Psychopathic Behavior As the Result of Poor Bonding Between Mother and Son in Lionel Shriver’S We Need to Talk About Kevin

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PSYCHOPATHIC BEHAVIOR AS THE RESULT OF POOR BONDING BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON IN LIONEL SHRIVER’S WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT KEVIN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By Rulliana Meliala Student Number : 154214083

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2020

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PSYCHOPATHIC BEHAVIOR AS THE RESULT OF POOR BONDING BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON IN LIONEL SHRIVER’S WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT KEVIN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By Rulliana Meliala Student Number : 154214083

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2020

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

“And didn’t they say that, although curiosity killed the cat, satisfaction brought the beast back?”

Stephen King, Four Past Midnight

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For my father, who always believe in me.

I did it pa !

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Th. Enny Anggraini as my thesis advisor and Drs.

Hirmawan Wijanarka M.Hum as my co-advisor for the guidance, knowledge, suport and patience so that I could finish my thesis

I would like to thank my mother, a woman who makes me believe I could make it. Thank you for your support and all the tears you have been through for me. I would like to thank my sister, Ruthnana M, without you I would not be here right now. I also want to thank my brother, Juara M for being a person that I could always rely on. Thanks for my family for all the financial and mental support.

I also want to thank D’bhi family. Especially Trifena Haruyuki, without you, I might be in mental asylum right now. Thank you for the lesson of friendship since

Junior High School. I also want to thank Bernadeta Kharisma for your brutal honesty, and Febby Clarissa as my brainstorm partner. Without you two I would not be able to finish this thesis. I want to thank Rivaldo Sitorus for your humor and your help during the hardest time of my life. I also want to thank Indra Yoga Adiarsa, my personal editor. Thank you for the time and efforts you did.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xi ABSTRAK ...... xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 4 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories...... 9 1. Theory of Characterization ...... 9 2. Theory of Psychosexual Stages of Development ...... 11 3. The Concept of Psychopathic Behavior ...... 16 4. The Concept of Maternal Anxiety and Parental Bonding ...... 20 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 21

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 22 A. Object of the Study ...... 22 B. Approach of the Study ...... 23 C. Method of the Study ...... 24

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 25 A. Kevin’s Psychopathic Behavior Described in Lionel Shiver’s We Need to Talk about Kevin ...... 25 B. The Cause of Kevin’s Psychopathic Behavior ...... 38

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 52

REFERENCES ...... 54

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ABSTRACT

MELIALA, RULLIANA. (2020). Psychopathic Behavior as the Result of Poor Bonding between Mother and Son in Lionel Shriver’s We Need to Talk about Kevin. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. We Need to Talk about Kevin is a story about a teenager killer named Kevin, told by Kevin’s mother Eva. The story began with Eva’s letter to her husband, Franklin. Eva told a story of her life after Kevin got jailed, the story went with her life as a mother of a killer. Kevin was a smart kid but a troubled one. Kevin grew up as unsual kid with unusual behavior. Eva knew that behavior since Kevin was a kid, because Kevin was never obeyed her, Kevin even harmed his own sister. At the end, when Kevin in high school he killed nine teenagers, one cafetaria worker, his father, and sister without specific reason. There are two problems to be discussed. The first is the characteristics of main character that reveal the characteristic of psychopathic behavior. The second is the cause of main character’s psychopathic behavior. This research uses the library research method in developing the analysis. The primary source of this study is Lionel Shriver’s We Need to Talk about Kevin and books, thesis, journals, websites as secondary source. The theories and criticsm related to the subject are used as the main basic of the analysis. To analyze the problem, the writer use psychoanalytic approach which related to main character’s personality development. The result of this study shows that Kevin as the main character has psychopathic traits showed through his characteristic which tend to reveal psychopathic behavior. His psychopathic behavior leads him to be a killer. Kevin’s failure in stages of development drives him to fulfill the satisfaction in each of the stages, which are sadism and masochism. This failure caused by Kevin’s mother failure to create a perfect bond between mother and son during the pregnancy and early years of Kevin’s childhood. Keywords : psychopathic behavior, psychosexual stages of development, fixation, poor bonding, maternal anxiety

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ABSTRAK

MELIALA, RULLIANA. (2020). Psychopathic Behavior as the Result of Poor Bonding between Mother and Son in Lionel Shriver’s We Need to Talk about Kevin. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma

We Need to Talk about Kevin adalah kisah tentang pembunuh remaja bernama Kevin, yang diceritakan oleh ibu Kevin, Eva. Kisah ini dimulai dengan surat Eva kepada suaminya, Franklin. Eva menceritakan kisah hidupnya setelah Kevin dipenjara, kisah itu berlanjut dengan hidupnya sebagai ibu seorang pembunuh. Kevin adalah anak yang cerdas tetapi bermasalah. Kevin tumbuh sebagai anak yang tidak normal dengan perilaku yang tidak biasa. Eva sudah mengetahui perilaku itu sejak Kevin masih kecil, karena Kevin tidak pernah mematuhinya, Kevin bahkan melukai saudaranya sendiri. Pada akhirnya, ketika Kevin di sekolah menengah ia membunuh sembilan remaja, satu pekerja kantin, ayahnya, dan saudara perempuannya tanpa alasan tertentu.

Ada dua masalah yang akan dibahas. Yang pertama adalah karakteristik karakter utama yang mengungkap karakteristik perilaku psikopat. Yang kedua adalah penyebab perilaku psikopat karakter utama.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan dalam mengembangkan analisis. Sumber utama penelitian ini adalah We Need to Talk about Kevin oleh Lionel Shriver dan buku, tesis, jurnal, situs web sebagai sumber sekunder. Teori dan kritik yang terkait dengan subjek digunakan sebagai dasar utama analisis. Untuk menganalisis masalah, penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikoanalitik yang terkait dengan pengembangan kepribadian karakter utama.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Kevin sebagai tokoh utama memiliki sifat-sifat psikopat yang ditunjukkan melalui karakteristiknya yang cenderung mengungkap perilaku psikopat. Perilaku psikopatnya membuatnya menjadi pembunuh. Kegagalan Kevin dalam tahap perkembangan mendorongnya untuk memenuhi kepuasan di setiap tahap, yaitu sadisme dan masokisme. Kegagalan ini disebabkan oleh kegagalan ibu Kevin untuk menciptakan ikatan yang sempurna antara ibu dan anak selama kehamilan dan tahun-tahun awal masa kecil Kevin.

Kata Kunci : psychopathic behavior, psychosexual stages of development, fixation, poor bonding, maternal anxiety

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literature is a written work that contains artistic and intellectual values.

Literature can be divided into two genres. The first one is non-fiction and second is fiction. Fiction literature is created from imagination, not presented as fact; however it may be based on a true story or situation.

Literature is human creation in certain time to say something or events in certain period or year. It is intended to share some ideas or issues to other human beings, because the greatness of the literary work is brought out by the wisest and the most sensitive mind in the form of information, experience, knowledge, or non-aesthetic values. (Guerin, 1979:18)

Therefore for the readers, literature can enrich their knowledge since literary work may contain special values of life. One of the examples of literary works is a novel. According to Oxford Dictionaries, novel is a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action with some degree of realism. Hence, the character is representing the action and story of a novel. According to A Glossary of Literary Terms a character is a sketch in prose of distinctive type of person (Abrams & Harpham, 2009,p.42)

If being seen from those certain factors a novel must have an intellectual element or a strong disposition of character to carry the other elements of story to reflect the ideas and values in a novel. These certain factors are also needed in order to strengthen the story and as the fulfillment of ideas and values in the story.

For the reason above this research examines characters in a novel entitled

We Need to Talk about Kevin by Lionel Shriver. This novel is intriguing because

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the two main characters, Kevin, and Eva (Kevin’s mother) are complex. Kevin’s mother in this novel is described as a working mother, something that is not common at that time. Meanwhile, Kevin is growing up without a figure of a full- timer mother and has to develop himself all alone. This problem affects both

Kevin and his mother and creates a complexity in motherhood and mother-son relationship. Therefore, the researcher chooses We Need to Talk about Kevin as the object of this study.

We Need to Talk about Kevin is written by Lionel Shriver in 2003 and won the Orange Prize in 2005. This novel is adapted into movie in 2011 with the same title. This novel is a story from the perspective of Eva as a mother of a teenage killer (Kevin). In this novel Shriver focuses on the relative importance of nature versus nurture that effect on the character and behavior. The novel focuses on

Eva’s ambivalence towards maternity that may have influenced Kevin’s behavior.

Kevin, the son of Eva, is displayed as a boy who lacks of affection and moral responsibility. The story begins with Eva’s letter to Franklin (her husband) about school massacre that Kevin does. In the letter Eva tries to find evidences or cause of Kevin’s act. She also reveals the secrets she has been hiding from

Franklin.

