Table of Contents GENERAL SCIENCE ...... 4 Newton’s first law ...... 4 Newton’s second law ...... 4 Newton’s third law ...... 4 Kepler’s laws of planetary motion ...... 4 Important Scientific Laws and Theories ...... 4 MAGNETISM...... 5 Work and Energy ...... 6 MORE ABOUT SOLID, LIQUID AND GASES ...... 6 Surface Tension ...... 6 REFRACTION ...... 7 ELECTRICITY ...... 8 METAL & NON-METAL ...... 8 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS ...... 8 Soaps ...... 8 Synthetic Detergents...... 9 COALS ...... 9 LIST OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT ...... 9 POLITY ...... 12 Constitutional Reforms in British India ...... 12 Regulating Act, 1773 ...... 12 The Charter Act of 1853 ...... 12 The Govt of India Act, 1858 ...... 12 PARTS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION ...... 12 SCHEDULES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION ...... 13 Sources of our Constitution ...... 13 Fundamental Rights ...... 14 CITIZENSHIP ...... 14 The President ...... 15 Qualification for election as President ...... 16 Legislative powers of President ...... 16 Vice President of India ...... 16

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PRIME MINISTER ...... 16 Appointment of the Prime Minister ...... 17 Powers and functions of Prime Minister ...... 17 Central Council of Minister ...... 17 PARLIAMENT OF INDIA ...... 17 The House of the People (Lok Sabha) ...... 17 Special Powers of the Lok Sabha ...... 17 RAJYA SABHA ...... 18 Leader of the House ...... 18 MEMBER ...... 18 Powers of Rajya Sabha ...... 18 Governor ...... 18 The powers of Governors ...... 18 Executive Powers ...... 18 Legislative Powers ...... 19 Supreme Court of India ...... 19 Composition of Supreme Court ...... 19 Qualification to be a judge of Supreme Court ...... 19 Removal of judges of Supreme Court ...... 19 Some Important Points on SC ...... 20 WORLD GEOGRAPHY ...... 21 Asia ...... 21 Instant Facts on Asia ...... 21 Africa ...... 24 Europe ...... 25 Instant Facts on Europe ...... 25 North America/ Middle America ...... 27 Interesting Fact on North America ...... 27 South America ...... 28 Important River Basin of South America ...... 29 Australia ...... 30 Antarctica ...... 30 Important National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries in India ...... 31 Important Countries, Capital and their Currency ...... 34

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Dances of India and Related States ...... 36 Research Institutes and Headquarters in India ...... 38 Famous Airports in India ...... 39 Railway zones and their Headquarter ...... 40 National Ports of India ...... 40 Rivers of India with their Cities and States ...... 41 Famous Mines of India Diamond ...... 42 Iron Ore ...... 42 Manganese ...... 43 Copper ...... 43 Bauxite ...... 43 Coal ...... 43 Oil ...... 43 List of Major Straits of World ...... 44 Largest producing countries of agricultural commodities Cereals ...... 45 Vegetables...... 45 Fruits ...... 45 Dairy Products ...... 46 Drink Products ...... 46 Meat Products ...... 46 Other Products ...... 46 Fibers ...... 46 Wood and Forest Products ...... 47 Rivers by Length ...... 47 Agricultural Commodities and their Producing States...... 48

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GENERAL SCIENCE Newton’s first law ¶ When a car or train starts suddenly, the passengers bends backward. ¶ When a running horse stops suddenly, the rider bends forward. ¶ When a coat/blanket is beaten by a stick, the dust particles are removed.

Newton’s second law ¶ It is easier for a strong adult to push a full shopping cart than it is for a baby to push the same cart. Also, it is easier for a person to push an empty shopping cart than a full one. ¶ Train wreck. If a train hits another train of equal force and speed, they will both go the same distance and feel the same force. But if the first train is hooked to a second, the single train will go twice the distance of the double train and will feel twice the force. ¶ A bowling ball and a marble dropping at the same time.

Newton’s third law ¶ When a bullet is fired from a gun with a certain force (action), there is an equal and opposite force exerted on the gun in the backward direction (reaction). ¶ When a man jumps from a boat to the shore, the boat moves away from him. The force he exerts on the boat (action) is responsible for its motion and his motion to the shore is due to the force of reaction exerted by the boat on him. ¶ The swimmer pushes the water in the backward direction with a certain force (action) and the water pushes the swimmer in the forward direction with an equal and opposite force (reaction). ¶ The value of G is 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2. ¶ The acceleration produced in a body due to force of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity (denoted as g) and its value is 9.8 m/ s2

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion ¶ All planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits, with the sun being at rest at one focus of the orbit ¶ The position vector of the planet with sun at the origin sweeps out equal area in equal time i.e. The areal velocity of planet around the sun always remains constant. ¶ Speed of a planet is maximum when it is at perigee and minimum when it is at apogee. ¶ The orbital speed of a satellite revolving near the surface of earth is 7.9 km / sec. ¶ For earth, escape velocity = 11.2 km/s. ¶ For moon, escape velocity = 2.4 km/s.

