Journal of Neolithic Archaeology – the Natural Stage of Prehistoric Events.The Natural Stage 1)

www.j-n-a.org ological point of view,ological Stránská is skála a continuation of the upper ical-geomorphologic units of East-Central Europe units (Fig. ical-geomorphologic of Stránská skála characteristics and geomorphologic Geological ogy andgeomorphol geology its about to basic facts know is necessary by offered hill.the sets ent, yet they were always way related to in acertain the natural as Stone Age. might human Reasons for have penetration differ been of the especially periods, of various people historic itattracted times, as a recreational In pre area place inhabitants. and Brno serves for (Fig. zone urban Brno lated of the Jurassic denudation limestone relic in the eastern part Introduction by people. MBBC cherts skála ská of Strán of the raisesexploitation the question following paper The of the Beaker Moravian Bell culture (abbr. MBBC), excavated in 2016. linked with ayounger stage structure settlement there is adug-in remains archaeological discovered Among Eneolithic. Old the hill, on Paleolithic andin andUpper at the the turn ofpecially the Middle as were raw used materials es inla prehistoric type, various periods, to as the Stránská referred ská Jurassic Upper cherts, Local Republic. Abstract Petr Škrdla Přichystal, Šebela, Lubomír Fišáková, Nývltová Antonín Miriam Kopacz, Jerzy Bartík, Jaroslav (Brno-Slatina,Czech Republic) by Beaker Bell People on Stránská skála Hill Exploitation Chert of The Question Stránská skála is located in the contact zone of two major geolog of two Stránská zone in the contact is skála located of Stránská past it skála, the archaeological toIn order understand Stránská Hill skála in Brno, 310 Stránská of Brno, isCzech skála a limestone hill in the eastern part Journal of Neolithic Archaeology – the natural stage of prehistoric events.the natural stage 1). Today ithas of the State astatus preserved m a.s.l., is the most prominent is iso the most m a.s.l., 2). From age [email protected] Republic, Czech Brno, Sciences of Academy Czech the of Archaeology of Institute Škrdla, Petr [email protected] Republic, Czech Brno, Sciences of Academy Czech the of Archaeology of Institute Lubomír Šebela, [email protected] Republic, Czech Brno, University Masaryk Sciences, Geological of Institute Přichystal, Antonín [email protected] Academy of Sciences Brno, Republic Czech Czech the of Archaeology of Institute Fišáková, Nývltová Miriam [email protected] Poland, University, Rzeszów Kopacz, Jerzy [email protected] Republic, Czech University, Masaryk Museology, and Archaeology of Department Hradiště; Uherské Slovakia of Moravian Museum Jaroslav Bartík, Authors‘ addresses: 10.12766/jna.2018S.10] [doi 185–202 2018S, 20, JNA (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) Stránská on Hill skála People Beaker by Bell Exploitation Chert of Question The Přichystal, Petr Škrdla: Šebela, Lubomír Antonín Fišáková, Nývltová Miriam Cite as: industry chipped lithic chert, culture, Beaker Bell Eneolithic, Stránská skála, Moravia, Keywords: 2018 19 December Published 2018 January 04 Reviewed 2017 26 October Received history: Article Fig. (photo: P. Škrdla).

1. Stránská skála, view from the east east the from view 1. skála, Stránská Jaroslav Bartík, Jerzy Kopacz, Kopacz, Jerzy Bartík, Jaroslav doi 10.12766/jna.2018S.10 doi 19 December 201819 December JNA

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Carpathian Bohemian Massif Foredeep www.j-n-a.org

19 December 2018 Praha

Brno Western Carpathians

Fig. 2. Location of Brno and Stránská ská- Bratislava la in the contact zone of two major ge- Wien ological-geomorphologic units of East- Eastern Alps 0 200 km Central Europe (after Přichystal 2016, modified).

cover of the Bohemian Massif. However, geographers link it rather to the Western Carpathians. Today isolated Jurassic outcrops in Brno and near Olomučany in the Moravian Karst, originally formed a continuous sediment cover. Subsequently, it was subjected to intensive denudation processes in sub-tropical climatic environments of the Lower Cretaceous, up to the Tertiary. While limestones disintegrated, more resistant siliceous rocks remained, forming vast accumulations in situ or slightly dislo- cated. During the Oligocene, breccia-like silicicrust was formed, occasionally in large blocks. Towards the end of the Tertiary and in the Pleistocene, siliceous material was transported by rivers (mainly the Svitava) and spread over gravel terraces. As it is usually impossible to link them with specific source areas, they are referred to by the ge- neric term “Moravian Jurassic chert” (Přichystal 1984, 212). Remarkable about Stránská skála is its cuesta form with Jurassic Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, layers, which do not lie in a horizontal position, but slightly incline to the east-southeast (Fig. 3). For this reason, its northern and especially north-northwestern slopes are steep, partially cliff-like. They were additionally transformed in historic times by quarrying. The area ad- jacent to Stránská skála on that side has been intensively used for The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) over a hundred years for industrial purposes. Jurassic limestones of Stránská skála have been described many times in petrographic literature (cf. Koutek 1926; Eliáš 1969, 198; Přichystal 2013, 71). They belong to the lower part of the Upper Ox- ford. The estimated maximal thickness of limestone sediments is at least 80 m (Fig. 4). Within them, three basic stratigraphic formations can be distinguished: limestones above the crinoidal layer ca. 8 m thick, the crinoidal layer ca. 4 thick, and limestones beneath the crinoidal layer. Siliceous rocks described in the literature as cherts of the Strán- ská skála type appear both in the upper and the lower formations

