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George Smeaton (1814-1889) and His Novum Organum: Biblical Theology and Reformed Orthodoxy

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George Smeaton (1814-1889) and His Novum Organum: Biblical Theology and Reformed Orthodoxy Longwe, Andrew Gideon Howard (2020) George Smeaton (1814-1889) and his Novum Organum: Biblical Theology and Reformed Orthodoxy. MTh(R) thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/81295/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] George Smeaton (1814-1889) and his Novum Organum: Biblical Theology and Reformed Orthodoxy. By Andrew Gideon Howard Longwe A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Theology at the University of Glasgow in partnership with Edinburgh Theological Seminary 2020 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 6 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 9 The Principal Concern ................................................................................................................... 9 Methodology and Historiography ................................................................................................ 11 Literature Review ......................................................................................................................... 16 Definitions of Key Terms .............................................................................................................. 21 Definition of Novum Organum ................................................................................................. 21 Definition of Classical Reformed Orthodoxy .......................................................................... 22 Definition of Biblical Theology................................................................................................. 28 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................ 34 Chapter One: The Making of a Pioneering Reformed Orthodox Biblical Scholar ......... 35 Early Years .................................................................................................................................... 35 Pastoral Ministry .......................................................................................................................... 41 Professorial Career ....................................................................................................................... 43 Published Writings ....................................................................................................................... 46 Honorary Doctorate ...................................................................................................................... 47 Death .............................................................................................................................................. 49 Chapter Two: The Ecclesiastical, Theological, and Methodological Context of a Pioneering Reformed Orthodox Biblical Scholar ............................................................... 51 An Overview of the Major Developments within the Scottish Church and Theology in the Nineteenth Century ....................................................................................................................... 53 2 The Prevailing Theological Mood in Early Nineteenth Century Scotland............................ 53 The Early Challengers of Classical Reformed Orthodoxy ..................................................... 54 Revival in the Divinity Hall of Edinburgh............................................................................... 56 The Call for a Chair of Biblical Criticism in the Theological Hall ........................................ 57 Reforming the Bachelor of Divinity ......................................................................................... 58 Evangelical Revivals and The Formation of the Free Church ............................................... 59 Biblical Scholarship and The Free Church ............................................................................. 61 The Rise and Influence of German Theological Thought in Scotland .................................. 62 The Rise and Influence of Broad School Theology in Scotland ............................................. 67 The Rise and Influence of Historical-Criticism in Scotland................................................... 70 Overview of the Major Developments Connected with the Doctrine of the Atonement .......... 74 The Church of Scotland and The Row Heresy ....................................................................... 74 The United Secession Church and The Atonement Controversy (1841-1845) ...................... 75 The Free Church and The Union Controversy (1863-1873) .................................................. 77 German Academic Biblical Scholars and The Atonement ..................................................... 79 Overview of the Various Methods applied to the Study of the Atonement prior to 1868 ........ 80 The Homiletical Method – Andrew Thomson (1779–1831).................................................... 81 The Dogmatic Method - Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847) ....................................................... 83 The Historical Theological Method – William Cunningham (1805-1861) ............................ 88 Christian Consciousness - John McLeod Campbell (1800-1872)........................................... 90 Chapter Three: George Smeaton - The Biblical Theologian ............................................. 93 A New Method to the Study of the Atonement ........................................................................... 93 3 An Overview of George Smeaton’s Application of the Biblical Theological Approach to the Study of the New Testament’s Doctrine of the Atonement ........................................................ 94 Brief Definition of the Academic Biblical Theological Method ................................................. 94 Smeaton’s Application of the Academic Biblical Theological Method ..................................... 95 Smeaton’s Epistemological Presuppositions ........................................................................... 95 Smeaton’s Biblical Hermeneutics ............................................................................................ 98 Smeaton’s Biblical Theological Method Applied in Christ’s Doctrine of the Atonement ..... 106 The Main Aims of Christ’s Doctrine of the Atonement ........................................................... 107 Exegetical Examination of Christ’s Sayings.......................................................................... 108 Classification of Christ’s Sayings ........................................................................................... 109 Secondary Aim of Christ’s Doctrine of the Atonement ........................................................ 109 Some Additional Aims ............................................................................................................ 111 Contemporary Inspiration for Christ’s Doctrine of the Atonement ....................................... 116 Modifying the Form of Classical Reformed Orthodox Theology ............................................ 120 Chapter Four: The Atonement Theologian ....................................................................... 124 Smeaton’s Postulates to the Atonement .................................................................................... 124 Postulate One: The Atonement is a Divine Provision to put away Sin and all its Consequences. ...................................................................................................................................................... 124 Postulate Two: The Necessity of the Atonement ....................................................................... 126 Postulate Three: The Incarnation as a Means to an End. ........................................................ 128 Postulate Four: The Love of God in Harmony with Justice as the Only Channel of Life ..... 129 Postulate Five: The Unique Position of Jesus. .......................................................................... 134 Postulate Six: Sayings of Jesus Referring to a Sending by the Father ................................... 135 4 Postulate Seven: Sayings of Christ which assume that He is the Second Adam ..................... 135 Postulate Eight: The Influence of Christ’s Deity ...................................................................... 148 Postulate Nine: The Trinity ........................................................................................................ 152 Chapter Five: Novum Organum......................................................................................... 157 1. Was Christ’s Doctrine of the Atonement a ‘Novum Organum of Theology’? ..................
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