Important Scientific Laws and Theories 1. Archimede's principle - It states that a body when wholly or partially immersed in a liquid, experiences an upward thrust which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it. Thus, the body appears to lose a part of its weight. This loss in weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body. 2. Aufbau principle - It states that in an unexcited atom, electrons reside in the lowest energy orbitals available to them.

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3. Avogadro's Law - It states that equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. 4. Brownian motion - It is a zigzag, irregular motion exhibited by small solid particles when suspended in a liquid or gas due to irregular bombardment by the liquid or gas molecules. 5. Bernoulli's principle - It states that as the speed of a moving fluid, liquid or gas, increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. The aerodynamic lift on the wing of an aeroplane is also explained in part by this principle. 6. Boyles's Law - It states that temperature remaining constant, volume of a given mass of a gas varies inversely with the pressure of the gas. Thus, PV = K (constant), where, P = Pressure and V = Volume. 7. Charles's Law - It states that pressure remaining constant, the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by 1/273 part of its volume at 0 degree celsius for each degree celsius rise or fall of its temperature. 8. Coulomb's Law - It states that force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is proportional to the amount of charge on both charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 9. Heisenberg principle (uncertainty principle) - It is impossible to determine with accuracy both the position and the momentum of a particle such as electron simultaneously. 10. Gay-Lussac’s Law of combining volumes - Gases react together in volumes which bear simple whole number ratios to one another and also to the volumes of the products, if gaseous — all the volumes being measured under similar conditions of temperature and pressure. 11. Graham’s Law of Diffusion - It states that the rates of diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.

MAGNETISM Magnetic Substance: On the basis of magnetic behavior, substances can be divided into three categories. Diamagnetic substance: Diamagnetic substances are such substances which when placed in a magnetic field, acquire feeble magnetism opposite to the direction of magnetic field.

Examples : Bismuth, Zinc, Copper, Silver, Gold, Diamond, Water, Mercury, Water etc.

Paramagnetic Substance : Paramagnetic substances are such substances which when placed in a magnetic field acquire a feeble magnetism in the direction of the field. Examples : Aluminum, Platinum, Manganese, Sodium, Oxygen etc.

Ferromagnetic substance : Ferromagnetic substances are those substance, which when placed in a magnetic field, are strongly magnetized in the direction of field. Examples : Iron, Cobalt, Nickel etc.

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Work and Energy Work : In physics work is defined if force applied on object displaces the object in direction of force. We define the work as Product of the force and displacement in the direction of applied force or Product of displacement and force in the direction of displacement. W = Force × displacement Unit of Work : The SI unit of force is a newton and the unit of length is a metre (m). So the SI unit of work is newtonmeter which is written as Nm. This unit (Nm) is also called joule (J), i.e. 1 joule = 1 newton . 1 metre Abbreviated, this is 1 J = 1 Nm When a force of 1 newton moves a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction the work done is 1 Joule. † Energy : Anything which has the capacity to do work is said to possess energy. This implies that work can be done only at the expense (cost) of energy i.e., to do work, we need to spend energy, whatsoever be its form. Unit of Energy : Same as that of work i.e., Joules(J) Relation between kinetic energy and momentum: p = 2mk where p = momentum, k = kinetic energy, m = mass

(i) For same momentum : K-energy varies inversely as the mass K 1 (ii) For same K-energy Momentum varies directly as the square root of mass of the body. p μ m † Power : The time rate of doing work is defined as power (P). If equal works are done in different times, power will be different. More quickly work is done, power will be more.

† Unit of Power : The unit of power is the joule per second and this is called the watt (W). When large amounts of power are involved, a more convenient unit is the kilowatt (kW) where 1 kW = 1000 W. 1 Megawatt = 106 watt Power was also measured earlier in a unit called horse power.

Even these days, the unit of horse power is in common use. 1 horse power = 746 watt The unit kilowatt-hour means one kilowatt of power supplied for one hour. It is, therefore, the unit of energy. 1 KWh = (1000 J/s) × 60 × 60s = 3.6 × 106 J

MORE ABOUT SOLID, LIQUID AND GASES

Surface Tension: A molecule of the liquid near the surface is attracted by fewer molecules of the liquid (there is only

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air on one side) then molecule deep inside. Therefore, the molecule of the free surface has less attractive force than the deeper one, and so it is energetically unfavaourable for a liquid to have a surface. This property of liquid surface is called surface tension. † When the water touches the glass, it ‘rises up’ the glass surface then forms a concave meniscus. † Mercury behaves in a different manner. Mercury molecules are attracted more strongly to other mercury molecules than they are attracted to glass molecules. Here, the cohesive force is stronger than adhesive force. That is why, when mercury touches the glass surface, it ‘rises down’ the glass forming a convex meniscus.

† Pascal Law: When pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, it is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid. This is called Pascal’s law. Pascal’s law holds, both for liquid and gases. † Buoyancy: Every liquid exerts an upwards force on objects immersed in it. This upward force is called Buoyant force and this phenomenon is called Buoyancy. † Archimedes’ Principle: states that the buoyant force is equal to the weight of this displaced liquid. The buoyant force exerted by a liquid, therefore, depends on the volume of the object immersed on it. † When a body is wholly or partially immersed in a liquid, there is apparent loss in weight of the body, which is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid by the body. The rise or depression of liquids in small diameter tubes is called capillarity. † The faster the air, the lower the pressure.