Fig. 3. View of Stránská skála around 1934 (drawing: T. Přichystal from a contempo- rary photograph).

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limestone lime clay Badenian loess soils caves Jurassic upper limestone rocks of the post-Badenian tectonic lines, evident with chert Brno Massif gravels and pressumed

(cf. Přichystal 1987; 2009, 65). They usually form quasi-spherical or Fig. 4. Geological profile of Stránská skála rounded nodules, measuring in diameter from 8 – 10 cm to 40 – 50 cm (after Karásek 1995, modified). with smooth whitish or bluish cortex. Cherts from limestones above the crinoidal level (upper cherts) show thin darker layers beneath the cortex, occasionally in concentric bands around the nodule center. In this respect, they resemble the so-called Banded Flint of Krzemion- ki Opatowskie type. However, in contrast to the latter, bands of the Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, Stránská skála cherts are never angular. Cherts from limestones beneath the crinoidal layer (lower cherts) do not show any banded patterns. They are usually light gray and have a rather inhomogeneous structure, up to breccia-like struc- tures. For that reason, their chipping qualities are slightly lower than The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) those of upper cherts. Despite various appearances, all cherts from Stránská skála are practically non-translucent.

Prehistoric review

The earliest archaeological traces on Stránská skála are from the Lower Paleolithic, when humans shared the place with rich and diverse Middle Pleistocene fauna (Valoch 1987; 1995; 2003). Later on, at the threshold to the Upper Paleolithic, Stránská skála was intensively penetrated by people of the Bohunician culture, who widely utilized its lithic resources, probably extracted directly from their primary deposits. The concentration of Bohunician sites in the Brno Basin was evidently related to use of the Stránská skála cherts (Svo- boda 1987a). In contrast, the Szeletian culture of the same period ap- parently did not develop any significant interest in this raw material (cf. Škrdla 2017). The culture to follow – the Aurignacian (Early Upper Paleolithic) – also left its traces on Stránská skála (Svoboda/Valoch 2003) and en- virons, where the raw material in question constitutes up to 95 % of lithic assemblages (Přichystal et al. 2003). However, beyond the Brno Basin its share on the Aurignacian sites is much lower, decreasing with distance.

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During the mid-Upper Paleolithic, territories of Moravia were penetrated by groups of the Gravettian and Pavlovian cultures. The Brno Basin was rather outside of their reach, although an isolated Young Gravettian burial is known there (Oliva 1996; Pettit/Trinkaus 2000)

www.j-n-a.org and petrographic analysis indicates that the famous Venus of Wil-

19 December 2018 lendorf was probably produced of the oolithic limestone from the southern margins of the Stránská skála Hill (Binsteiner et al. 2008; Přichystal 2009). The Late Upper Paleolithic, corresponding with the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), was dominated by various Epi-Gravettian groups. Again, cherts from Stránská skála were practically not used. Excep- tional in this respect is a remarkable site, Stránská skála IV, located on the northeastern slope of the hill beneath its steep part (Fig. 5). Ex- cavations in the 1980s revealed two accumulations of horse bones, as well as a small assemblage of lithic artifacts of various rocks (including “exotic” ones: radiolarite, obsidian, porcelanite, rock crystal) linked on the basis of radiocarbon dates with the Epi-Gravettian. The site is not interpreted as a settlement, but rather as a horse hunt- ing place, which took advantage of the hill configuration (Svoboda 1987b; 1991; Valoch/Musil eds. 2001). Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic)

excavations 2016 BRNO Stránská skála 0 600 m

In addition to Paleolithic materials, excavations on Stránská skála Fig. 5. Stránská skála with location of Site evidenced settlement and chert processing activities from the end IV – the place of excavations in 2016 (au- of the Neolithic and the Early Eneolithic (respectively the Lengyel thor: J. Bartík). and Funnel Beaker cultures; cf. Svoboda/Šmíd 1996). Moreover, first Bell Beaker traces were discovered on the surface of site IV. In 2006, MBBC finds from Stránská skála drew the attention of T. Gregorová (2006). In consequence, the place of their concentration was subjected to a geophysical survey with the use of mag- netometric and resistive tomography methods (Šebela/Pícha 2008).

