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120 Years of American Education: a Statistical Portrait

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120 Years of American Education: a Statistical Portrait 120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait Editor Thomas D. Snyder Center for Education Statistics U.S. Department of Education Lamar Alexander Secretary Office of Educational Research and Improvement Diane Ravitch Assistant Secretary National Center for Education Statistics Emerson J. Elliott Commissioner National Center for Education Statistics ``The purpose of the Center shall be to collect, analyze, and disseminate statistics and other data related to edu- cation in the United States and in other nations.''ÐSec- tion 406(b) of the General Education Provisions Act, as amended (20 U.S.C. 1221e±1). January 1993 Foreword Emerson J. Elliott Commissioner of Education Statistics NCES statistics and reports are used for myriad During the period in which this report was pre- purposes. Congress, federal agencies, state and pared, Diane Ravitch, an educational historian by local officials, business leaders, scholars and re- profession, was Assistant Secretary for Educational searchers, the news media, and the general public Research and Improvement. Dr. Ravitch knows the use our data to formulate programs, apportion re- importance of the record that America's education sources, monitor services, research issues, and in- data collections form, and it was her personal inter- form and make decisions. est and initiative that prompted preparation of this re- Since 1870, the federal government has collected port. Her support, both as Assistant Secretary and as statistics on the condition and progress of American an historian of education, has been invaluable to the education. In the beginning, data were collected on production of this volume and in all other efforts of very basic items, such as public elementary and sec- NCES. ondary school enrollment, attendance, teachers and The Assistant Secretary's Introduction to this vol- their salaries, high school graduates, and expendi- ume states that an historical perspective is indispen- tures. Over the years, the level of detail has gradu- sable for a full understanding of American education ally increased. Today, the National Center for Edu- and the changes it has undergone. Such a perspec- cation Statistics has a staff of approximately 130 who tive will help supply that meaning, understanding, collect information through nearly 40 surveys and and judgment needed to help improve education in studies and produce more than 175 publications per year. America. Statistics paint a portrait of our Nation. By looking I join her in thanking Vance Grant of OERI and at changes in the data over timeÐlike number of Tom Snyder of NCES for producing this work. We schools, participation rates, completion rates, and ex- will benefit from the better understanding of our past pendituresÐwe see how our Nation has progressed. that these education statistics bring to us. But the questions, too, have changed. Illiteracy, for This work supplements other major compilations of example, is defined differently today than it was in education statistics, including the annual Digest and earlier years. While we once looked only at whether the Condition of Education reports, and reaffirms the a person could read or write, today we are con- mission of the National Center for Education Statis- cerned with how well a person can function in a tics to provide the Nation with data on the condition modern society. Recent additions to the long-term and progress of education. Our goal is to make edu- data series contain more qualitative information, es- cation data accessible, useful, and meaningful to our pecially on student performance and classroom ac- many publics. I welcome comments for improve- tivities. ments to our data collections and publications. iii Acknowledgments Many people have contributed in one way or an- Sisson of HCR provided research assistance. Nancy other to the development of 120 Years of American Floyd copyedited this book, and Margery Martin and Education. Foremost among these contributors is W. Wilma Greene provided editorial assistance. Annie Vance Grant, who has served as an education statis- Lunsford designed the cover. Jerry Fairbanks and tics expert since 1955. Thomas D. Snyder was re- Kim Stiles of the U.S. Government Printing Office sponsible for the overall development and prepara- provided typesetting assistance. tion of 120 Years of American Education, which was 120 Years of American Education has received ex- prepared under the general direction of Jeanne E. tensive reviews by individuals within and outside the Griffith, Associate Commissioner for Data Develop- Department of Education. We wish to thank them for ment. their time and expert advice. In the Office of Edu- William Sonnenberg served as a statistical consult- cational Research and Improvement (OERI), Diane ant in all phases of 120 Years of American Education Ravitch, Maris Vinovskis, Mary Frase, W. Vance and was responsible for chapter 2, ``Elementary and Grant, Fred Beamer, Frank Morgan, John Sietsema, Secondary