O Cinema De Gus Van Sant E a Temporalidade Do Afeto

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O Cinema De Gus Van Sant E a Temporalidade Do Afeto RAFAEL BATISTA DIAS O cinema de Gus Van Sant e a temporalidade do afeto Recife 2013 2 RAFAEL BATISTA DIAS O cinema de Gus Van Sant e a temporalidade do afeto Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Comunicação da UFPE para obtenção do Título de Mestre Área de concentração: Mídia e Estética Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Carneiro da Cunha Filho Recife 2013 Catalogação na fonte Bibliotecária Maria Valéria Baltar de Abreu Vasconcelos, CRB4-439 D541c Dias, Rafael Batista O cinema de Gus Van Sant e a temporalidade do afeto / Rafael Batista Dias – Recife: O Autor, 2013. 129 f.: il. Orientador: Paulo Carneiro da Cunha Filho. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Centro de Artes e Comunicação. Comunicação, 2013. Inclui referências. 1.Comunicação. 2. Van Sant, Gus - Crítica. 3. Cinema. 4. Afeto (Psicologia). 5. Geração beat. I. Cunha Filho, Paulo Carneiro da (Orientador). II.Titulo. 302.23 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE (CAC 2013-100) 3 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Autor do trabalho: Rafael Batista Dias Título: “O cinema de Gus Van Sant e a temporalidade do afeto” Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, sob a orientação do Professor Dr. Paulo Carneiro da Cunha Filho. Banca Examinadora: ________________________________________ Paulo Carneiro da Cunha Filho ________________________________________ Maria do Carmo de Siqueira Nino ________________________________________ Lourival Holanda Recife, 30 de agosto de 2013 4 Agradecimentos Ao orientador, prof. Paulo Cunha, por compreender a sensibilidade deste projeto no cuidado ao revisar e comentar meus textos, e também por me apoiar no tempo e nos caminhos necessários. A Michelson Novaes, pela acolhida, pelos filmes, pelo papel de guia na Université Vincennes-Saint-Denis e pelos atalhos em Paris que me fizeram redescobrir o afeto. A Éricka de Sá, por tornar leve a etapa desta pesquisa em Londres. Ao prof. Thiago Soares, da UFPB, pela indicação de livros acadêmicos que me tocaram profundamente. À Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco, pela bolsa de mestrado concedida no período de dois anos da prospecção, o que possibilitou a feitura deste texto. Aos meus alunos da disciplina eletiva Autoria e estilo, por proporcionarem um ambiente de cinefilia e aprendizado mútuo durante a experiência de estágio-docência. À profa. Ângela Prysthon, da UFPE, por me ouvir sobre este projeto e ter me indicado Fernando Mendonça, meu amigo vansantiano. A Mariana Andrade, pelas leituras, conselhos e, sobretudo, por sempre estar junto nas revisões desta dissertação. E a Zé Carlos, da secretaria do Ppgcom/UFPE, pelo suporte. A Schneider Carpeggiani e Talles Colatino, por terem sido meu esteio. E à Força Superior, que está sobre as nuvens. 5 Lista de figuras Fig. 1: Frames de Mala Noche, de Van Sant e O Terceiro Homem, de Orson Welles...19 Fig. 2: Foto de estrada no deserto de Nevada (EUA) por Ansel Adams........................22 Fig. 3: Foto do ator River Phoenix no filme My own private Idaho...............................23 Fig. 4: Foto da série Southern Suite, de William Eggleston...........................................23 Fig. 5: Frames de Drugstore Cowboy com o rosto de Matt Dillon................................30 Fig. 6: Close-up de Henry Hopper, em Inquietos...........................................................36 Fig. 7: Close-up de Dennis Hopper, por Andy Warhol……...........................................36 Fig. 8: Close-up de Matt Damon, em Gênio indomável…….........................................45 Fig. 9: Still de Até as vaqueiras ficam tristes.................................................................48 Fig. 10: Frame de nuvens em Mala Noche.....................................................................50 Fig. 11: Frame de nuvens em Gerry...............................................................................50 Fig. 12: Contra-plongée das nuvens em My Own Private Idaho...................................52 Fig. 13: Frame do filme Satantango, de Béla Tarr.........................................................64 Fig. 14: Foto da série Equivalents, de Alfred Stieglitz...................................................77 Fig. 15: Frames de close-up em Elefante, de Van Sant..................................................85 Fig. 16: Still com a técnica do travelling em Gerry........................................................88 Fig. 17: Sobreposição de close-ups em Gerry.................................................................98 Fig. 18: Still de Casey Affleck e Matt Damon em Gerry..............................................100 Fig. 19: Sequência de quatro frames de Gerry..............................................................101 Fig. 20: Contra-plongée de nuvens e das árvores em Elefante.....................................104 Fig. 21: Frame do corredor da escola em Elefante.......................................................106 Fig. 22: Sequência de dez frames de Elefante..............................................................108 Fig. 23: Travelling sobre a personagem Elias em Elefante...........................................109 Fig. 24: Frame desfocado da personagem Alex em Elefante...................................... 