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It revealed, among other anomalies, the presence of a dug-in structure with dimensions measuring ca. 4 by 6 m, depth ca. 1 m, possibly related to MBBC. Test sounding in 2014 confirmed this presumption. On the basis of the recovered potsherds and lithic artifacts, amount-

www.j-n-a.org ing to about one thousand pieces, the structure was identified as a

19 December 2018 processing site for local raw materials (Šebela at al. 2016, 123 –126).

Moravian Bell Beaker culture and Stránská skála

First Bell Beaker materials in Moravia were discovered towards the end of the 19th century in Vranovice, Břeclav District 1. To desig- nate this new identity, the name of this locality was initially adopted (Branovitzer Typus; cf. Jagor et al. 1895, 123; Hladík 1895). But soon it was replaced by the commonly recognized German term Glocken- becherkultur. Nowadays, the term “the Moravian Bell Beaker culture” (moravská kultura zvoncovitých pohárů), abbr. MBBC, is commonly used in Czech archaeology. On the basis of funerary materials, the Moravian Bell Beaker culture has been divided into three phases – the so-called Groups of Finds, also referred to as chronological phases: I – III (Dvořák 1989; Ondráček et al. 2005, 16, Abb. 5). Applicable is also a five-stage division, including two additional intermediate phases – I/II and II/III (Kopacz et al. 2009, 17 – 21). Traces of the Moravian Bell Beaker culture are known from at least 350 localities – cadastral areas with lithic chipped material confirmed in 120 of them (Fig. 6; Kopacz et al. 2009, 17; 2015, 52 – 62). Petrograph- ic analyses, applied to 707 artifacts (out of 1261 registered artifacts), confirmed predominance of local rocks, especially cherts of the Krum- lovský les type – variants I and II – and Cretaceous spongolites, with substantial presence in the early phases of imported rocks, as well as Jurassic silicites from the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland and silicites Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, from glacial sediments (Kopacz et al. 2009, 59 – 69). Artifacts of cherts of the Stránská skála type (22 pieces, i.e. 2.13 % of the analyzed collection) appeared only on sites in the eastern part of Brno, at a short distance from their source area. They were also known, as already mentioned, from Stránská skála itself (cf. Šebela et al. 2016, Fig. 7). The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic)

The central research question

The most distinctive feature of lithic chipped industries from the turn of the Stone Age and the Bronze Age is an increasing tenden- cy to simplify tool production according to the major optimization rule: to obtain the highest output with least cost input (Kopacz 2012). Therefore, easily available rocks, even of low quality, were predom- inant over better raw materials from distant sources (exceptions are objects of prestige, often imported from long distances). An extreme example of this is the intentional reuse of artifacts from earlier periods, including the Paleolithic. Discoveries on the Stránská skála Hill open unique opportunities in order to study Bell Beaker lithic industries in Moravia, where stone chipping activities can be attributed to only one settlement site so far – Bořitov IV, Blansko District – excavated in the 1970s (Kopacz et al. 2009, 139 – 141). The question arises whether MBBC inhabitants of the Stránská skála Hill continue with the traditional Bell Beaker approach to raw material/tool management or rather adopted a “new” one, deep- ly rooted in early stages of the Moravian Eneolithic? An answer to this question may be helpful for a better understanding of the complex processes of acculturation of Bell Beaker people in local cultural mi- 1 District (Czech okres) – basic adminis- lieux. trative unit in the Czech Republic.

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0 500 km 200 Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková,

Fig. 6. Localities of the Moravian Bell Beaker culture with lithic chipped materials: 1 Bedřichovice, okr. Brno-venkov; 2 Blatni- ce, okr. Třebíč, sites I and II; 3 Blažovice, okr. Brno-venkov; 4 Blučina, okr. Brno-venkov; 5 Bohdalice-Pavlovice, okr. Vyškov; 6 Boňov, okr. Třebíč; 7 Borkovany, okr. Břeclav; 8 Bořitov, okr. Blansko, sites I, IV and VII; 9 rankovice, okr. Vyškov; 10 Brno-Boso- nohy, okr. Brno-mĕsto; 11 Brno-Černá Pole, okr. Brno-mĕsto; 12 Brno-Holásky, okr. Brno-mĕsto, sites I and II; 13 Brno-Obřa-

