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Diapositiva 1 UNIVERSIDAD DE GUANAJUATO CAMPUS IRAPUATO-SALAMANCA DIVISIÓN DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA BIODIVERSIDAD DE LOS PECES BENTO-DEMERSALES DEL SUR DEL GOLFO DE MÉXICO TESIS PRESENTADA PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO AMBIENTAL POR: LEONARDO NORIEL LÓPEZ JIMÉNEZ DIRECTORES: DR. DANIEL TORRUCO GÓMEZ DRA. ALICIA GONZÁLEZ SOLÍS CODIRECTORA: DRA. JAQUELINA GONZÁLEZ CASTAÑEDA IRAPUATO, GUANAJUATO AGOSTO 2010 Agradecimientos Es inevitable que te asalte algo de egocentrismo que te lleva a centrar la mayor parte del mérito hacia el aporte que tú mismo has hecho. Sin embargo, inmediatamente después, observas que la magnitud de ese aporte hubiese sido imposible sin ciertas participaciones. Uno tiene que recorrer caminos muchas veces difíciles y que siempre requieren de un esfuerzo; eso es lo que nos conduce al logro. Por ende, quiero agradecer todas las colaboraciones para esta tesis, mi más amplio reconocimiento y aprecio. Dado que el orden de los factores no altera el producto, comienzo… En primer lugar, quiero dejar constancia de mi agradecimiento al Dr. Daniel Torruco Gómez y la Dra. Alicia González Solís por permitirme realizar mi tesis bajo su dirección. Sus comentarios han sido un aporte invaluable, no sólo en la elaboración de este trabajo, sino en mi formación como investigador. Gracias por su confianza. Del mismo modo, a todas las personas y laboratorios que participaron en el crucero, particularmente a Pablo Rojas, por su colaboración en la colecta del material y por los momentos dentro y fuera del laboratorio. Al Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Mérida, por el apoyo institucional y de infraestructura. A mi codirectora, la Dra. Jaquelina González Castañeda, por su disposición y las observaciones hechas a mi trabajo, muchas gracias por ello. Al Dr. Rubén Salcedo y al Dr. Juan T. Frías por haber aceptado revisar este trabajo, por sus comentarios y sugerencias. De igual modo, al Dr. Álvaro Hernández Flores del CRIP-Yucalpetén por la revisión y los valiosos comentarios, sobre todo el de “oro molido”, ha sido una motivación enorme. Al Mtro. Hermilo Gómez por la traducción al inglés y las observaciones a la hora de redactar. A la Dra. Maricarmen Espinosa Bouchot, por el impulso inicial en la decisión para realizar mi tesis en CINVESTAV, por su entusiasmo y asesoramiento durante la universidad. De la misma manera, agradezco a todos los profesores que forman parte de mi desarrollo profesional y a la Universidad de Guanajuato por permitirme salir fuera de ella. III A mis compañeros de la universidad, y muy especial a Laura, Silvana y Paulina, por estar ahí compartiendo nuestras experiencias y nuestros anhelos. Gracias por su amistad y por haberme dejado entrar en sus vidas por más de cuatro años ¡Ánimo! A mis hermanos, Kendra Alejandra y José Javier, por apoyar mis sueños y mis decisiones, por hacerme sentir importante en sus vidas y dejarse guiar por mis ideas; siempre los he querido, aunque nunca se los haya dicho. A mis primos, Diana, Melina, Jos y Diego, por estar ahí pasando momentos agradables y, a pesar de la distancia, tratamos siempre de estar en contacto. Sé que cuento con ustedes. A mi papá, a todos mis familiares y amigos que me han brindado diferentes formas de apoyo durante el transcurso de mi carrera y durante la realización de esta tesis. Gracias por esos momentos inolvidables y el tiempo que me brindaron. A mis tíos y tías por todos esos consejos y la ayuda en el momento de las decisiones difíciles; por todas esas palabras que me sirvieron para seguir adelante y librar los obstáculos que se me presentaron. También un agradecimiento especial a mi familia de Mérida. Gracias por recibirme con tanto cariño y por su compañía brindada. Quiero agradecer de manera especial a mi mamá, Lesvia del Carmen, por haberme impulsado en esta aventura de vivir en Mérida, por estar siempre pendiente de mí, por su cariño y compresión, sin los cuales no habría sido posible seguir el camino que me ha llevado hasta la culminación de esta tesis. GRACIAS POR ESTAR EN MI VIDA. TU ESFUERZO SE CONVIRITIÓ EN TU TRIUNFO Y EL MÍO. En general, quiero agradecer a todas y cada una de las personas que han vivido conmigo el transcurso de mi carrera y la realización de esta tesis. Les agradezco el haberme brindado su apoyo y su amistad. Sinceramente… muchas gracias. IV Dedicatoria Esta tesis ha requerido de todo mi esfuerzo y representa uno de los principales triunfos de mi vida, el cual se lo dedico a las dos personas que a través del transcurso del tiempo me han ayudado a forjar mi persona: mis abuelos José Jiménez Herrera y Lida María Bolón Súchite de Jiménez (como siempre decía). Esta tesis es suya. PORQUE SU DESEO MÁS AÑORADO SE ACABA DE HACER REALIDAD Al resto de los peces y a toda la maravillosa vida silvestre que comparte el planeta con nosotros. V De vez en cuando la vida nos ofrece momentos tan preciosos y extraordinarios que casi resplandecemos. Lo sé; acabo de experimentar uno. VI ÍNDICE GENERAL ÍNDICE GENERAL ........................................................................................................ VII ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS..................................................................................................... IX ÍNDICE DE CUADROS.................................................................................................... X RESUMEN ...................................................................................................................... XI ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... XII 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ..........................................................................................................1 1.1 El Golfo de México .................................................................................................2 1.2 La Sonda de Campeche .........................................................................................2 1.3 Diversidad de los peces bentónicos y demersales .................................................3 1.4 Distribución de las comunidades ícticas .................................................................4 2. ANTECEDENTES.........................................................................................................6 2.1 Estudios en el Golfo de México ..............................................................................7 2.2 Los peces demersales en el país ...........................................................................8 2.3 Sonda de Campeche ..............................................................................................8 3. OBJETIVOS E HIPÓTESIS ........................................................................................12 3.1 Objetivo General ..................................................................................................13 3.2 Objetivos Particulares...........................................................................................13 3.3 Hipótesis ...............................................................................................................13 4. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ...................................................................................................14 5. METODOLOGÍA .........................................................................................................19 5.1 Ubicación de los sitios muestreados ....................................................................20 5.2 Colecta del material biológico ...............................................................................22 5.3 Manejo de las capturas de peces .........................................................................22 5.4 Manejo de las colecciones ...................................................................................23 VII 5.5 Análisis ecológico de las comunidades ................................................................25 5.6 Curva de acumulación de especies ......................................................................26 5.7 Correlaciones de las comunidades de peces .......................................................28 6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ...................................................................................29 6.1 Listado sistemático ...............................................................................................30 6.2 Composición de la ictiofauna ................................................................................32 6.2.1 Composición taxonómica ............................................................................32 6.2.2 Abundancia .................................................................................................33 6.2.3 Biomasa ......................................................................................................35 6.3 Dominancia ..........................................................................................................37 6.3.1 Especies dominantes en la zona .................................................................42 6.4 Riqueza ................................................................................................................47 6.5 Curva de acumulación de especies ......................................................................51 6.6 Diversidad ............................................................................................................53 6.7 Análisis espacial ...................................................................................................55
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