REFRACTION Whenever a wave is bounced back into same medium at an interface reflection is said to have occurred. Transmission of a wave into the second medium at an interface is called refraction. • Twinkling of stars, appearance of sun before actual sunrise and after actual sunset etc. are due to atmospheric refraction. † Rainbow : Rainbows are generated through refraction and reflection of light in small rain drops. The sun is always behind you when you face a rainbow, and that the center of the circular arc of the rainbow is in the direction opposite to that of the sun. The rain, of course, is in the direction of the rainbow i.e. rain drops must be ahead of you and the angle between your line-of-sight and the sunlight will be 40° – 42°.

† Moon is seen red during total lunar eclipse

Solar radiation will be refracted when passing through the earth's atmosphere. Therefore part of the sunlight can still reach the shadow of the earth. Besides, the earth atmosphere scatters most of the blue light , so there will be more red light reaching the moon. The red light will be reflected back to earth. That is the reason why you can see a red moon rather than total darkness.

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ELECTRICITY † The electrical devices we encounter most often in modern life such as computers, lights and telephones involve moving charges which we call electric currents. † Electric Current : We define the electric current, or simply the current, to be the net amount of positive charge passing per unit time across any section through the conductor in the sense from the positive toward the negative terminal. † The SI unit of current is the ampere (A), where 1A = 1 C/s that is, 1A of current is equivalent to 1C of charge passing through the surface in 1s. In practice, smaller units of current are often used, such as the milliampere (1mA = 10–3 A) and the microampere (1μA = 10–6 A)

METAL & NON-METAL 1. All the materials found in the earth's crust are made up of chemical elements. 2. All these elements can be broadly divided into two classes: Metals and Non-metals Note : Out of 117 elements 83 are naturally occuring. Out of total 117 elements about 24 are non-metals and rest are metals 3. Physical Properties of Metals • Metals, in their pure state, possess a shining surface (metallic lustre). Freshly cut metals have a bright metallic lustre. • Metals are solid at room temperature. Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature. • Metals are generally hard and strong. But metals like sodium and potassium are exceptionally very soft and can be cut with a knife. • Metals have high melting and boiling points. Sodium, potassium, gallium and mercury have low melting and boiling points. • Metals are good conductors of heat. Silver, followed by copper and aluminium, is the best conductor of heat. These days, cooking vessels and other utensils are made up of copper and aluminium. • Metals are also good conductors of electricity. Silver, followed by copper, gold and aluminium, is the best conductor of electricity. Copper and aluminums are used for making electrical wires. • Metals are sonorous. They make a ringing sound when struck. • Metals are usually malleable. They can be hammered into thin sheets and rolled into different shapes without breaking. Gold and silver are the most malleable metals. • Metals are generally ductile. They can be easily drawn into wires. Gold and silver are most ductile metals. Copper wires are used for electrical purposes. • Metals have high tensile strength, i.e. they can hold heavy loads without breaking. • Metals have high densities i.e. they are heavy in nature. Sodium and potassium metals are exceptions as they have low densities and float on water. 4. Corrosion is the process of slowly eating away of metal due to attack of atmospheric gases and water on the surface of metal. The most common example of corrosion is the rusting of iron. SOAPS AND DETERGENTS Soaps Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids, e.g., stearicoleic and palmitic acids. Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. This process is called saponification.

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• Soaps do not work in hard water. Hard water contains Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions. These ions form insoluble calcium and magnesium soaps respectively when sodium or potassium soaps are dissolved in hard water. These insoluble soaps separate as scum in water and are useless as cleansing agent.

Synthetic Detergents Sodium salts of alkylbenzene sulphonic acids. They are better cleansing agents than soap. These are of three types: (a) Anion detergents are those detergent which contain large part of anion. (i) For preparing anionic detergent, long chain alcohols are first treated with concentrated H2S, giving alkyl hydrogen sulphates. These are neutralized with alkali to give anionic detergent. (ii) They are also effective in slightly acidic solutions. In acidic solution, they form alkyl hydrogen sulphate which is soluble in water whereas soaps form insoluble fatty acids. (b) Cationic detergents are mostly acetates or chlorides of quaternary amines. These detergents have germicidal properties and are extensively used as germicides. (c) Non-ionic detergents are esters of high molecular mass.