The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) ny, okr. Brno-mĕsto; 14 Brno-Řečkovice, okr. Brno-mĕsto; 15 Brno-Slatina, okr. Brno-mĕsto; 16 Brno-Štýřice, okr. Brno-město; 17 Brno-Židenice, okr. Brno-město; 18 Brodek u Prostĕjova, okr. Prostĕjov; 19 Březolupy, okr. Uherské Hradištĕ, sites I and II; 20 Bučovice, okr. Vyškov; 21 Budkovice, okr. Brno-venkov; 22 Bystročice, okr. Olomouc; 23 Dětkovice, okr. Vyškov; 24 Divá- ky, okr. Břeclav; 25 Dobromilice, okr. Prostějov; 26 Dolní Sukolom, okr. Olomouc; 27 Dolní Věstonice, okr. Břeclav, sites II and III; 28 Drslavice-Havřice, okr. Uherské Hradištĕ; 29 Dřevohostice, okr. Přerov; 30 Hluboké Mašůvky, okr. Znojmo; 31 Hodĕjice, okr. Vyškov; 32 Hodonín, okr. loco; 33 Holešov, okr. Kromĕříž; 34 Holubice, okr. Vyškov; 35 Horní Vĕstonice, okr. Břeclav; 36 Hoštice-Heroltice, okr. Vyškov; 37 Hrubčice, okr. Prostĕjov; 38 Hrubšice, okr. Brno-venkov; 39 Hustopeče, okr. Břeclav; 40 Iva- novice na Hané, okr. Vyškov; 41 Jezeřany-Maršovice, okr. Znojmo; 42 Jiříkovice, okr. Brno-venkov; 43 Klenovice na Hané, okr. Prostĕjov; 44 Klobouky u Brna, okr. Břeclav; 45 Kobeřice, okr. Prostĕjov; 46 Kobylnice, okr. Brno-venkov; 47 Kostelec u Hole- šova, okr. Kromĕříž; 48 Krhov, okr. Třebíč; 49 Kuřim, okr. Brno-venkov, sites I and, site II; 50 Labuty, okr. Hodonín; 51 Lazníky, okr. Přerov; 52 Ledce, okr. Brno-venkov, sites I and II; 53 Lesůňky, okr. Třebíč; 54 Letonice, okr. Vyškov, sites I and II; 55 Lhánice, okr. Třebíč; 56 Luleč, okr. Vyškov; 57 Marefy, okr. Vyškov; 58 Mikulčice, okr. Břeclav; 59 Mikulov, okr. Břeclav; 60 Milovice, okr. Břeclav; 61 Modřice, okr. Brno-venkov; 62 Mohelnice, okr. Šumperk; 63 Moravská Nová Ves-Hrušky, okr. Břeclav; 64 Mostkovi- ce, okr. Prostĕjov; 65 Nĕmčice nad Hanou, okr. Přerov, sites I, II and III; 66 Nĕmčičky, okr. Znojmo; 67 Nezamyslice, okr. Prostĕ- jov; 68 Nová Ves, okr. Brno-venkov; 69 Nové Mlýny, okr. Břeclav; 70 Ohrazenice, okr. Třebíč; 71 Oslavany, okr. Brno-venkov; 72 Ostopovice, okr. Brno-venkov; 73 Otaslavice, okr. Prostĕjov; 74 Pavlov, okr. Břeclav; 75 Polešovice, okr. Uherské Hradištĕ; 76 Popovice, okr. Třebíč; 77 Prosimĕřice, okr. Znojmo; 78 Prostĕjov, okr. loco, sites I and II; 79 Přerov-Předmostí, okr. Přerov, sites I and II; 80 Přístpo, okr. Třebíč; 81 Pustimĕř, okr. Vyškov; 82 Rajhrad, okr. Brno-venkov; 83 Ratíškovice, okr. Hodonín; 84 Rousí- nov-Rousínovec, okr. Vyškov; 85 Rybníky, okr. Znojmo; 86 Senorady, okr. Třebíč; 87 Slatina, okr. Znojmo; 88 Slavkov u Brna, sites I, II and III; 89 Služín, okr. Prostĕjov; 90 Smolín, okr. Břeclav; 91 Střelice, okr. Znojmo, sites I, II, III and IV; 92 Sušice, okr. Přerov; 93 Šlapanice, okr. Brno-venkov, sites II, III, IV and VII; 94 Tĕšetice, okr. Olomouc; 95 Tovačov, okr. Přerov; 96 Tulešice, okr. Znoj- mo; 97 Turovice, okr. Přerov; 98 Tvořihráz, okr. Znojmo; 99 Uhřice, okr. Blansko; 100 Určice, okr. Prostĕjov; 101 Vacenovice, okr. Třebíč; 102 Vanovice, okr. Blansko; 103 Vážany u Boskovic, okr. Blansko; 104 Velké Opatovice, okr. Blansko, sites I and II; 105 Vedrovice, okr. Znojmo, sites I and II; 106 Vesce, okr. Třebíč; 107 Veselíčko, okr. Přerov; 108 Veverské Knínice, okr. Brno-venkov; 109 Vĕžky, okr. Kromĕříž; 110 Vícov, okr. Prostĕjov; 111 Vrahovice, okr. Prostĕjov; 112 Vrchoslavice, okr. Prostĕjov; 113 Vyškov, okr. loco; 114 Záhlinice, okr. Kromĕříž; 115 Zvĕrkovice, okr. Třebíč; 116 Žádovice, okr. Hodonín; 117 Žálkovice, okr. Kromĕříž; 118 Ždánice, okr. Hodonín; 119 Želechovice, okr. Olomouc; 120 Žopy, okr. Kromĕříž (after Kopacz/Přichystal/Šebela 2015).