From the letter Eva tells her ambivalence of maternity. She also tells about how distant she is with her own son. Eva herself concerns that her ambivalence may have cause Kevin’s abnormal behavior. This ambivalence causes anxiety during the pregnancy.

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During the pregnancy Eva experiences the ambivalence. This ambivalence causes anxiety during the prenatal period; Eva experiences contradictory ideas and feelings about her own son. She is not sure whether she wants to have a baby or not. This explains Eva’s ambivalence towards maternity that affects Kevin’s development since his own mother is uncertain about maternity. Also their mother-child interaction is a significant problem that impacted Kevin’s behavior.

Either it is the nature, or nurture that cause Kevin’s abnormal behavior.

Sigmund Freud describes the mother as the child’s primary love object and the parent is most responsible for its optimal development. He argues that in the early years of the infant’s life, the relationship is close (1963:129). This supports the fact that the bond between mother and child is important. The emotional attachment between the mother and infant will affect the infant’s development.

We Need to Talk about Kevin displays the poor bonding between mother and child and its effect to the kid.

This study focuses in the bond between mother and child and its effect.

The researcher analyzes the reason why Kevin has psychopathic behavior that leads him to kill people and its relation to his bond with his mother. To know deeper about how Kevin shows his psychopathic behavior and the cause, it is important to do a research on We Need to Talk about Kevin, a novel written by

Lionel Shriver. The character of Kevin as a psychopathic person is the object of this study. After reading the novel the researcher analyzes the character to understand the cause of Kevin’s psychopathic behavior.

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B. Problem Formulation

To make a focused analysis the researcher gives two major questions that lead us to the problem.

1. How is Kevin’s psychopathic behavior described in Lionel Shriver’s We Need to Talk about Kevin?

2. What is the cause of Kevin’s psychopathic behavior?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objective of this research is to find out the relation between motherhood and kid’s behavior. This research has two main objectives. The first knows Kevin’s psychopathic behavior. The second is the cause of Kevin’s psychopathic behavior.

D. Definitions of Terms

There are two important terms which appear in the beginning of the study.

Therefore to understand these terms, the researcher presents the definition of the terms.

The first term is poor bonding. Bonding is the attachments or other close relationship process that formed between individual, especially between mother and infant. Therefore, a poor bonding is a condition where bond between mother and infant is below the standard or not optimal condition of maternal bonding.

The second term is psychopathic behavior. Psychopathy is a common term used to describe personality traits that include such things as impulsive behavior, danger by causing disaster, lack of regard for others, lack of normal range of emotional responsiveness and extreme manipulations of others.

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They are frequently troubled, profit little from experience or punishment, and maintain no real loyalties to any person, group, or code. Such individuals are often called psychopathic personalities (Coleman, 1964, p.361)

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

In order to analyze the topic, the writer uses some criticisms and studies related to the topic. It aims to help the researcher in developing ideas. Those studies and criticisms are used to further understanding of the topic and the object of the study.

The first one is Representation of Family and Familial Taboos in Lionel

Shriver’s We Need to Talk about Kevin by Minna Toumala using cultural affiliations and feminist criticism. This study uses cultural affiliations to reveal that language shared meanings of culture in a text to explore acceptance and unacceptance of a culture. The feminist criticism is used to examine the influence of gender in representations of family. In We Need to Talk about Kevin, Eva

Khatchadourian, Kevin’s mother is an Armenian who lives in New York. She represents the cultural affiliations and mother’s role. Eva represents the Armenian

American and Franklin as white American, both of them are eager to pass their own heritage on. This affiliation affects their family’s function, in which Franklin always try to stand for the ideal America’s society and Eva feels like an outsider as an Armenian and as a working mother whose income is higher than her husband.This study examines Eva’s role in motherhood as a working-mother. In this thesis it is told that Eva is not welcomed as a mother because of the ideal standard that set by Franklin as an American at in their house. (Toumala,

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Villani and Ryan describe a set of attributes that a mother is welcomed and expected to have:

Anything less than a full-time mother will somehow damage the children, all feelings about motherhood must be good; motherhood is instinctive, [...] a mother who has needs outside the mother role is selfish and therefore does not fit into the “Good Mother” persona. (117-8)

In this study Toumala stated that Eva displays mostly negative feelings towards motherhood, which makes the representation of her motherhood taboo- breaking. She mentions that Eva sees the child as a terrorist who will take control over her life. She does not experience dreamy images of motherhood. Therefore,

Eva does not fit into a “Good Mother” that Villani and Ryan described.

Toumala explains that story in We Need to Talk about Kevin is an example of a dysfunctional family. The mother can be interpreted as cold and unloving, the father as a credulous fool, while the children are portrayed as possibly having mental health issues.

This study helps the researcher of this research to discover Eva’s role of a mother and her perspective in motherhood. This study is used in order to understand Eva’s perspective therefore the writer of this research can develop the causes of mother and child bonding.

The second is No Exit – Motherhood as Hell in Lionel Shriver’s We Need to Talk about Kevin by Ilana Shiloh. The writer uses philosophical and psychoanalysis approach. The writer describes Kevin as a kid who admires her mother by using the oedipal triangle. This study uses feminist perspective to

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analyze Eva as Kevin’s mother who gives a birth to a child she neither wants nor likes.

Shiloh describes that Eva’s deficiency in performing her gender role and her punishment is excruciating. Shiloh analyzes Eva’s role uses existentialist theory because We Need to Talk about Kevin intersperses with allusions to the writing of Sartre and Camus, the chief proponents of 20th century French existentialism.

In this study Shiloh explains from the psychoanalysis perspective that this novel offers a chilling variation on the motif of oedipal triangle. From the story it is very clear that Kevin has always admires his mother, and all he ever seeks is the love from his mother. The examples are, first the only object adorning in his prison-cell is Eva’s picture, and second he also describes his mother in great pride when people interview him.

The analysis Shiloh make that use Philosophical and Psychoanalysis approach helps the writer of this research discovers new ideas in perspective of the book. The Philosophical theory helps the writer sees Eva’s perspective in motherhood and the meaning of what she says since she uses many Philosophical allusions.

Another criticism is Mind over Pop Culture (Mental Health America

[MHA], 2013) the writer analyzes the movie’s version. The writer says that We

Need to Talk about Kevin is a great look at the legal system’s view of psychopathology. A representation to covers many of the traditional symptoms that often shows. This also shows about parental guilt (MHA, 2013, para.8)

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Those three criticisms are used to analyze the book We Need to Talk about

Kevin by Lionel Shriver. Although most of the criticisms use the feminist’ perspective, these criticisms use to develop the idea of characters and the plot of the book by using different perspective. The writer of this research also uses some studies with similar topic to discuss the psychoanalytic theory and the concept of psychopathic.

The first one is undergraduate thesis by Kezia Kinanti entitled Seven

Deadly Sins and The Psychopathic Behavior of John Doe in Andrew Walker’s

Seven Screenplay uses psychoanalytic approach. The reason the researcher chooses this study is because the similar topic in the study. This study discusses about John Doe’s character and how the character reveals the psychopathic behavior. This study uses theories of character by Zanjani. The second focus is how the character reveals the psychopathic behavior. The writer of this study analyzes the evidences from the previous analysis to reveal the psychopathic behavior related to seven deadly sins in the bible using psychoanalytic approach.

The second study is Mother – Daughter Bond in Rodrigo Garcia’s Mother and Child by Annisa Rahmawati. This study focuses on two things. The first one is the bond of the characters, and the second is the effects of the bond between mother and child. This study is analyzes the bond of daughters and their mother and how the bond will affect certain effects in the daughter’s personality. This study is to support the understanding of bond between mother and child using psychoanalytic approach.

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The differences of this research with those studies are the objective of the study which is We Need to Talk about Kevin. The second is this research use the psychoanalytic by using the concept of stages development to reveal the psychopathic behavior related to poor bonding in two main characters.

Those studies help the writer to elaborate the understanding of the object of the study and needed to develop ideas of the book. Although the studies that are mentioned above are not using the same theory as this research, the writer uses these studies as tool to analyze the story in the book.

B. Review of Related Theories

There are four theories which are used to elaborately study this topic:

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

In this research the writer examines two characters in Lionel Shriver’s We

Need to Talk about Kevin. The two characters are Eva (Kevin’s mother) and

Kevin. Therefore, the writer needs to study the character with theory of character and characterization. According to Abram and Harpham’s A Glossary of Literary

Terms explains how a reader knows the character’s desire and feeling through the dialogue and attitude or action from the characters. To understand about the characters, the writer uses Understanding Unseen by M.J. Murphy. Murphy explains nine techniques of characterization to describe the character in a story.

These are the nine techniques of characterization according to Murphy. In the book Understanding Unseen by Murphy (1972:161-173) there are several paths to analyze the characterization. He states that character can be seen through personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation

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of other, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism. The first, character can be analyzed through their personal description. The detail about the character’s appearance such as clothes, the face, skin, and eyes are important keys to find the characterization (1972: 161). It provides particular clues related to the character due to the fact that each character has their own appearance.