COALS Bituminous : Black, hard, smoky, flame, domestic fuel Lignite : High moisture content burns easily, low calorific value. Peat : Low grade coal produces less heat & more smoke & ash Anthracite : Superior quality, hardest form, high calorific value Compounds of metal and non-metal and their uses : Ferrous oxide (FeO):In green glass, Ferrous salt. Ferric oxide (Fe304) : In electroplating of ornaments and formation of ferric slat Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4. 7H20) : In dye industry, and Mohr's salt Ferric hydroxide [(Fe(OH)3)] : In laboratory reagent and in making medicines. Iodine (I2):Antiseptic, In making tincture of iodine. Bromine (Br2):In dye industry, laboratory reagent Chlorine (Cl2) :Mustard gas, Bleaching powder. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) : In the formation of aquaregiaand dyes Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) : As a reagent ,In purification of petroleum,In lead storage battery. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) : As oxidants & reductants , bleaching agent Hydrogen Sulphides (H2S) : In qualitative analysis of basic radical (group separation) Sulphur (S) : Antiseptics, vulcanization of rubber, gun powder, medicine. Ammonia (NH3) : As reagent in ice factory. Nitrous oxide (N20) : Laughing gas, Surgery. Carbon dioxide (CO2) :Soda water, Fire extinguisher. Carbon monoxide (CO) : In phosgene gas Graphite : As electrodes. Diamond : Ornaments, Glass cutting, Rock drilling. Alum [K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3. 24 H2O] : (i) Purification of water (ii) Leather industry.

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT 1. An instrument used in aircrafts for measuring altitudes is called - Altimeter

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2. An instrument used to measure the strength of an electric current is called - Ammeter 3. An instrument to measure the speed, direction and pressure of the wind is called- Anemometer 4. An intrument used to measure difference in hearing is called - Audiometer 5. An instrument to measure atmospheric pressure and conditions is called - Barometer 6. An intrument used to measure potential difference between two points is called - Voltmeter 7. An optical instrument used for magnified view of distant objects is called-Binoculars 8. An instrument used to measure the diameters of wire, tube or rod is called-Callipers 9. An instrument used to measure quantities of Heat is called - Calorimeter 10. An apparatus used for charging air with petrol vapours in an internal combustion engine is called – Carburettor 11. An instrument used for measuring the temperature of the human body is called- Thermometer 12. A device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called- Dynamo 13. An instrument used for measuring electrical potential differences is called- Electrometer 14. An instrument used for detecting the presence of electric charge is called- Electroscope 15. An instrument used for measuring Electric Current is called - Galvanometer 16. An instrument used for measuring depth of the ocean is called – Fathometer 17. An instrument used for relative density of liquids is called - Hydrometer 18. An instrument used for relative density of milk is called - Lactometer 19. An instrument used for magnified view of very small objects is called - Microscope 20. An apparatus used in submarines for viewing objects lying above the eye level of the observer is called - Periscope 21. An instrument used for comparing the luminous intensity of two sources of light is Called - Photometer 22. An instrument used to measure high temperature is called - Pyrometer 23. An instrument used to measure Rainfall is called - Rain Gauge 24. An instrument used for recording the intensity and origin of earthquakes shocks is called – Siesmograph 25. An instrument used for measuring angular distance between two objects is called - Sextant 26. An instrument used for measuring speed of the vehicle is called - Speedometer 27. An apparatus used for converting high voltage to low and vice-versa is called- Transformer 28. An instrument that continuously records a barometer's reading of atmospheric pressure. - Barograph 29. An instrument used to measure infrared, or heat, radiation. - Bolometer 30. An instrument used for measuring growth in plants.- Crescograph 31. An instrument used for tracing movement of heart.-Cardiograph 32. A clock that keeps very accurate time and determines longitude of a vessel at sea. - Chronometer 33. An instrument used to examine internal parts of the body. - Endoscope 34. A glass tube for measuring volumes changes in the chemical reactions between gases - Eudiometer 35. A machine for reproducing recorded sound. - Gramophone

36. An instrument used to measure the moisture content or the humidity of air or any gas. - Hygrometer 37. A microphone designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound.- Hydrophone 38. A device used to measure atmospheric pressure - Manometer

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39. A device which converts sound waves into electrical signals. - Microphone 40. An instrument attached to the wheel of a vehicle, to measure the distance traversed. - Odometer 41. An instrument used for reproducing sound.-Phonograph 42. An instrument used for measuring Solar radiation is called - Pyrheliometer 43. An instrument used for taking angular measurements of altitude in astronomy and navigation is called - Quadrant 44. An instrument for measuring a Refractive Index of a substance is called - Refractometer 45. An instrument used for Spectrum analysis is called- Spectroscope 46. An instrument for measuring blood pressure is called - Sphygmomanometer 47. An instrument for measuring and indicating temperature is called - Thermometer 48. A medical instrument used for hearing and analysing the sound of Heart is called - Stethoscope

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POLITY Constitutional Reforms in British India Regulating Act, 1773 ¶ End of Dual govt. ¶ Governor of Bengal to be the Governor – General of British territories of India. ¶ Establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta. ¶ Court of directors to be elected for 4 years ¶ Number of Directors fixed at 24, 1/4th retiring every year. Government Service was thrown open to the people of India. ¶ All laws made by Governor General-in-council henceforth to be known as Acts and not regulations.

The Charter Act of 1853 ¶ Extended life of the Company for an unspecified period. ¶ First time separate legislative machinery consisting of 12 member legislative council was created. ¶ Law member was made a full member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General ¶ Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competitive examination. (excluding Indians)

The Govt of India Act, 1858 ¶ Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began. ¶ System of double Government ended. Court of Directors and Board of Control abolished. ¶ Secretary of State (a member of the British Cabinet) for India was created. He was assisted by a 15-member council (Indian Council). He was to exercise the powers of the Crown.