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Results of the excavation in 2016

An excavation on the site of Stránská skála IV was carried out in July/August 2016. The main object of research was the pit identi-

www.j-n-a.org fied by the geophysical survey in 2008 and test sounding in 2014,

19 December 2018 denoted as Structure 2/2016. It was, in fact, the second feature registered on Stránská skála IV; the first one having been discovered in 2011 (it has been provisionally interpreted as a furnace and dated to Funnel Beaker culture). Prior to excavations, the research area (4 × 4 m) had been speci- fied with use of GPS coordinates (49o11`26.05``N and 16o40`32.66``E). After removing the surface topsoil (25 – 39 cm thick), the outline of the structure became visible (Fig. 7 A). The structure was cross-explored within 4 segments (A – D) by 20 cm thick exploration levels to register its longitudinal and trans- versal profiles and outlines on each level. All excavated sediment was washed through 3 mm mesh wire net (Fig. 7 D). From every layer, samples were collected for palaeobotanical analyses. Moreover, all explored layers were examined for magnetic susceptibility with use of Kappameter Geofyzika KT 10. Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic)

The excavated structure had an irregular outline, close to pear- Fig. 7. Stránská skála IV, structure 2/2016: shaped with an uneven bottom (with maximal depth at 98 cm in the A: the structure outline beneath the sur- northwestern part) and dimensions measuring 375×294 cm (Fig. 7 C). face humus; B: concentration of lithic Its longer axis was NW-SE orientated (Fig. 8). chipped artifacts of local cherts in layer Possibly the most important find was an accumulation of lithic ma- A; C: view of the structure after exploration; D. sediment washing (photo: J. Bar- terials in the upper part of the structure infilling in the form of an tík, D. Kulbieda). irregular oval 5 – 10 cm thick and dimensions measuring 90×40 cm (Fig. 7 B). Apart from chipped artifacts of local cherts, all precisely located to facilitate their future refitting, there was also a small padding plate of crinoidal limestone, polished on the upper surface.

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Legend Fig. 8. Outline, scatter pattern and stra- bioturbation N tigraphy of structure 2/2016 (author: ash layers B J. Bartík). stone C daub www.j-n-a.org chipped industry pottery 19 December 2018 + x bone pro le

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++ 104 106 108 107 109

C 100 D Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, 103 104 + + 102 + + 104 + + x 105 105 106 The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic)

Compactness and homogeneity of the accumulation suggest that it was intentionally deposited. The fill of the excavated structure had a diverse composition with 10 possible stratigraphic contexts. From the point of view of depos- iting processes, however, we can speak about its duality. In contrast to rather homogenous southern and western parts, the northern and eastern parts were evidently laminated, including a horizontal sequence of light loess and dark ashy layers (contexts 101, 103, 104, 107; Fig. 8). This indicates that the pit remained open for a longer period of time and then was quickly filled, possibly intentionally. Con- centrations of lithic material in the upper part show that chipping activities were continued – either within it or in close vicinity – after the structure had been partially filled. The majority of finds come from the uppermost exploration layer A (0 – 10 cm). In subsequent layers, the amount of artifacts decreas- es. From layer E (41 – 50 cm), it rises again slightly (Table 1). The overall number of the recovered artifacts amounts to 8512 pieces, including chipped stone industry pieces, pottery, daub, animal bones, bone artifacts, macrolithic stone industry remains and stone manuports, among them hematite pieces.

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Table 1. Distribution of archaeological materials in structure 2/2016.

Depth (cm) Lithic chipped Pottery Daub Animal Bone Macrolithic Stone Σ industry bones artifacts stone industry manuports

www.j-n-a.org 0–10 2364 573 800 566 5 9 20 4337

19 December 2018 11–20 252 204 141 267 3 – 8 875 21–30 142 113 83 185 2 3 48 576 31–40 122 121 46 142 1 – 4 436 41–50 113 392 121 338 – – 4 968 51–60 79 119 146 156 3 1 – 504 61–70 71 146 204 389 – 1 3 814 71–98 – – – – – – 2 2 Σ 3143 1668 1541 2043 14 14 89 8512