The second, the way to analyze the characterization is through characters description as seen by another(1972: 162). The reader is able to obtain reflection or image of the character through the eyes of another character in the story. The third, characterization can be analyzed through speech (1972: 164). The author can give some understanding of the character through what character says. The author present some hints of the characterization whenever a character speaks, whenever a character is in conversation with another character or whenever a character states an opinion.

The fourth, the characterization can be analyzed through past life. (1972:

166). The reader can learn something about a character’s past life by a hint given by the author in the story. The past life of the character reflects through direct comment seen in the person’s, thought, conversation, or through the medium of another character. The fifth, the characterization can be analyzed through conversation of other. The character often talks about other characters and it gives some hints to the description of particular character (1972: 167).

The sixth, the characterization can be analyzed through reactions. The author can give the reader a hint by presenting the character’s reactions to particular situations and events (1972: 168). The seventh, the characterization can

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be analyzed through direct comment. The author explains or comments on a person’s character straightly without any medium (1972:170). Next, the characterization can be analyzed through thoughts.

Last, the characterization can be analyzed through mannerisms. The author portrays a character’s mannerism by the description of the character’s habits and behaviors(1972: 173).These nine ways are applied to a gain concrete understanding of the character in the story. The reader can view the complete image of the character by seeing at personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of other, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism. Thus, these ways helps the reader understand about the character completely.

2. Theory of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a theory related to the study of unconscious mind.

Psychoanalysis is a method of treatment for mental-health disorder. Sigmund

Freud is the founder of psychology and modern psychiatry. In describing human personality development, Freud believes that what develops is the way which sexual- general way to mean all pleasurable actions and thoughts.

Freud states that the first five years of life are crucial to the formation of adult personality. The Id needs to be controlled to fulfill the society demands; this causes a conflict between frustrated wishes and social norms. The ego and superego develop in order to control the frustrated wishes into socially acceptable medium. A Frustrated wishes or gratification centers in different stages of growth, making the conflict at each stage of psychosexual.

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According to Meloy (2007) to define a psychopath’s mind it is important to look at the psychopath’s personality. There are the same twoo fold manners in psychopath’s personality, they are pathological narcissism and his or her cruel aggression. There is also a general recognition that both of the characteristics are caused by an absence of emotional attachment to others. The bond that keeps most people from physically violating those whom they love. (Meloy, 2007, p.1)

The first physical bond of child is formed in the early years of child’s age.

The first bond forms in oral stage then later will develop until the genital stage.

Therefore, it is important to look at the child’s developmental stage to analyze the emotional attachment of child.

Below is each stage of psychosexual development. Freud divides this stage into three stages: the oral stage, the anal stage and the phallic stage. a. Oral Phase

“The act of birth is the first experience of anxiety, and thus the source and prototype of the effect of anxiety” (Freud, the interpretation of dreams, ch 6. Sct E,1900) Mouth is the first organ to provide an infant with pleasure, first infantile stage of development is the oral phase. Oral phase is a phase where infants gain pleasure through the act of sucking.

During this oral-receive phase, infants feel no ambivalence toward the pleasurable object and their needs are usually satisfied with minimum of frustration and anxiety. As they grow older, however, they are more likely to experience feelings of frustration and anxiety as a result of scheduled feelings, increased time lapses between feedings, and eventual weaning. These anxieties are generally accompanied by feelings of ambivalence toward their love object

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(mother), and by the increased ability of their budding ego to defend itself against the environment and against anxiety (Freud as cited in Feist, 2006, p.39)

When children grow older the mouth continues to be an erogenous zone, and by the time they become adults they are capable to please their oral needs by chewing, biting, sucking, overeating, smoking and making biting, sarcastic remarks and manipulating. b. Anal Phase

The aggressive drive, which during the first year of life takes the form of oral sadism reaches fuller development during the second year when the anus emerges as a sexually pleasurable zone. Because this period is characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through excretory function

(Freud as cited in Feist, 2006, p.40)

Anal phase is divided into two sub-phases. The first one is early anal period, when children receive satisfaction by destroying and losing objects and behave aggressively toward their parents because of toilet training.

The second is late anal period, this phase is when children sometimes take interest toward their feces. Sometimes they will give it to their parents as valued prize (Freud as cited in Feist, 2006, p.40) If their parents accept it and praised them they will grow into generous and magnanimous adults. If rejected, they will adopt another method-withholding their feces, this also the foundation of anal character-people who continue to receive erotic satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and by arranging them in excessively neat and orderly fashion

(Freud as cited in Feist, 2006,p.40)

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During the oral and anal phase, children are not quite sure of their own genders. Children of either gender can develop an active or passive orientation.

However, other orientation or any combination of two can develop in both girls and boys. the fixtion in stage construct into two types. anal-retentive an overly strict snd hars toilet training as children may grow to be rigid and obsessive. Anal- expulsive may grow to be destructive personality. c. Phallic Phase

According to Feist (2006) phallic phase is a time when the genital are becomes the leading erogenous zone. This stage is marked for the first time by a dichotomy between male and female development, a distinction that Freud believed to be due to the anatomical differences between the sexes (Freud as cited by Feist, 2006, p.41)

This phase begins when a kid is 3 until 6 years old. During this phase the experience with the Oedipus complex plays an even more crucial role in their personality development. Before a young boy enters the Oedipus stage, he develops some amount of a feminine disposition. This leads him to display affection toward his father and express opposition toward his mother, while at the same time his masculine tendency at the opposite side. This ambivalent condition known as the complete Oedipus complex, affection and opposition coexist because one or both feelings may be unconscious. Freud believed that this condition play a role in the evolution of castration complex, which for boys takes the form of castration anxiety or the fear of losing the penis.

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Once the Oedipus complex is dissolved or repressed the boy begins change his incestuous desires into feelings of tender love and begins to develop a primitive superego. The hatred to the father that occurs when a boy sees his father as rival, later develop into respect once this stage is dissolved. d. Latency Period

Latency period is the fourth stage of stages of development from 4th or 5th year until puberty. Latency stage is a stage when parents brought partly the attempts to punish or discourage sexual activity in their young children. If the attempt is successful the children will prefers to associate with member of the same sex and other nonsexual activities e. Genital Period

Genital period is the final stage of stages of development. This is when puberty signals a reawakening of the sexual aim and the beginning of the genital period. The adolescents now develop strong sexual interest in people outside of the family. This period is different from the infantile period. First, the adolescents direct their sexual toward other persons instead of toward themselves. Second, reproduction is now possible. Third, though the penis envy may continue in girls, the vagina finally has the same status with penis had during infancy. Fourth, now pleasure-producing areas take an auxiliary position to the genitals. f. Fixation

Fixation is a persistent attachment of the sexual instinct to particular stage.

It can happen in any psychosexual development except the last one. In psychosexual development it is expected that the child makes natural transition

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from one stage to another. Freud concludes that fixation adversely affects personality development. The behavioral manifestation comes from the fixation in which stage the child experiences the fixation.

Therefore to analyze the character’s personality, the analysis comes from the fixation in which stage the character has. Later this fixation provides proofs of the behavioral manifestations that the character have. The fixation is also used as the proof to analyze the bond between the character and character’s mother because the first love object for infant is the mother herself.

3. The Concept of Psychopathic Behavior

The concept of psychopathic stated by Coleman and Broen’s Abnormal

Psychology and Modern Life says that a psychopathic personality is obviously labeled as antisocial incompetent to be loyal to others, society, or moral values. In spite of the person is intelligent, impulsive, and very pleasant on first introduction.

The psychopathic person has no long terms goals associated with future and also behave insensitively towards other people’s matter.

Robert Hare, one of the principal international experts in this field, has described psychopaths as "predators of their own kind" who use charm, manipulation and violence to control others and satisfy their own needs. Devoid of conscience and feelings for others, they are extraordinarily cold-blooded in their actions, violating social norms and expectations without the slightest sense of guilt or remorse (Hare as cited in Halty & Ursua, 2015, p.117)

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Johnstone and Cooke (2004) speculate that there are characteristics that can be detected very early in children, such as a lack of empathy, superficial charm, lack of guilt, etc. (Johnstone & Cooke, 2004, para.1)

Seminal theories of primary and secondary psychopathy argue that primary psychopathy (i.e. the emotional detachment factor) is more influenced by genetics while secondary psychopathy (i.e. the deviant behavior factor) is more environmentally influenced (abuse and bonding). Our findings in contrast suggest that abuse and bonding may have somewhat differential influences on psychopathy. (Karpman as cited by Y.Gao et al, 2013)

In short it is important to examine the child’s behavior through the early years use psychosexual stages of development in relation to child’s psychopathic behavior by using psychopathy checklist-youth version by Robert Hare.