PARTS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION 1. Part I Articles 1-4 Territory of India,, admission,, establishment or formation of new states 2. Part II Articles 5-11 Citizenship 3. Part III Articles 12-35 Fundamental Rights 4. Part IV Articles 36-51 Directive Principles of State Policy Part IV A Article 51-A Duties of a citizen of India. It was added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 5. Part V Articles 52-151 Government at the Union level 6. Part VI Articles 152-237 Government at the State level 7. Part VII Article 238 Deals with states in Part B of the First Schedule. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956 8. Part VIII Articles 239-241 Administration of Union Territories 9. Part IX Article 242-243 Territories in Part D of the First Schedule and other territories. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956 10. Part X Articles 244-244 A Scheduled and tribal areas 11. Part XI Articles 245-263 Relations between the Union and States 12. Part XII Articles 264-300 Finance,, property,, contracts and suits 13. Part XIII Articles 301-307 Trade,, commerce and travel within the territory of India

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14. Part XIV Articles 308-323 Services under the Union and States Part XIV-A Articles 323A- 323B Added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and deals with administrative tribunals to hear disputes and other complaints 15. Part XV Articles 324-329 Election and Election Commission 16. Part XVI Articles 330-342 Special provision to certain classes ST/SC and Anglo Indians 17. Part XVII Articles 343-351 Official languages 18. Part XVIII Articles 352-360 Emergency provisions 19. Part XIX Articles 361-367 Miscellaneous provision regarding exemption of the President and governors from criminal proceedings 20. Part XX Article 368 Amendment of Constitution 21. Part XXI Articles 369-392 Temporary,, transitional and special provisions 22. Part XXII Articles 393-395 Short title, commencement and repeal of the Constitution

SCHEDULES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION 1. First Schedule - List of States & Union Territories 2. Second Schedule -Salary of President, Governors, Chief Judges, Judges of High Court and Supreme court, Comptroller and Auditor General 3. Third Schedule-Forms of Oaths and affirmations 4. Fourth Schedule-Allocate seats for each state of India in Rajya Sabha 5. Fifth Schedule-Administration and control of scheduled areas and tribes 6. Sixth Schedule-Provisions for administration of Tribal Area in Asom, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram & Arunachal Pradesh 7. Seventh Schedule-Gives allocation of powers and functions between Union & States. It contains 3 lists-Union List (For central Govt) /States List (Powers of State Govt) /Concurrent List (Both Union & States). 8. Eighth Schedule-List of 22 languages of India recognized by Constitution 9. Ninth Schedule-Added by Ist amendment in 1951. Contains acts & orders related to land tenure, land tax, railways, industries. 10. Tenth Schedule-Added by 52nd amendment in 1985. Contains provisions of disqualification of grounds of defection. 11. Eleventh Schedule-By 73rd amendment in 1992. Contains provisions of Panchayati Raj. 12. Twelfth Schedule-By 74thamendment in 1992. Contains provisions of Municipal Corporation.

Sources of our Constitution The Indian Constitution is borrowed from almost all the major countries of the world but has its own unique features too. Major sources are: 1. Government of India Act of 1935 - Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commission, Emergency provisions and administrative details. 2. British Constitution – Parliamentary System, Rule of law, Lagislative Procedure, Single Citizenship, Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs, Parliamentary Privileges and Bicameralism. 3. US Constitution – Fundamental rights, independence of judiciary, judicial review, impeachment of president, removal of Supreme court and high court judges and post of vice president. 4. Irish Constitution- Directive Principles of State Policy, nomination of members of Rajya Sabha and method of election of president

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5. Canadian Constitution- Federation with a strong centre, vesting of residuary power in the centre, appointment of state Governor by the centre and advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court. 6. Australian Constitution- Concurrent list, joint sitting of two houses of Parliament. 7. Constitution of Germany- Suspension of fundamental rights during emergency. 8. French Constitution- Republic and ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble. 9. South African Constitution- Procedure for amendment of the constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha. 10.Japanese Constitution- Procedure established by Law. 11.Constitution of former USSR: Procedure of five-year plan, fundamental duties, ideals of justice in Preamble.

Fundamental Rights They are justiciable, allowing persons to move the courts for their enforcement, if and when they are violated. They are defended and guaranteed by the Supreme Court. Hence, the aggrieved person can directly go to the Supreme Court. They can be suspended during the operation of a National Emergency except the rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21. More, the six rights guaranteed by Article 19 can be suspended only when emergency is declared on the grounds of war or external aggression.

Originally the Constitution provided for seven fundamental rights: 1. Right to equality [Art. 14-18] 2. Right to freedom [Art. 19-22] 3. Right against exploitation [Art. 23-24]. 4. Right to freedom [Art. 25-28] 5. Cultural and educational rights [Art. 29-30] 6. Right to property [Art. 31] 7. Right to constitutional remedies [Art. 32]

CITIZENSHIP A citizen is a person who enjoys full membership of the community or State in which he lives or ordinarily lives. The State demands extra duty from its citizen which cannot be asked to non- citizens. 42nd Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1976 has inserted 10 Fundamental Duties in Article 51-A. Ways to acquire Indian Citizenship Constitution of India under Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1986 provides five ways to acquire citizenship of India. These five ways are: a) Citizenship by Birth Every person born in India on or after 26th Jan 1950 shall be a citizen of India provided either, or both of his parents are citizens of India at the time of his birth. However, such a person shall not be a citizen of India if at the time of his birth: ¶ His/her father is a foreign diplomat or ¶ His/her father is an enemy alien. b) Citizenship by Descent ¶ A person born outside India on or after 26th Jan 1950 shall be a citizen of India by descent, if his father is a citizen of India at the time of his birth.