Lithic industry

The lithic chipped industry that was recovered from the structure is represented by 3143 artifacts, almost entirely (98.3 %) of local cherts, in variations typical for the lower part of the Stránská skála profile (Fig. 9). Very infrequent examples of “upper cherts”, with fine siliceous mass and characteristic banded patterns, might have been, in part, re- utilized artifacts from earlier periods. There are also registered cherts of the Krumlovský les type (2 pieces), Cretaceous spongolite (1 piece), quartzite of the Sluňák type (1 piece), Radiolarite (1 piece) and quartz (5 pieces). Less than 1.5 % of the artifacts are burnt and are made of raw material that cannot be precisely determined. It can be presumed that most of them are also of cherts of the Stránská skála type. Due to the exploration methods applied, especially washing the Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, entire content of the excavated structure, it was possible to register all theoretical processing stages, even those generating waste of a very small size. Technological analysis (Table 2) indicates that small technical debris and chips have a substantial share in the collection, respectively 33.89 % and 42.03 %. The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) Another significant element of the collection is waste related to in- itial core treatment, represented by cortical or partially cortical flakes (9.99 %). It suggests that raw material pieces were brought to the place in their natural or slightly changed forms. Remarkable is a very low frequency of blades including crested blades, confirming technical simplicity of the reduction process. Pre-shaped cores are absent, being replaced by forms only roughly trimmed on the surface prior to their use. Materials related to the reduction proper constitute 11.90 % of the collection. In this group, flakes clearly dominate over laminar forms (respectively 8.02 % and 0.64 %). Remarkable is a significant presence of metric microblades (11.1 %) with a width less than 5 mm, probably non-intentional side-products. Evidence of core repairs is very rare and possibly caused by material faults. Similarly, flakes attributed to the rejuvenation of striking platforms or flaking surfaces appear only exceptionally. From a typological point of view, the analyzed assemblage is very poor. Apart from pieces with wear traces, three artifacts can be referred to as tools in the typological sense. These include: a sides- craper with lateral retouch and an irregular endscraper, both from the upper part of the excavated structure, and a fragment of a flat- ly retouched artifact from layer C, possibly the so-called segment (cf. Kopacz et. al. 2006; Kopacz et al. 2009, 98 – 100). Ten more pieces fall into the category of non-typological tools – 6 flakes with marginal

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1 2 www.j-n-a.org 3 4

19 December 2018 5 6 7 8

12 13

5 cm

14 16 11 15 Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková,

17 18 21 The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) 19 20

22 23 24 25

Fig. 9. Stranska skala IV, structure 2/2016: selection of lithic chipped artifacts (drawing: J. Brenner).

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Table 2. Overview of technological phases in the analysed lithic industry.

Layers no. Exploitation phase A B C D E F G ∑ %

www.j-n-a.org 1a raw material – – – 1 – – – 1 0.03

19 December 2018 1b raw material with 22 2 – 1 – – – 25 0.80 testing scars ∑ I 22 2 – 2 – – – 26 0.83 2a first blank 1 1 – – – – – 1 0.03 2b massive blank 7 – – 1 – – – 8 0.26 2c cortical blank 43 6 – 1 2 6 2 60 1.91 2d blank with cortex 118 24 6 5 9 4 5 171 5.44 part 2e crested flake from 4 – – – – – 1 5 0.16 core 2f crested blade from – – – – 1 1 – 2 0.06 core 2g undercrested flake 1 – – – – – – 1 0.03 2ch trimming flake 1 – – – – – – 1 0.03 2i trimming blade 47 5 5 – 3 5 – 65 2.07 ∑ II 222 36 11 7 15 16 8 314 9.99 3a reduced core 16 3 – – – 1 1 21 0.67 3b flake with lateral 25 6 3 2 1 – – 37 1.18 cortex 3c blade with lateral 3 2 – 1 – – 1 7 0.22 cortex 3d microblade with lat- – – – – – – 1 1 0.03 eral cortex 3e final flake 180 28 19 7 – 6 12 252 8.02

Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, 3f final blade 12 – 1 5 2 – – 20 0.64 3g final microblade 27 – 4 – 3 – 1 35 1.11 3h outrepassé 1 – – – – – – 1 0.03 ∑ III 264 39 27 15 6 7 16 374 11.90 4a blank rejuvenating 1 – – – 1 – – 2 0.06 The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) striking platform 4b blank rejuvenating – 1 1 1 – – 1 4 0.12 flaking surface ∑ IV 1 1 1 1 1 – 1 6 0.18 5a remnant core 12 2 – – – – – 15 0.48 5b core fragment 18 1 1 1 – – 1 22 0.70 5c blank fragments 653 108 70 74 75 50 35 1065 33.89 5d splinters 1172 63 32 22 16 6 10 1321 42.03 ∑ V 1855 174 103 97 91 56 46 2423 77.10 Total: 2364 252 142 122 113 79 71 3143 100.00

retouch, two notched flakes, a blade with bilateral retouch on the ventral side and a small fragment of an undetermined retouched artifact.