According to Vincent, Odger, McCormick, and Corrado (2008) youth are likely to show higher level of psychopathy. Psychopathy checklist-youth version (PCL-

YV) shows a higher accuracy among male children and adolescents. Most of the traits in PCL-YV are shown in relatively early age in male children. The use of

PCL-YV here is as a tool to measure certain factor that shows psychopathy traits

(Vincent et al, 2008, p.288).

Below these are the traits of psychopathy in psychopathy checklist-youth version

(PCL-YV) a. Impression management

The activity to control information to steer others’ opinions about person, object or event.

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b. Grandiose sense of self-worth

The condition to feel superior among the others , or to see others as inferior. c. Stimulation seeking / sensation seeking

The tendency to pursue sensory pleasure and excitement. d. Pathological lying

The chronic behavior of compulsive or habitual lying. e. Manipulation for personal gain

The act of controlling or influencing others for personal benefits and advantages. f. Lack of remorse

The condition when a person not feeling guilty or regret their mistakes. g. Shallow affect

A condition when a person has little or no emotions. h. Callousness/lack of empathy

A person that is insensitive and cruel disregard for others. i. Parasitic orientation

The feeling or act to relying on or exploiting the others. j. Poor anger control

A person who is not able or having a little control over anger management. k. Impersonal sexual behavior

A person who is concerned with and focused upon the sex act itself. The examples are masturbation, paying for sex and multiple changes in partners. l. Early problem behavior

A person who has the abnormal behavior since her/his childhood.

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m. Lack of goals

A person who is having no goals or long term goals. n. Impulsivity

A tendency to act on a whim or done without forethought. o. Irresponsibility

Lack of a proper sense of responsibility. p. Failure to accept responsibility

A condition when a person is not able to take ownership of your own behavior and the consequences of that behavior. q. Unstable interpersonal relationships

An intense and short-lived relationship. r. Serious criminal behavior

The tendency to do criminal action. s. Serious violation of conditional release

A failure to comply with the conditions of conditional release. t. Criminal versatility

A condition when a person commits various offenses.

The application of PCL-YV here is to point out how many traits the character has. The traits in PCL-YV used as a tool to show character’s psychopathic behavior. If the child shows or have more than half of the traits mentioned above, the child is showing a psychopathic behavior and more likely to develop into a psychopath (a serious criminal behavior).

4. The Concept of Maternal anxiety and Parental bonding.

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According to Harvey et al (2005) described in their experiment that high anxious women display less sensitivity and emotional tone while interacting with their baby in the first year of life. Therefore, the infants can be at risk for social- emotional disturbances (Harvey et al, 2007, para.24)

Kimbrel et al as cited by Y.Gao et al found that low maternal care in undergraduates predicted high self-report secondary but not primary psychopathy score.

Stress activates the unborn child’s endocrine system and influences fetal brain development. Children born to mothers who had intensely stressful pregnancies are more likely to have behavioral problems later in life. (Chopra as cited by Vernys. 2000.)

In conclusion maternal anxiety and poor paternal bonding cause several effects in kid’s behavior. Therefore this theory is needed to analyzing the cause of psychopathic behavior in the main character’s behavior

C. Theoretical Framework

This research examines the psychopathic behavior as the result of poor bonding in Lionel Shriver’s We Need to Talk about Kevin. There are four theories that are used to answer the problems formulation.

The first one is theory of character and characterization by MJ. Murphy.

This theory is used a tool to analyzing the characters in the novel. The second is the concept of psychopathic behavior using Hare’s psychopathy checklist-youth version. This one is used to show the traits of psychopathic behavior of Kevin.

The third is theory of psychoanalysis using the concept of stages of development.

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This one is used to analyzing the development of Kevin since his childhood. The fourth is the concept of maternal anxiety using Harvey and colleagues’ experiment. This one is used to examine Eva’s condition as a mother and the effect.

The theory character and characterization is used to answer the first and second questions in problems formulation. The concept of psychopathic behavior is used to answer the first question. The theory of psychoanalysis using stages of development and the concept of maternal anxiety are used to answer the second question.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Objective of the Study

This research analyzes a novel entitled We Need to Talk about Kevin. This novel is written by Lionel Shriver and categorized as a fiction book. It is published by Counterpoint press on 2003. This novel consists of 416 pages. It is written from first-person’s perspective of the teenage killer’s mother. This novel won the 2005 Orange Prize, a U.K.-based prize for female authors of any country writing in English. In 2011 the novel was adapted into a film.

The author of this novel is Lionel Shriver. She is an American journalist and author. We Need to Talk about Kevin is the most popular novel by her. This novel becomes popular because of its maternal ambivalence that provokes many controversies.

We Need to Talk about Kevin tells about Kevin, a teenagers killer that is written by Eva in her letter to her husband, Franklin. In the letter Eva talks about her feeling for Franklin and follows with all of her secrets. She shares her thoughts and feeling of many events that she keeps as a secret.

In the letter Eva talks about how she thinks the reasons of Kevin’s act- killed eleven people including his own father and sister. She starts telling her relationship with Franklin and feelings about it, follows with her thoughts about marriage and pregnancy. She tells about how she feels in distance with Kevin.

Kevin’s mistakes and her mistakes when Kevin is still a kid. Eva starts to share her thoughts of Kevin’s unusual behavior since he was a kid.

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B. Approach of the Study

This study uses psychoanalytic criticism by Sigmund Freud.

Psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature (Barry, 2002, p.

96). According to Barry, this criticism uses the method of making the client or subject talk freely. Then the problems of the character are brought into the conscious mind. Specifically, the theory provides a way to think through issues of choice and the individual’s responsibility, to know the true feeling, unspoken desire and even the nature of reality (Bressler, 1999, p. 147).

On the other hand, literature is the disclosure of phenomenon witnessed by the individuals through their experiences, and feeling through the form of language. It provides many ways of individual’s perspective toward the event through the characters in literary works. Specifically, this study uses psychosexual development by Sigmund Freud. The theory of stages of development is also known as theory of libidinal development. This theory is reliance of Sigmund

Freud’s clinical research with emotionally disturbed people also the integral part of psychodynamic personality theory by Freud (Philip,1984:180)

Therefore, the psychoanalytic theory helps to enable us to analyze the inner psyche of the character. Hence, psychoanalytic approach is applied in this study to identify the development of the id, ego and superego of Kevin in Lionel

Shriver’s We Need to Talk about Kevin.

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C. Method of the Study

The writer uses a library research for analyzing book by Lionel Shriver. In order to finish this study, the writer takes some steps in analyzing the book. The first step is to read the book for several times to understand the story, and to specify systematically the problems of the study. The second step is to find the studies which are related to the study of the book and the theories focuses on psychoanalysis, psychopathic behavior and mother-child relationship. The third step is to apply the theories of psychoanalysis in analyzing the main character.

The fourth step, the writer finds the symptoms of psychopathy behavior in

Kevin’s character based on Hare’s psychopathy checklist- youth version. The fifth is observing the significance relation of fixation in Kevin’s psychosexual stage and Kevin’s psychopathic behavior as the result of poor bonding between mother and son relationship.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

We Need to Talk about Kevin is a story from the point of view of the first character. The letter in the story is written by Eva to her husband, Franklin. She also narrates the voices of other characters than her own. However, her one- sidedness, bias, and her underlying pattern to argue on her own behalf, affect her reliability. Despite her one-sidedness, her narration is the one and only resource of the story. Therefore, her narration can be treated as the truth.

In this chapter the writer divides the analysis into two parts. The first one is Kevin’s characteristics that fulfill the psychopathic behavior that can be seen through the dialogues and actions. The second is the cause of Kevin’s psychopathic behavior found by analyzing the bond between Kevin and Eva that affects Kevin’s behavior.

A. Theory of character and characterization and the concept of psychopathic behavior

According to Pritchard as cited by Hare, psychopathic is a concept that included several types of neurosis, manic-depressive psychosis, neurotic forms of antisocial behavior, a concept that now called psychopathic. (Advances in

Experimental Clinical Psychology: Pergamon General Psychology

Series,1971,p.1)

Specifically this analysis uses psychopathy checklist- youth version by

Hare. Theory of psychopathy by Hare is used to analyze the characterization of

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Kevin. Below this is the characterization of Kevin that fulfilled the traits of psychopathy by Hare.

1. Misbehave

When Kevin is still a baby, Kevin already shows an abnormal temperament. Only for a few days his first nanny quits without saying anything.

“You mean Carlotta quit. After only a few days. Because Kevin was- what’s the term of art? Cranky? (Shriver,2003,p.115)

In Hare’s psychopathy checklist-youth version there are 20 traits of psychopath. They are early behavior problem, grandiose sense of self-worth, shallow affect and etc.. Kevin’s character as a misbehave kid fits into one of the psychopathy traits which is early behavior problem. Kevin shows a behavioral problem, because not only his mom considers him as a cranky kid, his nanny also questions his uncommon condition. The term crancky that Eva mentions refer to a condition which Kevin screams loudly and throwing things.