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c) Citizenship by Registration Any person who is not a citizen of India and belongs to any of the following categories; can apply for registration as a citizen (He must have resided in India for at least 5 years): 1) Person of Indian origin who are ordinarily resident in India for 5 years immediately before making an application for registration. PIO who are ordinarily resident in any country or place outside India. 2) Women who are married to citizens of India. 3) Minor children of persons who are citizen of India. 4) Persons of full age and capacity who are citizens of a country mentioned in the first Schedule to the Act. d) Citizenship by Naturalization A foreigner, on application for naturalization can acquire Indian citizenship provided he satisfies certain conditions: 1) He is not a citizen or subject of a country where Indian citizens are prevented from becoming citizens by naturalization. 2) He renounces his citizenship of the other country. 3) He has resided and/or bears in Govt. services for 12 months immediately preceding the date of application. During 7 years prior to these 12 months, he has resided and/or been in Govt. Service for not less than 4 years.

4) He is of good character. 5) He has an adequate knowledge of a language recognized by the Constitution of India. 6) After naturalization he intends to reside in India. 7) If the Central Govt. is of the opinion that the applicant has rendered distinguished service to the cause of Science, philosophy, art, literature, world peace or human progress generally, it may waive the condition for naturalization in his case. e) Citizenship by incorporation of Territory If any new territory becomes a part of India, the Govt. of India shall notify the persons of that territory to be Indian citizens.

The President Article 52 – There shall be a President of India. Article 53 – The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President. He shall exercise the executive power directly or through subordinate officers in accordance with the constitution. Thus the President is: (1) Executive head of the Republic. (2) All the executive actions are taken in his name. The executive power vested in the President is to be exercised on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers [Article 74(1)]. It is obligatory on the part of President to accept the advice of the council of ministers as per the 42ndand 44th Constitutional Amendment Acts. (3) He is the first citizen of India and occupies the first position under the warrant of precedence. Warrant of Precedence indicates the hierarchy of positions occupied by various dignitaries attending a state function. (4) He is the Supreme Commander of Armed Forces.

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Qualification for election as President (a) He must be a citizen of India. (b) He must have completed the age of 35 years. (c) He must be qualified for election as a Member of the House of the People. (d) He must not hold any office of Profit under the Govt. of India or the Govt. of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Govt.. However, following persons are not deemed to be holding any office of profit and hence they cannot be disqualified for election as the President: A sitting President or Vice-President of India/Governor of any state/A minister of the Union or of any State.

Legislative powers of President The legislative Powers of President are as follows: 1. The President summons both the Houses of the Parliament and prorogues them. He or she can dissolve the Lok Sabha according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. 2. President inaugurates the Parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session each year. 3. All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President. The President can return a bill to the Parliament, if it is not a money bill or a constitutional amendment bill, for reconsideration. When after reconsideration, the bill is passed and presented to the President, with or without amendments; President is obliged to assent to it. 4. The President can also withhold his assent to the bill thereby exercising pocket veto. 5. When both Houses of the Parliament are not in session and if Govt. feels the need for immediate action, President can promulgate ordinances which have the same force and effect as laws passed by Parliament.

Vice President of India The Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting in such election is by secret ballot. The Electoral College to elect a person to the office of the Vice-President consists of all members of both Houses of Parliament. The Vice-President should not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of a Legislature of any state. If a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of a Legislature of any state is elected as Vice-President, he is deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date he/she enters his office as Vice-President.

A person cannot be elected as Vice-President unless she/he- is a citizen of India has completed the age of 35 years is qualified for election as a member of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha). He holds any office of profit under the Govt. of India or a State Govt. or any subordinate local authority.

PRIME MINISTER In the scheme of parliamentary system of government provided by the Constitution, the President is the nominal executive authority and Prime Minister is the real executive authority. The President is the head of the State while Prime Minister is the head of the government.

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Appointment of the Prime Minister Article 75 says that the Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President. The President appoints the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister. But, when no party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, then the President may exercise his personal discretion in the selection and appointment of the Prime Minister.

Powers and functions of Prime Minister The powers and functions of Prime Minister can be studied under the following heads: Ministers by the President. The President at any time. Commission, National Development Council, National Integration Council, Inter-State Council and National Water Resources Council.