Macrolithic stone industry

Apart from the lithic materials presented above, a small collection of implements representing the macrolitic stone industry was obtained. The presence of hammerstones of local cherts confirm that

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knapping was performed by the application of direct hard percus- sion. Remarkable is the presence of limestone padding plates with polishing traces and a preform of a greenschist axe of the Želešice type. Unclear is the function of limestone manuports brought to the

www.j-n-a.org site from the upper parts of Stránská skála. 19 December 2018

Pottery

In total, 1668 potsherds were recovered from structure 2/2016. Four vessels have been partially reconstructed from fragments: a big egg-shaped pot with a decorative ledge beneath the neck (Fig. 10: 6), the lower part of a similar vessel, a small bowl (Fig. 10: 4), and a body fragment of a decorated beaker, grey-black in color, with traces of white incrustation (Fig. 10: 3). Moreover, several other vessels have been reconstructed graphically. In addition to the forms mentioned above, the collection includes small single-handle vessels (Fig. 10: 1), bowls, jars (Fig. 10: 5) and two- handle amphora fragments (Fig. 10: 2). Among infrequent decorated potsherds, engraved lines as well as horizontal and vertical applica- tions have been registered. Pottery from Stránská skála can be compared with materials from the MBBC settlement sites of Brno-Obřany and Holubice II, Vyškov District, linked with Group of Finds III (Ondráček et al. 2005, 16, Taf. 21 – 32, 69 – 73).

Fig. 10. Stranska skala IV, structure 2/2016: selection of pottery (drawing: J. Brenner). Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, 1 2

10 cm The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic)

4 3

10 cm 6 10 cm

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Archaeozoological material and bone tools

Analyses of the bone material from structure 2/2016 (2043 pieces in total) have not yet been completed. Most remains are inde-

www.j-n-a.org terminable due to their fragmented state. Some bone can be clas-

19 December 2018 sified only within categories of small mammals (sheep/goat size) and big mammals (bison size). Among determined species, the most frequent are Sus domestica and Bos taurus, while Capra / Ovis is represented to a smaller degree. A sporadic presence of wild an- imals – Cervus elaphus and Lepus europaeus – has also been registered.

Fig. 11. Stranska skala IV, structure 2/2016: selection of bone artifacts (drawing: J. Brenner).

4 Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, 1 2 3 5

3 cm

The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Apart from mammal skeletal fragments, the collection includes malacofauna remains, including Unio sp., Helix pomatia and Cepaea hortensis. While the latter two species (snails), which probably en- tered the pit during its filling up, are only climatic indicators of that period, the presence of the first (freshwater mussel) might have been related to its consumption. Bone artifacts are infrequent 197 – 14 pieces altogether – which include: awls (Fig. 11: 1 – 4, 6, 8, 9), a possible needle (Fig. 11: 5, 7, 10, 11), worked out bone fragments of unknown function, and two buttons with V-shaped perforations (Fig. 11: 12, 13). As the latter artifacts are known mainly from funerary contexts, their presence in the excavated structure is rather unusual.

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4800 4600 4400 4200 4000 3800 3600 3400 3200 3000 4800 Fig. 12. Calibration of radiocarbon dates cal BP Cal Pal (Version 2016 BP from structure 2/2016. 4600

4400 www.j-n-a.org

4200 19 December 2018

4000

3800

3600

3400

3200

3000

2800 4800 4600 4400 4200 4000 3800 3600 3400 3200 3000 cal BP

Relative chronology and radiocarbon dating

A preliminary analysis of pottery indicates its affiliation with a late MBBC stage, possibly beginning Group of Finds III (II/III). In this period, MBBC lithic assemblages were dominated by local rocks (Kopacz et al. 2009, 59 – 69). Three samples from various stratigraphic positions within the excavated structure were subjected to AMS dating in the Poznań Ra- diocarbon Laboratory (Table 3). Two samples were of charcoal, the other of animal bone. The dates were calibrated (Fig. 12) using Cal- Pal Software (Weninger/Jöris 2008) on an IntCal13 calibration curve Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, (Reimer et al. 2013). Interpretations of the obtained results are not simple as the calibration curve for the period in question is rather complex. There is no significant difference between dates from charcoal samples collected from the top and from the bottom of the fill. However, the The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) date from the bone sample, in stratigraphic sequence in between the two charcoal samples, yielded an age ca. 100 years younger, although the state of the collagen preservation was acceptable (3.4 % N, 12.2 % C, 9 % collagen). The difference can be interpreted according to the assumption that the bone might have been of a “short- lived” animal, while the charcoal was from trees ca. 100 years old. In order to solve this disproportion, more samples should to be dated. Currently, the date from bone appears to be more appropriate. The result obtained from the bone sample corresponds with the youngest radiocarbon dates for the MBBC. It is close to the date from

Table 3. Overview of the radiocarbon dates from structure 2/2016.