“... but Kevin should really be talking by now. A few words anyway. Maybe you should ask your doctor. Or talk to him more”(Shriver,2003,p.124)

Kevin does not only talk but also screams as a tool for communication.

This characteristic of Kevin reveals the psychopathic behavior such as early behavior problem and poor anger management. The sign of poor anger management is when Kevin does not get what he wants, he becomes frustrated.

Instead of showing his need in calming manner he chooses to scream and throw things.

According to Campbell, Shaw, and Gilliom manifestation symptoms of early behavior problem are noncompliance, agression toward peers, high activity

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level and poor regulation of impulses. Kevin’s screaming behavior is one of the example of noncompliance. Kevin has no disability, but he refuses to talk and obey his mother or nanny’s words.

I’d expressed concern that Kevin’s unresponsiveness was due to a hearing deficit; whenever I called his name, he turned with such an in-his-own- good-time ddeadpan that it was impossible to tell whether he had heard me. Yet though he was not interested in anything I said, his ears worked fine, and my theory that the volume of his infantile screaming had damaged his vocal chords was not borne iut by medical science. I even voiced a worry that Kevin’s withdrawn quality might indicate early signs of autism, but apparently he did not display the telltale rocking and repetitive behavior of such unfortunate trapped in their own world (Shriver’s, 2003, p.133)

From the citation above, Eva tells that there is nothing wrong with Kevin. It is simply because Kevin is not interested and does not want to obey what people tell him. As a response he screams whenever he needs something, and will not stop until somebody get him something. Eva’s failure to stop Kevin’s bad manner makes him becomes aggressive. Since that is how he gets what he wants.

Kevin shows aggresive behavior such as agression towards peers. In his kindergarten Kevin has been reported by his teacher as a troublesome kid. In his report his teacher writes he was somewhat undersocialized and may need assistance with initiating behavior (Shriver, 2003, p.210). In the first year of kindergarten Kevin breaks his friend’s tea cup.

“That wasn’t very nice Kevin,” I said in the car. “breaking Muffet’s teacup.” I’ve no idea why we parents persist in believing that our kids yearn to be thought of as nice, since when we ourselves commend acquaintances as very nice we usually mean they’re dull. “she has stupid name.” “That doesn’t mean she deserves-“(Shriver, 2003, p.213)

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When Eva talks to him about the teacup, Kevin’s reason in breaking the teacups is nonsense. Without any reason Kevin breaks the teacups. From the report that his teacher writes, it is shown that Kevin has been caused trouble more than once. This also shows that Kevin is lack of control of his temparament. His decision to break the teacups just because he hates the girl’s name is an extreme way to showing his dislike towards the girl. However Franklyn thinks that Kevin does not like the teacups because those are for girl (Shriver,2003,p. 216).

Campbell, Shaw, and Gilliom argued that many parents think that a misbehave kid is just being a boy. In some cases some proportion of very aggressive, defiant, and overactive toddlers will later have problem in school age.

These manifestation may be a sign of psychopathology or an early sign of incipient behavior problems. (2014; 3)

Kevin’s aggression is not only a naughty things that kids usually do.

Along with his early behavioral problem and poor anger management this behavior is a sign os psychopathology that extend into a psychopathic trait.

2. Feeling superior

“.. but I’m not impressed. He’s just a kid. Too little to know what he was doing.” “And you weren’t?” Kevin folded his arms and looked satisfied; i had gone back to playing Mother. “I knew exactly what i was doing “ he leaned on his elbows. “And I’d do it again” (Shriver,2003,p.50)

The second one that reveals the psychopathic behavior is his superior feeling among the others. Even though Kevin knows he’s still a teenager, he thinks he is different. He believes that he is better than others. This one reflects the character of psychopath as a person who has grandiose sense of self-worth.

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Veronese, Procaccia, Ruggiero, Sassaroli, and Castiglioni (2015) argued that a person with grandiose personality concern with rank and continuesly monitoring relationship prevent him/her to commit a warm or strong rational bonds. (veronese et al, 2015, p.1) this condition later affect Kevin’s behavior in forming relation and bond with his surrounding. Since Kevin is a person who is feeling superior among other, he cannot form a stong bond with the others.

Because Kevin is concerned about the ranks.

In undergraduate thesis Kezia Kinanti Kasih’s entitled Seven Deadly Sins and The Psychopathic Behavior of John Doe in Andrew Kevin Walker’s Seven

Screenplay says that a psychopath is someone who exaggerates his selfishness into something which is difficult to accept by society. In addition this incapacity of love bring the person to not have deep feelings. (2013:54)

This explain Kevin’s inability to feel remorse, simpathy and empathy to others. Since Kevin is unable to form such relation of bond because his grandiosity, he never feel remorse or has simpathy and empathy. His grandiosity prevents him to bond with people, to share emotions and feeling emotional.

To justify his action in murder, Kevin makes an excuse that difficult to understand. Kevin has different standard of being popular. In Kevin’s perspective kills people makes him popular he gives people something to watch. This standard is used as justification of his selfishness. He wants to be superior,and he comes up with that reason. To makes him reasonable and also to justify his action.

3. Impulsive

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Kevin is never sure about whatever he does, in fact Kevin always do something without fore-thought or in another word, impulsive. Kevin is growing up without goals, and moreover he does not have something he truly enjoys.

Hence, he does something without any meaning, or purpose.

“Kevin? What do you like?” it was question that he was not prepared to answer and that to this day at the age of seventeen he is still unable to answer.to his own satisfaction, much less to mine.(Shriver, 2003,p. 135)

The citation above is written by Eva as she retells the story when Kevin is still a kid. Eva notices that the first time Kevin can speak a full sentence, Hhe does not like any TV’s program. Eva also notices that Kevin has no interest or only a little interest in anything.

“Kevin has few interests,” I said, giving our son the benefit of the doubt that he had any. “He’s never known what to do with himself..” (Shriver, 2003, p.193)

When Kevin is in jail Eva tells another mother in the waiting room about

Kevin. Eva knows that Kevin is not only has few interests but also unclear of what to do to himself. Kevin grows up as a kid without or with a little interest. For

Kevin everything’s boring, that is why Kevin is prone to boredom. This condition leads him to do something that excites him, either an activity to please him, or to satisfy him. Since Kevin is interested in a very few things, this condition drives him to seek for more than just usual things it continues into something that is dangerous.

Nonetheless, even Kevin, who has such a gift for it, can sustain stasis for only so long without doing something to make life a little interesting (Shriver, 2003, p.211)

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In one of her letters, Eva tells that Kevin always has his own way to get out of his boredom, in her opinion murders are something interesting for Kevin.

Kevin’s from the citation above shows one of the psychopathy traits called stimulation seeking or sensation seeking. A condition which is the person pursues a sensory pleasure or excitement. According to Arnett (1995) sensation seeking is a tendency for seeking out novel amd intense experiences (p.67). Murder is something new and unusual for Kevin and also for others. Meanwhile in murdering people there is an intensity of feeling and experience. In murder includes the fear of getting caught, breaking the law and also being more powerful than others.

According to Raine et al, children who lack behavioral control at early year are more likely to have externalizing behavior problems at youth, and likely to commit violent offenses. (Raine et al, 1998, p.746). From the explanation before it is mentioned that Kevin’s mother, Eva fails to control the behavioral problem in Kevin. Kevin showing the unresponsiveness to Eva’s command. He refuses to obey the command. The condition of having no control, even from his own mother affect Kevin’s behavior. He tends to look for something dangerous, since his mother fails to control his fear. Kevin grows up with fearfullness.

Combine with Kevin’s grandiosity this condition, sensation seeking, is leading him to do something dangerous and harmful. In this condition, Kevin does not think about others than himself. His superiority makes him do something to eliminate his rivals, his needs for sensation seeking push him to do something, and Kevin who is growing up with fearfullness knows no boundaries. This

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combination of grandiosity, sensation seeking, and fearfullness drives him to overpower his rivals with anything he can do. So, murder for Kevin is something that fulfill his need. With murder, Kevin can eliminate his rivals,and also murder is something new for him, this meets his need of sensation seeking. Since Kevin is not afraid of anything, the consequences of murder, like get into jail, does not affect him.

4. Liar

When Kevin is still a kid, Eva realizes that Kevin is good at lying,

He was good. He was very, very good; you may not appreciate how good. He was smooth-the story was ready. None of the details were inconsistent or gratuitous; he had spurned the extravagant fantasies with which most children his age would camouflage a spilled drink or broken mirror. He had learned what all skilled liars register if there ever to make a career of it: Always appropriate as much of the truth as possible. A well-constructed lie is assembled largely from the alphabet blocks of fact, which will as easily make a pyramid as a platform.(Shriver, 2003, p.235)

When Eva breaks Kevin’s arm, Kevin lies to his father. He says that he falls, he also adds the fact that is chronologically right, so that his father does not suspect anything. Eva, however as the one that knows the truth beside Kevin, realizes how good Kevin is at lying. Kevin is a smart kid, both Eva and her husband (Franklin) know this. Since being in preschool, Kevin is already a plotter. He knows how to construct one story to another to make a perfect lies.