Central Council of Minister As the Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary system of government modelled on the British pattern, the council of ministers headed by the prime minister is the real executive authority is our politico-administrative system. Article 74 deals with the status of the council of ministers while Article 75 deals with the appointment, tenure, responsibility, qualification, oath and salaries and allowances of the ministers. Note: The total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha. [91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003] The council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. A person who is not a member of either House can also become a minister but he cannot continue as minister for more than six months unless he secures a seat in either House of Parliament (by election/nomination). [Art. 75(5)]

PARLIAMENT OF INDIA The House of the People (Lok Sabha) The Lok Sabha is the popular house of the parliament because its members are directly elected by the common electorates of India. All the members of this House are popularly elected, except not more than two from the Anglo-Indian community, who can be nominated by the President. In the Constitution, the strength of the Lok Sabha is provisioned under Art. 81 to be not more than 552 (530 from the States, 20 from the Union Territories and 2 may be nominated from the Anglo-Indian community). Recently again, the Govt. has extended this freeze in the Lok Sabha seats till the year 2026 by Constitution (84th Amendment Act, 2001).

Special Powers of the Lok Sabha There are certain powers, which are constitutionally granted to the Lok Sabha and not to the Rajya Sabha. These powers are- 1. Money and Financial Bills can only originate in the Lok Sabha. 2. In case of a Money Bill, the Rajya Sabha has only the right to make recommendation and the Lok Sabha may or may not accept the recommendation. Also, a Money Bill must be passed by the Upper House within a period of 14 days. Otherwise, the Bill shall be automatically deemed to be passed by the House. Thus, the Lok Sabha enjoys exclusive legislative jurisdiction over the passage of the Money Bills.

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RAJYA SABHA The Rajya Sabha (RS) or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership is limited to 250 members, 12 of whom are nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. The remainder of the body is elected by the state and territorial legislatures. Members sit for six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years. The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions and, unlike the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution. The Vice President of India (currently, Hamid Ansari) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman who is elected from amongst the RS's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman.The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952.

Leader of the House Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and the Deputy Chairman, there is also a function called Leader of the House. This is a cabinet minister - the prime minister if he is a member of the House, or another nominated minister. The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row. MEMBER A person in order to be elected to the Rajya Sabha must (a) be a citizen of India, (b) be 30 years of age on more, (c) not be holding any office of profit under the central or state Govt. or local body and (d) posses all other qualification prescribed by the act of parliament from time to time.

Powers of Rajya Sabha So far as powers of Rajya Sabha is concerned it enjoys co-equal power with the Lok Sabha in respect of all bills other than money bill. In case of Money Bills Rajya Sabha has no powers Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. When it comes to the Rajya Sabha after being passed by the Lok Sabha, the former can keep it maximum for a period of 14 days only after which it is deemed to be passed.

Governor The Governor is merely appointed by the President which really means, by the Union Council of Ministers. The Governor holds office during the pleasure of the President, there is no security of his tenure. He can be removed by the President at any time. There is no impeachment process for removal of Governors as prescribed in constitution in the case of President.

The powers of Governors Executive Powers The Governor appoints the Chief Minister who enjoys the support of the majority in the Vidhan Sabha. The Governor also appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers and distributes portfolios to them on the advice of the Chief Minister. He/she also appoints the Advocate General and the chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission. The Governor appoints the judges of the District Courts.

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Legislative Powers The Governor summons the sessions of both houses of the state legislature and prorogues them. The Governor inaugurates the state legislature by addressing it after the assembly elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year. The Governor can even dissolve the Vidhan Sabha. These powers are formal and the Governor while using these powers must act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister.

Supreme Court of India Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal. According to the Constitution of India, the role of the Supreme Court is that of a federal court and guardian of the Constitution.

Composition of Supreme Court Under Article 124(1) the constitution originally provided for 1 Chief Justice of India and not more than 6 other judges. The constitution authorizes the Parliament to provide by law in fixing the Strength of the judges of the Supreme Court. The Parliament passed the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) thus accordingly, a Constitutional Amendment Act in 2008 has increased the strength of Supreme Court to 31 (1 Chief Justice + 30 other judges).

Qualification to be a judge of Supreme Court 1. A person must be a citizen of India 2. He/she must have been, for at least five years, a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession 3. Or an Advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession for at least ten years 4. Or the person must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.

Removal of judges of Supreme Court Article 124(4) provides for the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court. He is removed by the President upon an address by both the Houses of the Parliament supported by a majority of not less than 2/3rd of members present and voting and a majority of total strength of the House on the ground of misbehavior or incapacity.

The President shall pass the order of removal in the same session in which the Parliament passed the resolution. Article 124(5) confers the power on the Parliament to provide by law for the procedure for the Presentation of an address and for the investigation for proof of misbehavior or incapacity of a judge. Accordingly the Parliament passed Judges (Inquiry) Act 1968 which states that a resolution seeking the removal of a judge of Supreme Court can be introduced in either House of Parliament. It should be supported by not less than 100 member of Lok Sabha. If it is to be introduced in Rajya Sabha it should be supported by no less than 50 members of Rajya Sabha.