Lab. code Lab. no. Depth bellow Material Date (BP) Std. Cal BC 2 sigma surface (m)

SS_IV_KZP_01 Poz–93238 0.3 charcoal 3845 35 2458BC (95.4 %) 2204BC

2457BC (5.9 %) 2417BC SS_IV_KZP_02 Poz–93239 0.7 charcoal 3820 40 2409BC (81.4 %) 2191BC 2181BC (8.2 %) 2142BC

2199BC (8.7 %) 2164BC SS_IV_KZP_03 Poz–93511 0.5 bone 3700 30 2151BC (84.5 %) 2017BC 1995BC (2.2 %) 1981BC

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the settlement of the late MBBC stage in Holubice (Görsdorf 1993; Peška 2012, 162). The non-homogeneity of the dates confronted with the homogeneity of the assemblage from structure 2/2016 presents a research problem common for all of Central Europe. One suggest-

www.j-n-a.org ed solution could be “flattening” the calibration curve (the so-called

19 December 2018 plateau) to adjust it to the widely accepted period of MBBC development (Peška 2012, 159 – 162).

Final remarks

An optimal use of lithic resources at the turn of the Stone and Bronze Ages, in extreme cases referred to as the “garbage economy” (Kopacz et al. 2009, 131), is a fact commonly recognized in today’s archaeology. However, the issue is more complex than it may appear. In the Bell Beaker case, we should consider their territorial extent, chronology, local background in specific regions, and other factors. The three-staged development of the Moravian Bell Beaker culture can be compared with the Campaniforme evolution in western regions (cf. Lemercier 2004; Lemercier et al. 2005). Although the earliest stage of the Bell Beaker dissimulation (referred to as ‘Diffusion and Installation’), evident in Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal regions, is imperceptible in Moravia, in later stages parallels can be easily drawn. Thus, the first MBBC stage – Groups of Finds I – corresponds with the western ‘Installation and Integration’ stage, where- as Groups of Finds I/II and II are consistent with a stage denoted as ‘From Integration to Regionalization’ (Kopacz 2009, 127). The excavated structure on Stránská skála IV is evidently linked with the late stage of MBBC development, more or less contempora- neous with the ‘Acculturation’ stage in Western Europe. MBBC people of that time, perhaps descendants of a fourth or later genera- Jaroslav Bartík,Jaroslav Jerzy Lubomír Kopacz, Šebela, Přichystal, Antonín Miriam Škrdla Petr Nývltová Fišáková, tion of the first Bell Beaker settlers in Moravia, might have been even more “acculturated” than elsewhere (except for the Csepel group in the Budapest area), due to an enduring local Young Eneolithic sub- stratum. Moreover, they were subjected to influences and possibly migrations from the powerful cultural centre in the Carpathian Ba- The Question of Chert Exploitation Bell by Beaker People on Stránská skála Hill (Brno-Slatina, Czech Republic) sin. In consequence, they changed the assortment of their pottery assemblages considerably, although not necessarily their habitual stone tool management. Organized exploitation, processing and distribution of specific raw materials were characteristic trademarks of the Early/Old Eneolith- ic economy, as confirmed by numerous examples, e.g. from Poland, and also by finds on Stránská skála. However, these activities decline towards the turn of Stone and Bronze Ages with development of the so-called ‘Terminal Lithic Industries’2. The excavated structure can be interpreted as a settlement pit, where intensive knapping of local cherts was performed. In this respect, it is difficult to find analogies to it in the Eastern Bell Beaker milieu. However, similar finds are known from Southern France, e.g. on the sites of Le Calades I and II, or Le Fortin du Saut (Furestier 2005, I, 111 – 156). The abundance of material in structure 2/2016 does not testify large-scale chert processing intended for distant distribution, or for distribution whatsoever. Although our overall raw material statistics will be outdated through thousands of new artifacts (cf. Kopacz et al. 2009, 59 – 69), the most significant elements – the num- 2 The term “Terminal Lithic Industries” ber of MBBC sites with artifacts of cherts of the Stránská skála type (Polish krzemieniarstwa schyłkowe) and their spreading – remains the same up to now. was used for the first time thirty years What was the goal of such intensive chert working in a place used ago in reference to lithic materials of primarily for domestic purposes, as fragments of potter’s clay rolls, the Trzciniec culture from the Middle decorated vessels, or bone artifacts suggest? At present, we can only Bronze Age (Kopacz 1987).

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mention that producing forms for no specific purpose and not necessarily intended for further fashioning (débitage expediént; cf. Bail- ly 2005) complies with the optimization rules of the periods of ep- ochal transformations. Detailed analyses of the excavated materials

www.j-n-a.org may throw more light on this issue. It will be the next step in our joint

19 December 2018 Czech-Polish project. Funding for the Stránská skála Project was provided by the Nation- al Scientific Center Narodowe( Centrum Nauki), Poland, Grant NCN no. 2015/B/Hs3/00016. This paper is based on reports presented on October 25th – 26th, 2016 at the Working Meeting of the grant participants, Institute of Archeology of Rzeszów University (Kopacz 2016; Přichystal 2016; Šebela/Bartík 2016; Škrdla 2016), and in the published excavation re- port of Bartík et al. 2017.

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