fresh-water fishes. Ohio J. Sci. 39: 119-132. Wm. M. SPRULES Su"MNER, F. B. and P. DOUDOROFF. 1938. Some experiments upon temperature (From the Department of Zoology, acclimatization and respiratory metabolism in fishes. Biol, BuJl. 74: 403-429. University of Toronto) TANG, PEl-SUNG. 1938. On the rate of oxygen consumption of tissues and lower organisms asa function of oxygen tension. Quart. Rev. Bio!. 8: 260-274. TCHANG-SI and YUNG-Prn Lro. 1946. On the artificial propagation of Tsing-fish (Matsya sinensis (Bleeker» from Yang- Tsung lake, Yunnan Province, China. University Toronto Studt BioI. 54, Pub. Onto Fish. Res. Lab. 67. VElL'lON. II. M. 1899. The death temperature of certain marine organisms. ]. PhysioL 25: 131-136. WELLS, M. M. 1913. The resistance of fishes to different concentrations and com- binations of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Biol. BuJl. 25: 323-427. WELLS, N. A. 1932. The importance of the time element in the determination of the respiratory metabolism of fishes. Proc, Nat. Acad. Sci. 18: 580-585. 1935a. The influence of temperature upon the respiratory !Deta- 22 bolism of the Pacific killifish Fundulus paruipinnis. PhysioL Zoot 8: 196- ? _____ 1935b. Variations in the respiratory metabolism of the Pacific 1t11- lifish, Fundulus paruipinnis, due to size, season and continued constant tem- perature. Physio!. Zoo!. 8: 318-336. f PUBLICATIONS OF THE WORK.."1A..'Gl. and K. C. FISHER. 1941. Temperature selection and the effect 0 ARlO FISHERIES RESEARCH LABORATORY, No. 69 temperature on movement in frog tadpoles. Am. J. Physio!. 133: 499-500. TORONTO UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS 1947 CONTENTS PAGE :.~~;:~:;~ ! ,t\ckn.'ptlOn of Drama. ge A rea, Streams an d S tatio. n S'ites . 5 ~;~:~o_Chemical Conditions . 10 Apparatus and Methods 11 Oxygen :.............. 12 JIydrogen Ion Concentration .. 13 if!: of Bottol~ ..':::::::::::::::::::::::'.:::.::::.::'.':: .':::':::::':':~.' .::.' :::.::::: i~ Depth 14 Colour 14 Temperature 14 " iological Conditions 16 Apparatus and Methods . 16 Sources of Error 17 The Diurnal Emergence of Insects from a Rapids 21 The Effect of a Freshet on the Insect Fauna of a Stream 24 The Effect of Intermittent Flow on the Insect Fauna of a Rapids 27 Quantitative Results 27 Qualitative Results 30 Th~~oo W The Effect of Flooding by a Beaver Dam on the Insect Fauna of a Rapids 34 The Insect Distribution on Different Types of Bottom 37 Quantitative Results 38 Qualitative Results . 40 (a)General Differences 40 Sand 41 Muck 41 Gravel 41 Rubble 41 (b) Species Differences 42 Plecoptera . 42 Ephemeroptera 43 Trichoptera 45 / Biological Conditions- (continued) Discussion . 47 The Distribution of Insects in Rocky Riffles at Various Dis_ TABLES tances from the Source PAGE Quantitative Results age physical and chemical conditions at the stations in the summer 1. ~t~938.. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .... ... ... 10 Qualitative Results Ss Plecoptera iods during which collections were made at stations in 1938, 1939, ss f Pen 12 Ephemeroptera .... .. .. 60 · 1940, and 1941. .. , . Trichoptera 64 •• Number of insects that emerged at stations 5,6, and 7 from June 6 to Discussion 67 August 31, 1939 and 1940. .. .. .. ... ..... ... .. .. 25 Summary 71 •• Analysis of the total insect emergence at station 1 from June 1 to List of Species 73 September 11 in 1938 and 1939.... .. .. ..... ...... .... .. .. 29 Literature Cited 79 •• Analysis of the total insect emergence from different types of bottom in 1938, 1939, and 1940. .. ... .. .. .. .. ...... .... 39 •• Average per cent composition of the insect emergence from rubble (rapid), gravel, muck, and sand bottoms, for 1938, 1939, and 1940. ... 40 • Total number of species of Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera that emerged from different types of bottom during the investigation.. 42 Distribution of Plecoptera and relative abundance of each species on differenttypes of bottom. .. .. .. .. .... .. ............... .. .. 43 Distribution of Ephemeroptera and relative abundance of each species on different types of bottom... .. .. .. ... ... .. .... ... .... .. 44 Distribution of Trichoptera and relative abundance of each species on different types of bottom. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. 