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The City of Rome: from Republic to Empire Author(S): John R The City of Rome: From Republic to Empire Author(s): John R. Patterson Source: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 82 (1992), pp. 186-215 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/301291 Accessed: 07/03/2010 15:25 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sprs. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Roman Studies. http://www.jstor.org SURVEY ARTICLE THE CITY OF ROME: FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE* By JOHN R. PATTERSON This surveyarticle - the first in a new series to be publishedin the Journal of RomanStudies - is an attempt to review developmentsin the study of the city of Rome since 1980: a decade which can reasonablybe seen as one of the most exciting in this field for a century, in terms not only of the archaeologicaldiscoveries and other related research taking place in Rome itself,' but also of the increasingintegration of the topographicaland monumentalhistory of the city of Rome into what might be termed 'mainstream'Roman history. A visible sign of the upsurge in archaeologicalactivity in Rome over the last decade has been the shrouding of many of the city's most impressive monuments in scaffolding and green netting, now largelyremoved. This was an initiativetaken by the Superintendentof Antiquitiesat Rome, La Regina, arising out of increasingconcern over damageto the (predominantlymarble) monuments of imperial Rome, which were graduallybeing eaten away by atmosphericpollution; matters were brought to a head by a survey undertakenafter a small earthquakein 1979, which revealedvery serious deterioration in the conditionof the monuments.Meanwhile, a speciallaw, passedby the Italiangovernment as no. 92 of 23 March1981, providedthe financefor a programmeof conservation,study and publicationof these monuments,and a series of majorexcavations in the centreof the city, as well as moregeneral provisions for the valorizzazione of Rome's archaeological heritage.2 Close scrutiny of the familiarmonuments of the imperialcity such as the Column of Trajan, the Arch of Septimius Severus, and the Temple of Saturn has provided many remarkablenew insights. Trajan'sColumn (and many other monuments)are now knownto have been paintedin antiquitywith a scialbatura, a mysteriousliquid containingcalcium oxalateas its active ingredient, perhapsbased on a mixtureof milkand chalk,which preservedthe surfaceof the marble;3 the Arch of Severusis now known to have been transformedin the mediaevalperiod into a fortress,complete with turrets;4 the Temple of Saturnas we now see it, dating from a restorationbetween A.D. 360 and 380, is shown to be built almost entirelyfrom re-usedcolumns, bases and cornices, takennot only from MunatiusPlancus' temple, built in the first century B.C., but also from an assortmentof other monuments of Hadrianicand Severan date.5More generally, close examinationof the monumentshas revealeddetails of the workingmethods used by the Roman craftsmen (as on the Temple of Hadrian, now built into Rome's Borsa or stock- exchange)6and allowed chemicalanalyses to be made of the marblesin the monuments, thus enabling archaeologiststo identify the areaswhich providedthe stone.7 In addition to the study of the standing monuments, new excavationshave been taking place in many areas of the city, most notably in the central archaeologicalarea bounded by the Forum, the Palatine,the ImperialFora and the Colosseum.Many of these have been collaborativeefforts, involving * The following abbreviations are used: the figures; and to Angela Heap for improvingthe finaltext. Cittt e architettura: Citta e architettura nella Roma Errorswhich remain'are,of course, my own responsibility. imperiale, ARID supplementum x (1983). Without the libraryfacilities provided by the British School Archeologia e progetto: Roma: archeologia e progetto at Rome, it could hardlyhave been written at all. (catalogue of exhibition held in the Markets of Trajan, 1 T. P. Wiseman,JRS 76 (1986), 308. 23 May-30 June 1983). 