109 Fig. 25: Frame do parabrisa do carro em Últimos dias.................................................113 Fig. 26: Frame da janela do quarto em Últimos dias....................................................117 Fig. 27: Frame em zoom-out da janela em Últimos dias..............................................117 Fig. 28: Frame do corpo de Blake em Últimos dias.....................................................119 6 RESUMO Para que servem cinemas de limiar estético? Sobre que fios de tempo delicados deitam- se imagens e narrativas contemporâneas densas? Compreendendo um esforço em recontar o cotidiano por meio de nosso tecido de afetos, esta dissertação usa o cinema de Gus Van Sant como escopo para uma bandeira teórica: a necessidade de uma nova “arqueologia” da memória (Didi-Huberman) que dê conta também de experiências “sublimes no banal” (Lopes). O corpus deste estudo centra-se na Trilogia da Morte (Gerry, Elefante e Últimos Dias), momento em que a obra vansantiana remete aos “cristais de tempo” (Deleuze) a partir do uso de nuvens como motif poético onipresente, mesmo que rarefeitas e insuspeitas sob a forma de reflexos (o duplo) e de névoa. Este texto também destaca, a efeito de introdução, os vínculos de Van Sant com outras experimentações estéticas que antecipariam suas preocupações atuais: a ligação com a Contracultura americana nas artes plásticas (Pop-art), no cinema (Cinema de Vanguarda e New Queer Cinema) e na literatura (Geração Beat). Palavras-chave: Comunicação. Van Sant, Gus. Crítica. Cinema. Afeto. Geração Beat. 7 ABSTRACT What are border aesthetic cinemas for? How they could lean on smooth and thin loaves of time by considering contemporary images and narratives? Gus Van Sant’s cinema struggles against narrative as an attempting to re-historycize our daily life using the plenty of human affections. This dissertation gives a glimpse of the oeuvre from this American director to formulate a theoretical question: how possible it is to recreate a new “archeology” of time (Didi-Huberman) considering our “sublime moments on vulgar” (Lopes). The corpus of this research focuses on Death Trilogy’s Van Sant (Gerry, Elephant and Last Days), which reflects the conceptual moment of “Crystal- Image” (Deleuze) by using the image of clouds as ever-present poetic motif, even opaque and visually insuspected upon windows reflections (the double) or mist. This text also exposes prior aesthetic experimentations in Van Sant’s career, for e.e. his conection with the American Counterculture in visual arts (Pop-art), cinema (Avant- Garde Cinema and New Queer Cinema) and literature (Beat Generation). Keywords: Communication. Van Sant, Gus. Criticize. Cinema. Affect. Beat Generation. 8 Sumário 1. Introdução .............................................................................................................. 9 2. Gus Van Sant e o olhar offbeat ............................................................................... 15 2.1 Identidades, pastiche e uma estética do desvio ...............................................18 2.1.1 Beatnik tardio e questões de adaptação................................................. 21 2.1.2 Cinemas deslocados: queer, de vanguarda e experimental....................27 2.1.3 Andy Warhol, Pop-art e máscara..........................................................35 2.2 Temas à margem e motifs poéticos..................................................................39 2.2.1 Juventude e o uivo da rebeldia...............................................................41 2.2.2 A estrada e a mitologia como um rito....................................................46 2.2.3 A nuvem e o afeto como sentimentos....................................................49 3. A Imagem-Névoa.................................................................................................... 57 3.1 O afeto fílmico.................................................................................................60 3.1.1 A temporalidade do afeto e a Trilogia da Morte .................................. 66 3.1.2 A inflexão da imagem-névoa.................................................................75 3.1.3 Corpo-cadáver e corpo-abismo..............................................................83
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