... from preschool, Kevin was a plotter. He knew how to bide his time. (Shriver, 2003, p.177)

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Kevin also uses his ability of lying to manipulate his own father. Kevin lies that his teacher sexually abused him. Eva knows that he lies, but Franklin believes that Kevin tells the truth.

“let’s get this straight. You don’t believe his story because it’s too believable.” “that’s right” I agreed evenly. “He may be scheming and malicious, but his English teacher is right. He’s sharp as a tack” (Shriver, 2003, p. 406)

That is not the first time Kevin lies and manipulates his father, to save himself from the responsibility he has to face.

“lucky for you I got Mr. Plastic(Franklin) off my back. But you should have heard the scene in here Pugh. Straight out of Dawson’s Creek. Fucking nauseating. Thought I’d burst into tears before a commercial break from our sponsors”(Shriver,, 2003, p.314)

Kevin manipulates his father when two officers catch them throwing a brick from pedestrian overpass onto the roadway. He also gives money to the officers to let them go. Kevin tells his father that was his friend’s idea to throw the brick and he tries to save him by saying to officer that was his idea. Franklin believes him. Kevin controls the situation so he can get off of the trouble.

It is obvious that Kevin lies to manipulate his own father. The purpose of this action is to steer his father’s opinion and also to control the situation. The ability to control this situation for his benefit is a trait of psychopathic behavior called impression management.

Those behaviors reveal the traits of psychopathy. Kevin is a liar, it shows that he is a pathological liar, also he lies to manipulate and avoid responsibility.

These are the traits of psychopathic behavior, pathological lying and manipulative. This behavior also counts as a parasitic lifestyle-intentional

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manipulative, selfish, and exploitative financial dependence. Therefore, Kevin shows five of the traits in PCL-YV, they are impression management, pathological lying, and irresponsibility, fail to accept responsibility, manipulative and parasitic lifestyle.

According to Dike, Baranoski, and Griffith (2005) a pathological liar get himself in tight spot by lying and then tells more lies to extricate himself.

Sometimes the purpose of lying is often unclear, and impulsive. Pathological liar become prisoner of his own lies. (Dike et al, 2005, p. 344). Eva realizes that

Kevin is good at lying, however Eva does not understand why Kevin is lying about his arm to Franklin. The purpose is unclear, but this habit brings him into something more difficult, he never stops lying. Then his lies extend to a condition of which he uses to save him from responsibility, to manipulate people, for his personal advantages.

In Kevin’s perspective there is no boundaries. Kevin has no fear and his grandiosity makes him think that everything he does is right. To meet his aim, that he is right, Kevin manipulates people, so he can get away from responsibilities.

5. Cruel

Kevin is a cruel person. When he is still a kid, he easily hurts anyone simply because he does not like the person. One of the example is when Kevin does not like one of his neighbor’s kid. He breaks his brake’s lever.

“Kevin.” I called him over and stooped. “I’m afraid your friend Trent has had an accident. It’s not too bad, and he’ll be alright. But maybe you and I could make him a get-well card—like the one Grandma Sonya made you when you hurt your arm.” “Yeah, well,” he said moving away. “he thinks he’s cool with that bike.”

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The AC must have been turned too high; I stood up and rubbed my arms. I didn’t remember mentioning anything about bicycle. (Shriver, 2003, p.248)

Not only Kevin does something harmful to his friend, but also he does not feel sorry about that accident. He intentionally breaks the braker’s level to hurt Trent, and he also shows no sympathy and empathy for his friend. Kevin is a cruel and heartless person he never has sympathy and empathy, or remorse for the harmful act he does. What Kevin does to Trent’s bike is a tendency to do a criminal action.

This one is called a serious criminal behavior.

Another example of feeling no remorse is when Kevin is interviewed by one of the TV’s hosts in prison. Kevin does not feel remorse. He answers the question coldly.

“Do you feel any remorse? Knowing what you do now, if you could go back to April 8th 1999, would you kill all those people over again?” “I’d do one thing different. I’d put one right between the eyes of that Lukronsky dork, who’s been making a mint off his terrible ordeal ever since...” (Shriver, 2003, p.416)

Kevin shows no remorse, even if he gets the chance, he will kill them again and not miss a single person. Those citations above are showing the traits of psychopathy. Kevin has lack of empathy, sympathy, remorse, and serious criminal behavior.

Kevin’s grandiosity leads him into failure of forming bond with the others.

Therefore he cannot have any empathy and simpathy toward others, since he concerns about rank, he will not let people to be more powerful than him. That is why Kevin harm people, to eliminate rivals and to show his dominance. This

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perspective prevent him to have simpathy, empathy, and remorse because he harms people intentionally.

6. Attention seeker

As it is mentioned above, Kevin is a bright person. Kevin knows he has the ability to control people and situation by using his intelligence. Kevin talks smoothly, his superficial charm let him to become superior among the others.

Like many a luminary, he is severe with his contemporaries, calling them to rigorous standards... (Shriver, 2003, p.198)

That is when Eva talks about Kevin at the waiting room. Eva talks to other mothers there, she describes her own son, whom she is always known as a luminary. It is also supported by the fact that his fellow inmates also mimic him.

Eyeing laconic interchanges at adjoining tables I’ve detected that some of his fellow inmates have started to mimic Kevin’s eccentric dress sense(Shriver,2003, p.201)

Kevin has superficial charm, he loves to draw attention to him. He wants people to follow him. His superficial charm, combined with his intelligence, makes him capable of manipulating people.

What Kevin did on Thursday and what I did in Claverack’s waiting room today depart only in scale. Yearning to feel special, I was determined to capture someone’s attention, even if I had to use the murder of nine people to get it (Shriver, 2003,p.197)

Eva realizes, both her and Kevin shares the similarity. They both love to feel special by the attention that people give. Even though it costs the story of murder for Eva, she still enjoys the attention. Meanwhile Kevin, he draws people’s attention by killing eleven people.

“lucky for you, too! You need us! What would you do without me, film a documentary on paint drying? What are all those folks doing,” he waved

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an arm at the camera, “but watching people like me?” (Shriver, 2003, p.415)

In Kevin’s perspective, he gives something for people to watch. A story of murder, Kevin is proud of himself. He enjoys being on TV and becomes the highlight on the news. This action is also a trait of psychopathic behavior, it is called stimulation seeking. For Kevin what he does is just a sport, he kills eleven people only to give him the excitement for being on TV. This action is also to show people that he is superior among the others, to show people that he is capable to take somebody’s life.

7. Villainous

It is mentioned before that Kevin has killed eleven people. Kevin’s tendency to do a criminal action is seen since he was still a kid. From early behavioral problem to cruel, Kevin’s behavioral problem exaaggerate into a very serious state. He becomes a murder

“... but you’ve never told me. So please look me in the eye. You killed eleven people. My husband. My daughter. Look me in the eye, and tell me why’’(Shriver, 2003, p.464)

From the explanation before, Kevin shows many traits of psychopathic behavior.

Those traits are the sign that Kevin has a serious tendency to do a criminal action.

Since Kevin has a lack of sympathy and empathy this condition causes him to show a little emotion. Therefore, Kevin feels no remorse of his own action, because he does not know the effects on people. Those traits combine with his impulsivity and stimulation seeking drive him to kill eleven people. This condition is a trait of psychopathic behavior called criminal versatility.

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Kevin shows more than half of the traits that have been mentioned before.

From the explanation above Kevin shows fourteen traits of psychopathy checklist- youth version. Those traits are early behavior, poor anger management, impulsivity, impression management, pathological lying, manipulative, parasitic lifestyle, irresponsibility, failure to accept responsibility, lack of empathy, lack of remorse, serious criminal behavior, stimulation seeking, and criminal versatility.

Therefore, it is certain that Kevin has psychopathic behavior.

B. The cause of Kevin’s psychopathic behavior

There are two factors that cause Kevin’s psychopathic behavior. The first one is maternal anxiety and the second is fixation in psychosexual development.

The writer explains further about the two factors below:

1. Maternal anxiety

The bond between a child and mother begins in prenatal period. In order to look further about Kevin and Eva’s bond, it is important to analyze the prenatal period.

It is clear that is not every mother experiences instant love to her child, but

Eva does not love her child. She finds it hard to love Kevin, even when she tries to. Her poor bonding during the stages of development shows that she does not fail to have an instant love for Kevin, but she fails to love Kevin. Usually this condition occurs if the mother experiences anxiety during her prenatal period. Eva experiences anxiety during her pregnancy. She is afraid of having a child in one of her letters. She tells her fear to her husband, Franklin.