2 For the provisions of the law, see N. Pagliardi, 'I Roma Capitale: Roma Capitale 1870- igi: I'archeologia programmi d'attuazione della legge n. 92', in Archeologia in Roma tra stenroe scavo (catalogueof exhibitionheld in eprogetto, 1-3. Discussion of the measures taken and their the Auditorium of Maecenas, November 1983-January implications: D. Whitehouse, 'The future of ancient 1984). Rome', Antiquity 57 (1983), 38-44; J. Packer, 'Politics, Coarelli, Foro romano I: F. Coarelli, II foro romano I: urbanism and archaeology in Roma capitale: a troubled periodo arcaico (1983). past and a controversial future', AJA 93 (1989), 137-41. Coarelli, Foro romano II: F. Coarelli, II foro romano ii: 3 A. M. Vaccaro, 'Studi e scoperte in relazione ai periodo repubblicanoe augusteo (1985). restauri dei grandi monumenti romani', Arch. Laz. 8 Archeologia nel centro: Roma: archeologia nel centro (I987), 88-95. (2 vols, I985). 4 A. Claridge and L. Cozza, 'Arco di Settimio Severo', L'Urbs: L'Urbs: espace urbain et histoire, Collection de in Archeologia nel centro, 34-9; R. Nardi, 'Arco di l'Ecole Francaise de Rome xcviii (1987). Settimio Severo: analisi archeologica e conservativa', in Zanker, Powerof Images: P. Zanker, The Powerof Images Archeologia nel centro, 4I-55; R. Nardi, 'Intervento in the Age of Augustus (1988). archeologico all'arco di Settimio Severo', inArcheologia e Kaiser Augustus: Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene progetto, 52-6. Republik (1988). 5 P. Pensabene, Tempio di Saturno: architettura e Ricerche e discussioni: Topografia antica: ricerche decorazione (1984). e discussioni, Quaderni di Topografia Antica 6 A. Claridge, 'Methods of fluting Corinthian columns dell'Universita di Roma x (1988). and pilasters', in Cittd e architettura, 19-28; and eadem in L. Cozza TempiodiAdriano (1982), 7 (ed.), 27-30. I am very grateful to the Editor and the Editorial e.g. L. Lazzarini et al., 'Determination of the Committee, and in additionto Lucos Cozza, JanetDeLaine, provenance of marbles used in some ancient monuments Nicholas Purcell, and Peter Wiseman for their comments in Rome', in N. Herz and M. Waelkens, Classical Marble: on earlier drafts of this survey; to Sally Cann for drawing Geochemistry,Technology, Trade (1988), 399-409. THE CITY OF ROME I87 the foreign schools at Rome as well as the archaeological authorities of the Italian State and the city administration of Rome,8 and the results have been published with admirable promptness, both in the form of interim reports and (in many cases) in the new series of monographs (Lavori e studi di archeologia) set up by the Soprintendenza Archeologica specifically in the context of this project. A variety of methodologies have been used by the researchers: some work has been primarily architectural, seeking to reconstruct the plans and elevations of standing monuments;9 on other sites, the techniques of urban excavation developed in the cities of northern Europe have been employed on the complex sequence of deposits in Rome. One project which has been especially self-conscious in methodological terms is Manacorda's excavation of the Crypta Balbi (and Theatre of Balbus) in the Campus Martius. Here the Roman levels lie below an early mediaeval church, a renaissance college and derelict nineteenth-century housing, all of which have been examined in detail.'1 One characteristic feature of recent archaeological work in the city has been an increased consciousness of the problems involved in dealing with earlier excavation work. This has been a particularly acute problem in the Forum, where the excavations carried out by Boni and others are now being re-interpreted; in effect the excavators are having to re-excavate the nineteenth-century trenches to understand (and re-evaluate) the work of their predecessors,"1 and also take account of the changes brought about in the visible monuments as a result of earlier restoration work, which has in some cases caused serious confusion. An example of this is the area around the Temple of Divus Julius and the Arch of Augustus, discussion of which has been bedevilled by Boni's placing in a crucial area of a completely extraneous marble block from a mediaeval workshop.12 Similar problems (and challenges) arise out of the work carried out by the archaeologists of the I930s. Their priority was the clearance (sterro) of large public monuments of the imperial period; one area particularly affected was that of the Imperial
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