Education.'' Irene Baden Harwarth devel- oped a table on higher education enrollment and was and Irene Baden Harwarth reviewed the entire manu- responsible for developing charts for the report. script. Rosemary Clark and Dave Fleck of the Bu- Charlene Hoffman developed tables on degrees con- reau of the Census also reviewed the entire docu- ferred and managed the typesetting. Carol Sue ment. Agency reviews were conducted by the Office Fromboluti managed the review process of the publi- of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Af- cation. Celestine Davis provided statistical assist- fairs, Office of Management and Budget, Office of ance. Policy and Planning, Office of Private Education, and A number of people outside the Center also ex- Office of Vocational and Adult Education, U.S. De- pended large amounts of time and effort on 120 partment of Education. Years of American Education. James J. Corina and OERI Deputy Assistant Secretary Francie Alexan- Robert Craig of Pinkerton Computer Consultants, der and NCES Chief of Staff Paul R. Hall provided Inc., provided computer support. Louise Woerner, leadership and gave enthusiastic support to this Barbara Robinson, Jeannette Bernardo, and Jeffrey project. v Introduction Diane Ravitch Assistant Secretary As an historian of education, I have been a regular Snyder's careful preparation of this report substan- consumer of education statistics from the U.S. De- tially enriches our knowledge of American education. partment of Education. For many years, I kept the But collecting these historical data in one volume Department's telephone number in my address book not only benefits professional historians. As a Nation, and computer directory. It did not take long to dis- we need to develop an historical perspective in ana- cover there was one person to whom I should ad- lyzing change. Too often, newspapers report impor- dress all my queries: Vance Grant. In my many tele- tant political, economic, or social events without sup- phone calls for information, I discovered he is the plying the necessary historical context. We are all man who knows what data and statistics have been now accustomed to reading headlines about the lat- gathered over the years by the Department of Edu- est test scores. Whether up or down, they invariably cation. No matter how exotic my question, Dr. Grant overstate the meaning of a single year's change. And could always tell me, without delay, whether the in- the same short-sightedness often flaws journalistic formation existed; usually, he produced it himself. reports of other major educational trends. When I asked a statistical question, I could often hear the whir of an adding machine in the back- Historical Context ground, even after the advent of the electronic cal- One does not need to be an historian to recognize culator. the tremendous importance of historical context. Imagine my surprise, therefore, to find myself in Each of us should be able to assess events, ideas, the position of Assistant Secretary of the Office of and trends with reliable knowledge of what has hap- Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), the pened in the past. If we cannot, our ability to under- very home of the National Center for Education Sta- stand and make sense of events will be distorted. tistics (NCES). The latter agency is headed by Emer- This volume would become a reference for all who son Elliott, the first presidentially appointed Commis- wish to make informed judgments about American sioner of Education Statistics. And imagine my de- education. We must struggle mightily against the light when I encountered Vance Grant, face to face, contemporary tendency towards presentism, the idea for the first time. The voice on the telephone, always inspired by television journalism that today's news cheerful and confident, belonged to a man employed has no precedent. As we struggle to preserve his- by the Department or Office of Education since 1955. tory, we preserve our human capacity to construct Vance Grant, a Senior Education Program Special- meaning and to reach independent judgment. ist, and Tom Snyder, NCES' Chief of the Compila- In an age when we are awash with information and tions and Special Studies Branch in the Data Devel- instantaneous news, it is meaning, understanding, opment Division, prepared 120 Years of American and judgment that are in short supply. This collection Education: A Statistical Portrait. They did so enthu- of historical statistics about American education pro- siastically, becauseÐlike meÐthey knew it was vides its readers with the perspective they need to needed. Historians of education customarily must understand how far we have come in our national consult multiple, often disparate, sources to find and commitment to education and how far we must still collect the information in this one volume. They can go in pursuit of our ideals. never be sure if the data they locate are consistent and reliable. This compilation aggregates all relevant I especially thank Vance Grant and Tom Snyder statistics about the history of our educational system for their untiring efforts in assembling this book.
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