Franklin, I was absolutely terrified of having a child.(Shriver, 2003, p.37)

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From the citation above it is certain that Eva feels worried, nervous, and uncertain, or in this matter, Eva experiences anxiety to become a mother.

According to Shahhosseini (2015) Anxiety during pregnancy can lead to prolonged crying in the neonatal period, irritability and restlessness, individual differences in reaction to stressful life events; the weak interaction between mother-child .(Shahhosseini et all, 2015,p.1)

Eva’s fear toward maternity causes her to develop poor bonding between her and Kevin. This poor bonding affects the child’s development state.

According to Phillip (2003) a nurturing and warm bond between mother and child during the period of oral stage sets the stage of trusting and affectionate relationship with other in later life. But Eva, rejects Kevin even before he was born, she does not fulfill the needs of oral’s satisfaction in Kevin’s developmental age.

This condition develops a poor bonding between them. The anxiety that

Eva experiences lead to a condition which she rejects her own baby.

And yes, I even hated the baby-which so far had not brought me hope for the future and story and content and “a turn of page” but wildness and embarrassment..” (Shriver, 2003, p.89)

The rejection that Eva does, causes a failure in attempt to form closeness to the baby. One of the failures is Kevin’s refusal in oral stage. During the first year of an infant life, a mother should be the first object the infant attaches to.

Attachment to an object plays a big role in child’s life, because attachment relates to the fear if the object is absent or not. In early phase of infant’s life, infant does not have a power to fulfil his own needs. Because an infant cannot

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talk, and move freely. Therefore in this phase an infant fully relys on his mother or caregiver. The primary needs like breastfeeding for infant is very important in order to continue his life. In Kevin’s case, he does not have a good-enough care.

Eva’s refusal leads into a condition which she refuses to take care of the infant

(Kevin).

Although during the infantile period Eva does not work, she hires a nanny

(Shriver, 2003, p.114). This is an evidence of a not good-enough care for the infant. Eva as a mother and also caregiver does not a perform a ‘holding’ phase.

Holding is physychal holding and a total environmental provision prior to the concept of living (Winnicott, p.42)

During the early year of infant’s life, the needs of infant itself depends on his caregiver. In Kevin’s early year, he refuses to breastfeed. This condition occurs because unconsciously the infant has lack of trust to the object. This is called an instinctual rejection (Chodrow, p.69). Eva’s anxiety develops the mistrust in Kevin. According to Fairbairn as cited by Chodrow, he describes:

The infant does not simply reject early bad objects but internalizes them in order to both hate and control them. They are internalized, Fair•bairn says, because they seem indispensable, and then repressed because they seem intolerable. (p.69)

Kevin grows up with lack of trust to his primary object. His refusal in infantile period causes several conditions. The first is, Kevin is not related to his caregiver, he is separated with his mother. Second, he does not experience the holding phase.

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The maternal anxiety that Eva experiences limits her to develop a further bonding with Kevin. She is not ready to take care of Kevin and become a mother.

Therefore Eva does not have a mother instinct. She is not aware of Kevin’s needs.

Kevin’s refusal in breastfeed, make her more distant with Kevin. This condition creates a boundary between the two of them. Eva does not recognize the need of

Kevin and Kevin does not need Eva as his primary object.

The condition which mother and infant separated too early (in this case no attachment) causes a frustration in infant’s life. In this period a caregiver should teaches the infant about ego boundaries (a sense of personal psychological dividion from the rest of the world) to make the infant recognize the role of its environment and himself. Since Kevin does not learn about ego boundaries, he is unable to recognize the role of his environment.

The separation with his caregiver and primary object does not cause him anxiety. Usually because the need of nourishment and food, and infant will seek fo his primary object, and become anxious of the absence. Since Kevin is the one that refuses his own caregiver, it is showd the low level of anxiety that he has.

Eva’s rejection toward Kevin has caused a poor bonding between them. .

Eva fails to have an attachment to Kevin. In the early year of infant’s life it is important for mother to become the object that an infant seeks. So the infant learns to be attached to something and develop the idea of affection from his mother. Since Eva fails to teach Kevin, Kevin grows up with no attachment and low level of anxiety.

2.Psychosexual stages of development

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Eva’s anxiety during the pregnancy affects the form of bonding between her and Kevin. This later causes the fixation in Kevin’s psychosexual stages of development in Kevin’s childhood.

From the explanation before, Kevin’s behavior fits the traits of psychopathic behavior. Related to Kevin’s behavior, the researcher analyzes the reason behind those behaviors using fixation in psychosexual stages of development. According to Salekin (2016) the traits element of trait psychopathy can be detected in the early childhood (Salekin, 2016, p.190).

Meloy (2008) says that the house of psychopath is constructed of fondation of no attachment, underarrousal, and minimal anxiety(Meloy, 2008, p.3). Attachment is often defined as a strong affectional bond in both children and adults. a. Oral stage

In this stage, the infant’s feeling is insignificant, because his need for the mother is absolute, while the mother’s need for infant is relative. Therefore the act of giving fulfillment of the oral needs is upon the mother. Although in this stage the needs of infant are easily satisfied, if this stage does not transition naturally, fixation will occur.

The oral needs in Kevin’s infantile life does not occur. Eva as the mother cannot fulfill the oral needs of Kevin. This condition, as it is mentioned before is because the maternal anxiety that Eva experiences.

...The expression on his twisted face was disgruntled. His body was inert; I could only interpret his lassitude as lack of enthusiasm. Sucking is one of our few innate instincts but his mouth right at my enlarge brown nipple, his head lolled away in distaste (Shriver, 2003, p. 96)

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During the oral stage, mother is a first love object for infant. Eva does not fulfill that role. The rejection comes from both of them, Eva rejects Kevin before he was born, and Kevin rejects Eva as his primary or love object. This love object is an important role in infant’s life. According to Phillip (2003) rejection by mother or undue frustration experienced by the child resulting from non- fulfillment of his needs can lead to pessimism and mistrust in later life. (p.18)

In the oral phase a child‘s attachment to people in his environment and his feelings of love or hate towards people develops. Kevin does not undergoes this phase, he does not form an attachment to his environment.This is the core of

Kevin’s non-fulfillment that later develops into an emotional detachment.

According to Meloy (2008) in psychopathy the traits occur because of the failure of two kinds of internalizations: identifications and introjections.

Identifications are ways in which the self or behavior are modified to increase resemblance to the object. Introjections are internalized objects that maintain a relationship to the self and are structurally a part of the superego. (Meloy, 2008, p.9)

Eva’s failure to become the first love object of Kevin caused the failure of internalization. Kevin grows up without identification of his mother as the love object. As it is mentioned before, Kevin separated himself to his mother too early.

This condition forms a failure in developing the superego later. Since Kevin does not experience the indentification, he cannot remble with his surrounding. For

Kevin his surrounding is not attached to him, or strange. That is why Kevin does not experience the introjections, because he is unable to maintain ralationship and

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acknowledge his surrounding. This explains Kevin’s psychopathic behavior. The psychopathic behavior develops in Kevin, because Kevin undergoes the failure in internalization. This failure makes him unable to sense social standards and the importance of his environment.

When the infant is neglected or not sufficiently fed during this stage, he might fail to resolve the emotional conflicts of the oral. Therefore their needs in oral stage manifests into oral-fixated. In Kevin’s case, the oral fixated that he manifest is manipulation. The needs of oral satisfaction by using his mouth. b. Anal stage

In this stage, a child must learn how to control his erotic stimulation of the anal mucosa through retention of feces. When toilet training is initiated, the child has his first experience with the external regulation of an instinctual impulse.

According to Phillip (2003) the consequences of toilet training have far reaching effects upon the formation of specific personality traits and values. (Phillip, 2003, p.184)

In Kevin’s childhood toilet training does not happen smoothly. His mother, however just let that stage happens without initiate the toilet training.

Kevin does not learn to control the erotic stimulation, instead controlling the anal retention, Kevin tends to focus on his anal expulsion. He wears diapers until he is six years old.

“Do you remember your early childhood very well, Kevin?” I had read somewhere that people with painful childhood will often draw a blank. “What’s to remember?” “Well, for example you wore diapers until you were six” (Shriver 23, pp.202-203)

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Kevin wears diapers until he is six year old, the anal training does not performed on him. He does not postpone the pleasure in the anus area, instead he lets that out in his diapers. However, Eva never really trains Kevin to use the toilet, but she is not happy to always clean Kevin.

I sniffed another telltale waft. After I’d just changed him twice. He was sitting cross-legged on the floor, and I lifted him to a stand by the waist, pulling his Pampers open to make sure. I lost it. “How do you do it?” I shouted. “You hardly eat anything, where does it come from?”(Shriver, 200, p.229)

Eva’s failure in toilet training leads Kevin into fixation in this stage. Kevin experiences the feeling of having his own feces and do not have anyone teaching or helping him to eliminate it. This condition later affects Kevin’s behavior.

