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AVIS Ce Document a Été Numérisé Par La Division De La Gestion Des Direction des bibliothèques AVIS Ce document a été numérisé par la Division de la gestion des documents et des archives de l’Université de Montréal. L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE This document was digitized by the Records Management & Archives Division of Université de Montréal. The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. 1 Université de Montréal Ideologies of language and print media in Ghana par Paul Kwabla Anyidoho Département d'anthropologie Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en anthropologie (Ph.D.) octobre 2008 ©Paul Kwabla Anyidoho, 2008 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures 11 Cette thèse intitulée: Ideologies of language and print media in Ghana présentée par Paul Kwabla Anyidoho a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Gilles Bibeau président -rapporteur Ke~in Tuite directeur de recherche John Leavitt membre du jury Bernard J. Bate examinateur externe Représentant du doyen de la FES 11l RÉSUMÉ Les Ewes d'Afrique occidentale peuplent la région située entre le fleuve Volta au sud-est du Ghana et le fleuve Mono au Benin. Le Ghana Statistics Service a publié un rapport en 2002 indiquant que sur une population de 1,7 million des Ewes de la région Volta au Ghana, 963 811 personnes sont scolarisées. 51 613 d'entre elles ont eu une scolarisation en Anglais seulement, 365 710 ont suivi une scolarisation en deux langues, l'Anglais et l'Ewe, et 106605 ont eu une scolarisation en Ewe seulement. Malgré l'effort de publier des journaux en langues locales, il n'y pas de publications ininterrompues, contrairement à celles de langue anglaise. Cette situation soulève des questions, puisque les média oraux réussissent à se servir des langues ghanéennes comme moyen de communication. Pourquoi les média oraux de langue indigène font-ils des gains alors que les média écrits en langue indigène échouent? Pourquoi les média écrits de langue anglaise réussissent-ils au Ghana, contrairement à ceux de langue ewe? La présente thèse examine les idéologies de langage entourant les rôles des langues dans le développement des média écrits au Ghana. Elle utilise les œuvres de Woolard et Schieffelin (1994) sur l'aspect multiple des idéologies de langage, d'Irvine (1993, 1989) sur les grammaires coloniales, de Woolard (1998) sur les dimensions des idéologies, des auteurs tels que Humboldt (1825 [1988]), Whorf (1940 [1956]), et Demetracopoulou Lee (1939) sur la codification linguistique. Ce travail s'appuie sur les analyses de Cohn (1987) portant sur les grammaires coloniales, aussi bien que sur celles de Ngugi (1991) et d'Appiah (1992) sur les débats postcoloniaux centrés sur les rôles des langues africaines dans la littérature. L'ouvrage de Bourdieu (1979), qui porte sur les fondements des préférences, l'œuvre de Fernandez (1986) qui traite des domaines dans lesquels les composantes du langage sont assignées, l'analyse de Spitulnik (1993) qui se centre sur les média dans la situation du multilinguisme et, finalement, l'œuvre de Bate (2002) qui décrit l'esthétique et l'idéologie dans les média écrits constituent aussi les assises de la thèse. Elle soutient l'hypothèse que, dans la situation du multilinguisme au Ghana, l'importance attribuée à l'Ewe, en regard de l'Anglais dans les média écrits, est fondée sur des idéologies de langage. Elle analyse les idéologies de langage dans les thèmes suivants : les préférences, les pragmatiques, l'écriture juxtaposée à l'oralité, IV l'identité, le journalisme, les compétences en alphabétisation, les fournisseurs des média écrits, et les domaines de langage. Par ces investigations, le travail tient à démontrer que des facteurs complexes, comme les variables linguistiques, attitudinales, et esthétiques, conduisent à l'élaboration des idéologies de langage, qui, à leur tour, contribuent au succès des publications de langue anglaise, à l'opposé de celles de langue ewe. Mots clés : anthropologie, linguistique, langue ewe, traduction, idéologie de langage, esthétique linguistique, écrivains ghanéens, journaux ruraux, média écrits, Afrique. v ABSTRACT The Ewesof West Africa inhabit the territory stretching from the Volta River in southeastem Ghana to the Mono River in Benin. According to Ghana Statistics Service's 2002 census, there were 1.7 million Ewes in the Volta Region of Ghana. Of this population, 963, 811 were literates, with 51, 613 literates in only English, 365, 710 literates in both English and Ewe, and 106, 605 literates in only Ewe. Although there have been many attempts to establish print media in the Ghanaian languages, no sustained Ghanaian-Ianguage print media have yet been successful. This situation is interesting given that broadcast media have, in contrast, been quite successful in using certain Ghanaian languages. This raises the question of why print and broadcast media differ in their use of local languages. In this study, 1 explore ideologies of language with respect to the roles of languages in print media in the Ghanaian multilingua1 context. In particular, 1 argue that ideo1ogies oflanguage shape the roles accorded to Ewe, in contrast to English-Ianguage, and that this has implications for the use of a language in print media. To investigate this point, 1 examine the ideologies of language underlying a variety of topics, including language standardization, professionalization in joumalism, variants in joumalistic productions, language attitudes, pragmatics, writing versus orality, literacy, density of language aesthetics, language policies, language practices, and construed domains of languages. 1 draw on Woolard and Schieffelin's (1994) multidimensional view of ideologies of language, as weIl as Irvine's (1993; 1989) analyses of colonial grammars and language issues within multilingual context. 1 tap into Woolard's (1998) definition of ideologies of language, as weIl as the views of Humboldt (1825 [1988]), Whorf (1940 [1956]), and Demetracopoulou Lee (1939) on language codification. 1 also draw on Cohn's (1987) excursus on colonial language codification, Ngugi (1991) and Appiah's (1992) notions ofpostcolonial issues regarding language, Bourdieu's (1979) examination of language as commodity, as weIl as Spitulnik (1993) and Bate's (2002) explorations of the media. VI Throughout the explorations, l demonstrate that complex factors, such as language specifie, language-attitudinal, and language aesthetic issues, cohere to contribute to ideologies of language, which in tum influence a sustained production of newspapers in English-Ianguage, in contrast with the local-languages, using the Ewe language as a case study. Key words: Anthropology, linguistics, Ewe language, translation, ideology, aesthetics, Ghanaian novelists, rural newspapers, print media, and Africa. Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ........................................... ~ ..............................................iii ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................xii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................•............................ ~ ...... xiv IN"TRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 CHAPTERI THE ORY AND METHOD ...................................................................... 13 A. "rheoretical perspective .......................................................................14 1° My theoretical stance .......................................................................... 14 2° Overview of ideology and ideologies oflanguage ........................................ 18 3° Colonial and postcolonial
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