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Monitoring European Border-Crossing Points on the EU's Eastern

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Monitoring European Border-Crossing Points on the EU's Eastern University of Tartu EuroCollege Working papers Nr. 6 Monitoring European Border-crossing points on the EU’s Eastern Border: Estonian and Russian Case Studies Edited by Heiko Pääbo and Marje Pihlak Tartu 2008 ISSN 1406–7879 ISBN 978–9949–11–990–5 (trükis) ISBN 978–9949–11–991–2 (PDF) Publication is supported by the Open Estonia Foundation, East East: Partnership Beyond Borders Program. Language editor: Kristian L. Nielsen Copyright Authors 2008 Copyright EuroCollege, University of Tartu Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee PREFACE Borders are imaginary landmarks in the geographical landscape. They are institutionalised by state authorities and mark different political actors’ extent of power. In a globalising world the meaning of borders is becoming vaguer and people’s freedom of movement increases their importance. One can in particular observe the process of blurring the borders inside the European Union. At the same time the strength of the EU’s external borders is perceived as one of the key aspects to facilitate the internal freedom of movement. Therefore, the protection of external borders is crucial for the EU. The image of the border is also important because it plays a significant role in the definition of a political unit’s image. External borders are foreigners’ first contact with the political unit and it plays a crucial part in the construction of the unit’s external image. The EU presents itself as a stronghold of democratic principles and human rights, which are also defined as one of the main criteria for further enlargement of the EU. Therefore the protection of the EU’s external borders should be developed hand in hand with lawful, transparent and fast procedures, which take into account human rights and equal treatment of people. Today, in the context of the institutional changes at the Eastern EU border, it is appropriate to evaluate the quality of the services and technical conditions involved. Through promotion of better procedures and practices at the EU’s Eastern border it is possible to prevent an outcome in which feelings of isolation and discrimination become prevalent in the societies of Eastern European countries and to fasten active cooperation between the EU and non-EU countries. The current publication presents the results of an international research on the quality of the EU’s Eastern borders, conducted in the framework of the External EU Land Border Monitoring Project 2006/2007. The objective of the project was to get a detailed picture of the practical operation of border-crossing points in each of the seven countries participating in the project and consequently make recommen- dations for changes as well as a compilation of best practices. The project was initiated and managed by the Stefan Batory Foundation since 2001 within the Friendly EU Border Project and financed by the Soros Foundation’s East-East Program and the Batory Foundation. The research was conducted simultaneously by all the project partners, using the same methodology, at various sections of the EU external border from Finland, 3 Estonia, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to Romania and Bulgaria. The project also required cooperation with partners from third countries neighbouring the EU – Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Turkey. The final report by the Center of Migration Research in Poland summarises the results of the seven case studies and it was published by the Stefan Batory Foundation in April 2008. The report defined how travellers are treated at the different border-crossing points of the EU’s Eastern border and it also included recommendations for changes in border protection policy. The quality of the border-crossing points was assessed by different criteria such as condition and quality of border infrastructure, quality of communication between travellers and border guards, cooperation between border guards and customs officers and with the neighbouring country border officials, length of queues, the border control's compliance with non-discrimination rules, and level of corruption. The report concluded that the quality of the border-crossing points should be improved, discriminatory practices should be avoided and the quality of the border-crossing points should be constantly monitored. The current publication presents the methodology of the research and also the final conclusions of the report with the recommendations. The second and third parts of this publication present two case studies: The Estonian border with Russia (Narva-1 and Koidula border-crossing points) and the Russian border with Estonia (Kunichina Gora border- crossing point – counterpart of Koidula border-crossing point). The publication of those case studies is significant because several institutions from Estonia (University of Tartu, Tallinn Technical University, Peipsi Centre for Transboundary Cooperation etc.) have in previous years been involved in a Community Initiative Interreg III project, which aimed to stimulate interregional cooperation in the EU between the years 2000– 2006. Therefore several researches have also been conducted studying the impact of cross-border cooperation on the nearby regions; nevertheless so far no project has focused on the functioning of the border-crossing points that manage the daily cross-border movements. The Estonian case study concludes the results of monitoring the functioning of land border-crossing points at the Estonian-Russian border and contributes to the comparative monitoring of the EU’s Eastern border in order to prepare advocacy instruments to be used for promoting openness of EU borders. The Estonian country report will show the situation people crossing the border are facing on two studied land border points on the Estonian-Russian border. The research was conducted by 4 the University of Tartu research group and coordinated by EuroCollege, University of Tartu. The report offers a detailed overview of the methodology of the research in Estonia, describes the situation on the Estonia-Russian border, and defines the major problems. The Russian case study was conducted by the Pskov Volny Institute. It tried to follow the main methodology of the research in Estonia and other countries participating in the projects to make a comparable study. However, due to lack of permission from respective Russian authorities the research group was not able to follow fully a similar research methodology. Therefore the Russian report is focused only on one border-crossing point in Pechory and it includes also media monitoring and an analysis of comprehensive sets of legal norms for regulating the border-crossing to Estonia. The current publication is valuable material for everybody who is interested in the quality of the EU’s external borders and it is an espe- cially important footstep in the Estonian border studies. The published research is helpful material for further studies as well as for policy shaping and quality assurance. The publication is financed by the Open Estonia Foundation East-East Program. Heiko Pääbo EuroCollege University of Tartu 5 Gateways to Europe Border-crossing points on the EU External Land Border – Monitoring Report1 Authors: Marta Kindler and Ewa Matejko, Center of Migration Research, Warsaw University Introduction This Report is the result of cooperation between Stefan Batory Founda- tion and 7 institutions from EU Member States: Bulgaria (European Institute), Estonia (Euro College, Tartu University), Finland (Finnish Institute of International Affairs), Hungary (Contemporary Research Foundation), Poland (Centre of Migration Research, Warsaw University) Romania (Desire Foundation), and Slovakia (Research Centre of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association). It presents the results of the moni- toring of the border-crossing points situated on the EU’s external land borders. During the study, which was carried out from July to September 2007, nineteen border-crossing points on the borders with EU neigh- bours – Belarus, Macedonia, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine were monitored (see the map of the monitored border-crossing points). Although not all the EU external borders were included in the study, the borders of the research partners’ home countries currently constitute a significant part of the EU external land border. Research was 1 The report was published by Stefan Batory Foundation (April, 2008) and it was prepared in collaboration with Remus Anghel, Romanian Institute for Researches of National Minorities, Cluj-Napoca; Juraj Buzalka Research Centre of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association, Bratislava; Paweł Dąbrowski Center of Migration Research, Warsaw University; Attila Dénes Contemporary Researches Foundation, Budapest; Nadya Dimitrova The European Institute, Sofia; Grzegorz Gromadzki Stefan Batory Foundation, Warsaw; Marta Kiss Contemporary Researches Foundation, Budapest; Vadim Kononenko Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Helsinki; Jussi Laine Karelian Institute, University of Joensuu; Vlad Naumescu Central European University, Budapest; Marje Pihlak EuroCollege, Tartu University; Gyöngyi Schwarcz Contemporary Researches Foundation, Budapest; Olga Wasilewska Stefan Batory Foundation, Warsaw. With permission of the publisher excerptions of the full report are published in current publication. Full report available at the webpage: http://www.batory.org.pl/english/intl/pub.htm 6 focused on conditions in which passenger traffic took place at the border- crossing points; the conditions for transport of goods were not the main point of interest. Only
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