According to Phillip (2003), if the child vents rage by expelling feces at the most inappropriate times, expulsive traits like cruelty, destructiveness, temper tantrums, disorderliness etc. are developed. Thus the basis for a large number of behavior traits laid down during the anal stage.(Phillip, 2003, p.190)

Kevin’s fixation in anal stage results a behavioral problem such as cruelty.

The anal stage relates to environment around the child. The child has to learn to control his bowel and bladder movement. Also in this stage, the child has the ability to control the parents about toilet training. Kevin learns that he has the control over his own feces, but he refuses to withholding it. Kevin chooses to control his mother (the earliest example of environment or a person except himself), this later becomes his habit. He refuses to be considerate about his own environment.

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From the explanation above, Kevin’s cruelty comes from his anal stage.

Which Eva fails to teach him. Kevin’s habit to let his feces out in diapers, at any time leads him to have emotional detachment to his environment. His cruelty happens because Kevin has no ability to consider about his environment. c. Phallic stage

This stage begins when the child becomes three years old and continues until the child is five years. During this stage the child experiences The Oedipus complex, but Kevin never experiences The Oedipus complex. When he is four years old, during phallic stage, his mother leaves him.

“the prosecution has made you ran in your company in Manhattan while leaving your son to the care of strangers, and that when he turned four you were away in Africa”(Shriver, 2003, p.14)

According to Phillip (2003) phallic stage is the most eventful stage. If a child represses The Oedipus complex the superego will undergo its final form.

Failure to resolve Oedipus complex is seen as the nucleus of adult neuroses.

Neuroses are characterized by unconscious clinging to oedipal tendencies.

Kevin however does not show his oedipal tendencies during this stage.

Kevin is not close to his mother, or competes with his own father. Later his clinging in oedipal tendencies are shown. Kevin keeps his mother photograph without his mother permission.

Just then the camera angle panned ninety degrees, zooming in on the room’s only decoration that I could see taped over his bed. Badly crease from having folded small enough to fit in a pocket or wallet, it was a photograph of me.(Shriver, 2003, p.413)

Kevin’s admiration to his mother is revealed on his puberty, followed by the competition with his father.

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“your father- did you get along, or did you fight” “Mister plastic?” Kevin snorted. “I should be so lucky we’d have a fight. No, it was all cherry chirpy, hot dogs and Cheez history Museum, Kev, they have some really neat-o rocks! He was luuuuuv you, buddy! Stuff, and, I’d just look at him like, who are you talking to, guy?..”(Shriver,2003, p.413)

Kevin shows the feeling of dislike, when he is interviewed. He tries to show or to gain his superiority by looking down to his father. Meanwhile, he shows an adoration to his mother when he is interviewed.

Otherwise, Franklin, my reaction to that interview is very confusing... I was touched by that photograph over his bed,.. I’m thunderstruck that he has ever ventured into a Barnes and Noble to gaze at my handiwork, for which his “Meet my mother” essay didn’t betray great respect.(Shriver, 2003, p.418)

This clinging to oedipal complex is the proof why Kevin behaves that way. In phallic stage, Oedipus complex plays an important role. The roles are to condition the attitudes toward the opposite sex and toward people. Kevin does not experience the Oedipus complex at the right time, this affects his attitude and his sexual frustration.

Kevin’s behavioral problems that come from this stage later showed when he hits puberty. During his puberty Kevin makes his mother sees him masturbate.

“he doesn’t forget to close the door. He waits until I go to the kitchen, to fix a cup of coffee, so I’ll see him on my way back to my study. It’s very deliberate. And he’s, ah-loud” “at his age, i probably jerked off three times a day” “in front of your mother?” (Shriver,2003,p. 350)

This uncommon condition is the proof of Kevin’s behavioral problem. Since his mother fails to control him during this stage, or becomes the first sexual object in

Kevin’s childhood. Kevin’s attitudes problem reflects on his behavior. The way he

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thinks about others as inferior and his habit to manipulate people is the outcome of fixation in this stage.

In this stage Kevin’s feeling toward his father supposed to develop from hatred into respect. Since this stage is dissolved, Kevin’s feeling to his father is still hatred. His father supposed to be the first example of masculine for Kevin, as an example of what should Kevin think, and does to another masculine person.

Kevin’s failure in this development makes him cannot respect others, but makes him hate others.

In the other hand, Kevin supposed to change his love to his mother from desire to a tender love. His oedipal clinging is an evidence that Kevin does not change his love from desire into tender love. A mother in boy’s phallic stage is supposed to be an example of environment (opposite sex). Kevin who cannot change his love from the desire expresses his attitude toward the environment. He cannot hold the aggression of love and cannot bond since he fails to change it into a tender love.

The fixation in this stage also causes several phallic character in the adulthood. Some of them are resolute and vanity. Kevin undergoes a fixated in this stage, marked by his oedipal clinging. This fixation is the roots of his grandiose self-worth. His feeling to his parents manifest into someone who has grandiose self-worth who cannot form bond to others. d. Latency

Latency period happens during four or five years old until puberty. In this stage parents must punish the kid to get away from genital’s pleasure and displace

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it with positive activities such as sport or the kid’s interest. However, not only

Kevin still wears diaper until he is six years old (which he could not experience the genital pleasure at the right time) also his parents fail to punish him to get away from his sexual activity.

...I glare squarely at his cock-doubtless what I should have done in the park instead of averting my gaze... I reach in and pull the door shut, hard. The hallway rings with a dry chuckle. (shriver,2003,p.352)

Kevin’s reaction shows that his mother fails to punish him in his sexual activity. Eva just closes the door let Kevin continues what he is doing. This action later affects Kevin’s behavior. According to Freud as cited in The Maturational

Processes and the Facilitating Environment (1984) Antisocial behavior and crime is a sequel of criminal intention and symptom of a failure child-care. (Winnicott,

1984, p. 28)

From the fixation above, there are things to conclude. Eva fails to be the first love object for Kevin, she let Kevin wears diapers until six, and she is irresponsible with Kevin’s psychosexual stage of development. Kevin’s failure in the five stages of psychosexual development, explains his failure to meet the common terms of norms. He fails to develop his superego, that later the way he thinks about others and environment. This failure causes anxiety in Kevin’s development that leads him to create a psychopathic behavior. This failure also explains Kevin and Eva’s poor bonding since Kevin’s birth (oral stage).

The failure in each stage above makes Kevin undergoes frustration that leads him into failure to construct certain developmental which is essential in

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human, the tripartite structure. According to Meloy (2008) psychopath has no tripartite structure (id, ego, and superego).

According to Winnicott (1965) infant’s id arrives in very early of infant’s age. Id is a physical satisfaction in infant’s life, id is the need of maternal care and maternal ego implementing the infant’s ego. At this stage, infant is unable to identify himself, or to separate himself from the mother. The superego develops in the hold of maternal care. When a mother introduces the infant to its environment, so the infant learns about his surrounding and uses the ego as to identify himself to meet the social norms and standard. Therefore, the one who is responsible for id, ego, and superego developmental is the infant’s mother.(Winnicott, 1965, pp.39-40)

Winnicott (1965) also states that the beginning of maternal care is not after the birth of infant but before, during the prenatal state (Winnicott,1965, p.48).

Therefore a mother’s feeling to her child is significant. In this analysis Eva cannot love her own child, Kkevin. Her maternal anxiety limits her interaction to form bond with Kevin. This condition later causes several fixation in Kevin’s psychpsexual development. A fixation in the early yaer of childhood or in psychosexual development is the root of an abnormal personality. This condition later develops into a psychopathic behavior in Kevin.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Winnicott states that infant only exists only because of the maternal care, together with which it forms a unit (1965: 41). Therefore the bond between mother and child is significant. A mother has an important role in forming a child’s behavior, especially in son’s. This study uses Lionel Shriver’s We Need to

Talk about Kevin to analyse the effect of the bond between mother and son in son’s abnormal behavior and the cause of the abnormality itself.

Kevin’s abnormality is not eventually happens, this abnormality has a long story to become. Kevin is a teenager who has a psychopathic traits. Since Kevin is still a kid, his abnormality is already seen by his own mother, Eva. In the first analysis he shows more than half of the psychopathy traits in Hare’s Psychopathy

CheckList traits- Youth Version (PCL-YV).

The second analysis is to analyze the cause of Kevin’s psychopathic behavior. This analysis is to prove the importance of mother’s role in a child’s development. Eva’s ambivalence toward maternity causes her to have a poor bonding with her son (Kevin). Both of them rejects each other, this condition causes several failures in Kevin’s psychosexual stages of development.

The early years of childhood contribute big role in child’s behavioral development. Since Kevin and Eva reject each other since the begining, these stages resulted to fixation in Kevin’s. Kevin does not develop a normal ego and superego. He becomes unaware of his environment, and is growing up without the knowledge of superego.

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In conclusion bond between mother and son is very significant for the son’s development behavior. If mother and son fails to create a good bond between them, this later affect the son’s behavior.

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