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BISC2 L31.Key Lecture 31: Triploblasts: Protostomes: Ecdysozoans II BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life Spring 2016 Prof. Jonathan Eisen Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 1 Where we are going and where we have been… •Previous lecture: •30: Triploblasts: Protostomes: Ecdysozoans II I •Current Lecture: •31: Deuterosomes I: Echinoderms & Hemichordates •Next Lecture: •31: Deuterosomes II: Chordates Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 2 Topics .. • Deuterostome innovations and uses of these innovations • Major Groups of Deuterostome • Focus on Echinoderms • Innovations • Symmetry • Tube feet • Chordate Introduction Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 3 Animals - AKA Metazoans Metazoans Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 4 Figure 31.1 A Phylogenetic Tree of the Animals •Colonial Glass sponges •Cell adhesion Sponges systems Demosponges (Chapter 33) Calcareous sponges Common ancestor Centopheres Diploblastic Unique cell Placozoans animals junctions; (Chapter 31) collagen and Cnidarians proteoglycans PROTOSTOMES in extracellular (Chapter 32) Arrow worms matrix Eumetazoans Multicellularity, Lophotrochozoans Blastula Ecdysozoans Bilaterains (triploblastic) DEUTEROSTOMES (Chapter 33) Echinoderms Radial symmetry Hemichordates Notochord Chordates Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !5 Figure 31.1 A Phylogenetic Tree of the Animals Silicaceous •Colonial spicules Glass sponges •Cell adhesion Choanocytes; spicules SpongesMonoblasts systems (Chapter 33) Demosponges (Sponges) Calcareous sponges Common ancestor Centopheres Diploblastic Unique cell Placozoans animals junctions; (Chapter 31) collagen and Cnidarians proteoglycans PROTOSTOMES in extracellular (Chapter 32) Arrow worms matrix Eumetazoans Multicellularity, Lophotrochozoans Blastula Ecdysozoans Bilaterains (triploblastic) DEUTEROSTOMES (Chapter 33) Echinoderms Radial symmetry Hemichordates Notochord Chordates Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !5 Figure 31.1 A Phylogenetic Tree of the Animals Silicaceous •Colonial spicules Glass sponges •Cell adhesion Choanocytes; spicules SpongesMonoblasts systems (Chapter 33) Demosponges (Sponges) Two embryonic Calcareous sponges Common cell layers; nervous system ancestor Centopheres Diploblastic Unique cell Placozoans animals junctions; (Chapter 31) collagen and Cnidarians proteoglycans PROTOSTOMES in extracellular (Chapter 32) Arrow worms matrix EumetazoansEumetazoans Multicellularity, Lophotrochozoans Blastula Ecdysozoans Bilaterains (triploblastic) DEUTEROSTOMES (Chapter 33) Echinoderms Radial symmetry Hemichordates Notochord Chordates Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !5 Figure 31.1 A Phylogenetic Tree of the Animals Silicaceous •Colonial spicules Glass sponges •Cell adhesion Choanocytes; spicules SpongesMonoblasts systems (Chapter 33) Demosponges (Sponges) Two embryonic Calcareous sponges Common cell layers; nervous system ancestor Centopheres Diploblastic Placozoans Diploblasts Unique cell Simplification; animals junctions; loss of nervous system (Chapter 31) collagen and Cnidarians proteoglycans PROTOSTOMES in extracellular (Chapter 32) Arrow worms matrix Eumetazoans Multicellularity, Lophotrochozoans Blastula Bilateral symmetry along an anterior-posterior axis; three embryonic cell layers Ecdysozoans BilaterainsTriploblasts (triploblastic) DEUTEROSTOMES (Chapter 33) Echinoderms (Bilaterians) Radial symmetry Hemichordates Notochord Chordates Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !5 Animal Diversity Triploblasts (Bilaterians) Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 6 Protostomes Protostomes Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 7 Protostomes Deuterostomes Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 8 Deuterostomes Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 9 General/Common Features of Deuterostomes Common Ancestor Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !11 General/Common Features of Deuterostomes Common Ancestor • Development ! Radial cleavage ! Blastopore becomes the anus and mouth forms on opposite side ! Coelom develops from mesodermal pockets that bud off from the gastrula cavity ! Triploblastic, coelomate animals with internal skeletons ! Complete gut. • There are far fewer species of deuterostomes than protostomes. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !12 Three Main Clades Echinoderms Hemichordates Chordates Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !13 Ambulacrarians Radial symmetry as adults, calcified internal plates, loss of pharyngeal slits Ambulacrarians Ciliated larvae Echinoderms Hemichordates Common ancestor (bilaterally Lancelets symmetrical, Chordates pharyngeal • Two main groups: echinoderms and hemichordates slits Notochord, present) dorsal hollow Tunicates nerve• cord,Have ciliated, bilaterally symmetrical larvae post-anal tail • Adult hemichordates are also bilaterally Vertebral column, anterior skull, Vertebrates symmetrical.large brain, ventral heart Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 14 Other Lineages • Xenoturbellids (two species): wormlike organisms that feed on or parasitize mollusks in the north Atlantic. • Acoels: also wormlike, live as plankton, between grains of sediment, or on other organisms such as corals. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 15 Ambulacrarians - Others - Xenoturbellids Xenoturbellids Xenoturbellids (two species): wormlike organisms that feed on or parasitize mollusks in the north Atlantic. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 16 Xenoturbella in the news Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !17 • VIDEOS Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 18 Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !21 Ambulacrarians Xenoturbellids Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 22 Ambulacrarians Acoels Xenoturbellids Acoels: also wormlike, live as plankton, between grains of sediment, or on other organisms such as corals. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 23 Ambulacrarians Acoels Xenoturbellids s Not clear exactly where acoels branch in the tree Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 24 Figure 33.4 Highly Reduced Acoels Are Probably Relatives of the Ambulacrarians Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !25 • See http://www.nature.com/news/ 2011/110209/full/470161a.html for discussion of acoels • http://www.latimes.com/science/ sciencenow/la-sci-sn-churro-sea-worm- bilateria-20160205-story.html • http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/ n7588/abs/nature16545.html Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 26 Ambulacrarians Acoels Xenoturbellids Focus on Two Main s Lineages of Ambulocrarians Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 27 Hemichordates Acoels Xenoturbellids Hemichordates s Focus on Hemichordates Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 28 Hemichordates Body Plan Trunk Collar Proboscis Saccoglossus kowalevskii Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !29 Hemichordates Body Plan Proboscis Proboscis used for feeding and locomotion and sometimes protection Saccoglossus kowalevskii Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !30 Hemichordates Body Plan Collar Collar contains a stomochord similar to the notochord of chordates Saccoglossus kowalevskii Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !31 Hemichordates Body Plan Trunk Trunk contains pharynx and pharyngeal gill slits Saccoglossus kowalevskii Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !32 For Your Personal Enjoyment Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 33 Group 1: Acorn worms • Up to 2 m long, burrow in soft marine sediments • Digestive tract is a mouth, pharynx, and intestine • The pharynx opens to the outside via pharyngeal slits. • Vascularized tissue around the slits is a gas exchange surface. • Prey is captured with the large proboscis, which is covered in sticky mucus. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 34 Acorn Worms Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 35 Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 36 Group 2: Pterobranchs • Sedentary marine animals that live in tubes secreted by the proboscis. • Some are solitary, others form colonies. • The collar has one to nine pairs of arms with tentacles for prey capture and gas exchange. Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !37 Ambulacrarians Radial symmetry as adults, calcified internal plates, loss of pharyngeal slits Ambulacrarians Ciliated Echinoderms larvae Echinoderms Hemichordates Common ancestor (bilaterally Lancelets symmetrical, Chordates pharyngeal slits Notochord, present) dorsal hollow Tunicates nerve cord, post-anal tailFocus on Echinoderms Vertebral column, anterior skull, Vertebrates large brain, ventral heart Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 38 Diversity ~7,500 species Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 !39 Symmetry Larvae are bilateral Adults are pentaradial with exceptions Sand dollars and sea cucumbers are trending towards bilateral Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 Echinoderm Symmetry Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 41 Body Plan No head or brain
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