46 Quantitative analysis of the total insect emergence from June 1 to Au~st 31 at station 2 in 1939, station 3a in 1940, station 3 in 1938 and ltatlon 4 in 1939. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .... .. .. 53 ~stribution of Plecoptera at stations 2, 3a, 3, and 4 showing the relative undance of each species.... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. 55 Relat' Ive importance of the families of Plecoptera at the stations. 57 Distributio f E h . relar n 0 p emeroptera at stations 2, 3a, 3, and 4, showing the rve abundance of each species.... .. ... .. .. ... .. 61 • Distrl 'butionofT . h abunda rrc opteraatstations 2, 3a, 3, and 4, showing the relative nce of each species. .. ... .. ....... .. .. ....... .... 65 .AN ECOLOGICALINVESTIGATION OF STREAM INSECTS IN ALGONQUIN PARK, ONTARIO FIGURES PAGE ABSTRACT FIG. 1. Map of Mud Creek drainage system. .. .. ... ..... 6 effect of several ecological factors on the qualitative and quantitative dis- FIG. 2. IIlustrations of stations in Mud creek facing 8 T~e of stream insects in Algonquin Park, Ontario, was determined from uibUt~ained by use of the cage-trap method of sampling the emergence of in- FIG. 3. IIlustration of station in the Madawaska river facin'9 data ~rom unit areas in streams, at regular daily intervals. ~cidents that induced significant alterati~ns ~ the physic~1 nature of ~e FIG. 4. Cage-trap in position in the stream facin'9 were accompanied by marked reductions ill the total insect population ~ change in the faunal composition of the affected areas. Such incidents FIG. 5. The total insect emergence for twenty-four-hour periods at sta- facluded a severe freshet, cessation of flow and subsequent desiccation of the tions 4a and 4b from July Brd to 13th inclusive, 1941, showing IIftIID bed, and transformation of a shallow rocky riffle into a deep sedimented the results of collecting the cages once a day, every hour and at pool by construction of a beaver dam. ... four-hour intervals . 19 A correlation was found between the total number of species III rocky riffle at different distances from the source, and the average water temperatures. FIG. 6. The total hourly emergence of insects and water temperature in linear distribution of species was delimited by the water temperatures ob- degrees Fahrenheit at stations 4a and 4b from July 3rd to 7th, in different sections of the stream and this was correlated with the thermal 1941, beginning at noon . 22 ce of the immature stages. Within the limits set by temperature the distribution of species was affected FIG. 7. Emergence polygons of representative species at station 1 in other factors including rate of flow and nature of the bottom, two factors which 1938 and 1939, showing the effect of the drying up of the eloaely interrelated and fundamentally inseparable. The diversity of the fauna 31 stream on July 17th, 1938, on the insect emergence . ·...•lI:ftued from rubble, through gravel, and muck, to sand as the variety of util- e microhabitats decreased. The observed distribution on different types of FIG. 8. Relationship of numbers of species of insects and temperature 56 was related to habitat preference and associated morphological adaptations of the water. ...........•................................ the species. The seasonal emergence periods of different species were segregated and the FIG. 9. Seasonal distribution of the emergence of representative Plecop- 59 emerged in the same sequence each year. The date of first emergence and tera at station 4 in 1939 and 1940 . length of the emergence period of a species differed from year to year and Thdeter:mined by annual variations in water temperature. FIG. 10. Seasonal distribution of the emergence of representative Ephe- 62 e diurnal emergence of species showed a similar segregation in general, in meroptera at station 2 in 1939 . anYone species emerged at the same time each day while different species . pecies at different times. The maximum total emergence from a rapids during FIG. 11. Seasonal distribution of the emergence of representative s 66 ~1I111J.nmer occurred throughout the evening hours and the most important causal of Trichoptera at Station 4 in 1938 and 1939 . It ~olved seemed to be a reduction in light intensity . been suggested that the number of individuals present in any area de- primarily on the utilizable
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