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Some Important Points on SC 1. The first woman judge of the Supreme Court was Justice Fatima Beevi in 1987. However, there has been no female Chief Justice 2. Ad hoc Judges: a) Ad hoc Judges are non-Supreme Court judges who sit in the Supreme Court when there is insufficient quorum to perform the judicial duties. b) Ad hoc Judges are appointed by the Chief Justice after obtaining consent from the President. c) Serving(HC) and retired(SC & HC) judges of the Supreme Court (and High Courts) can sit and act as ad hoc Judges of the Supreme Court. d) Only such persons can be appointed as ad hoc Judges who are qualified to be appointed as a regular Judge of the Supreme Court 3. The Chief Justice administers the oath infront of the President. 4. The first Chief Justice of India was H J Kania (1950 – 1951).

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WORLD GEOGRAPHY Asia

 Occupying about one-third of the land area of the world, Asia is the largest continent in the world both in terms of size and population. Its latitudinal extent is between 10° ll’S and 81° 12’N latitudes. Its East-West extension is between 26° 2’E and 169° 40’W longitudes.  Asia is situated entirely in the Northern hemisphere. Its North-South extent is 6440 km and its East-West extent is 9650 km.  To the North of Asia lies the Arctic Ocean, to the South-the Indian Ocean, to the East-the Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea lies to the West. It is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains, the Caspian Sea, the Black sea and the Caucasus Mountains and the strait of Dardanelles in the West. Red sea and the Isthmus of Suez separate it from Africa. Bering Strait separates it from North America.  The Central Mountains to the South of the Northern lowlands, there are Fold Mountains and plateaus. Pamir plateau is a meeting place of several ranges which form the Pamir Knot. This plateau is also known as the roof of the world because it is the highest plateau in the world.  The Karakoram and the Himalayan Ranges Running to the South-East of the Pamir Knot, contain some of the highest peaks of the world. Mount Everest and K2 belong to the Himalayas and the Karakoram ranges respectively.

Instant Facts on Asia 1. Country with Most Land Borders - China

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2. Highest Plateau - China’s Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, average height of 4500m, 2.3 million km2 (Sichuan, Qinghai- China) 3. Largest Delta - The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers in Bangladesh and India, covers an area of 75,000 km2 4. Deepest Lake - Russia’s Lake Baikal, north of the Mongolian border, 1637 m. (Surface 31,500 km2) 5. Highest Lake - Lhagba Pool 6368m (Himalaya-Tibet-China) 6. Main Language Families - Sino-Tibetan, Vietnamese, hindi, Punjabi and Urdu (India and Pakistan), Kymer (Cambodian), Laotian, Tai-Kadai (Thailand), Burmese, Malay (Indonesia and Malaysia) and Pilipino (Tagalog) for the Philippines, and Turkic languages, Russian. 7. Main Religions - Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism, Daosim (Taoism), Shamanism, Animism, [Hinuism, Sikhism, Muslim, Birthplace of religions: The Middle East is the birthplace and spiritual centre of Zoroastrism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam] 8. Largest Urban Areas - Tokyo- Japan 34.5Mn: Guangehom-China 25.9 Mn; Shaghai, China 25.5 Mn; Karachi-Pakistan 25.5 Mn; Jatarta-Indonesia 25.4Mn; Seoul, South Korea 25.4 Mn; (incl. Bucheon/Goyang, Incheon/Seongnam/Suweon); Delhi, India 23.2 Mn (Incl. Faridabad/Ghaziabad); Mumbai (Bombay) India 20.9 Mn (incl. Kalyan/Thane/Ulhasnagar) 9. Largest Agglomeration - Tokyo, Japan 36.6 million 10. Highest City - Venquan, near Jinghai and Tibet, 5100m 11. Largest Waterfall - Chutes de Khone (Khone Falls) Mekong River in Laos. Height 70m and 12.122 m3 per second 12. Highest Dam - Rogun in Tajikistan 335m 13. Longest and Earliest Man-Made - Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. First built in Canal the 5th century BC and was extended twice during the Sui and Yuan dynasties. Length 1794 km, drainage area of 4583 m2, 24 locks, some 60 bridges. 14. Largest Desert - Gobi in Mogolia and northeastern China. 13,00,000 km2 15. Greatest Land Mountain Range - The Himalayas, which contains 96 of the world’s 109 peaks of over 7315 m. (Other important mountain ranges: Kunlun, Tien

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Shan, Altai Tibetan Plateau) 16. Longest Man-Made Architecture - Chang Cheng, the Great Wall in China (Total length-more than 6700km) 17. Highest Railway - Qinghai-Tibet Express 18. Highest Railway station - Tangulla, 5068 m (Tibet-China) 19. Longest Railway Line - Trans-Siberian Express, from Moscow through the Ural Mountains and across all of Asia to Vladivostok on the Sea of Japan. It covers a distance of 9288 kms. The journey from Moscow to Vladivostok takes about 8 days 4hrs and 25 minutes. There are 97 stops on the rail route. It crosses seven times zones 20. Highest Road - Road Tibet-Sinkiang 6532 m (China) 21. Highest Building - Burj Khalifa (Dubai) 828 m tall since 2010 22. Highest Point - Mt Everest, 8848 m, Nepal 23. Lowest Point - Dead Sea, Israel/Jordon, at 418 m below sea level.

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Africa

 Africa stands next only to Asia in size and second in the world. It occupies about 20% of land area of the Earth i.e. 3, 03, 350, 00 sq. km; it has a coastline of 30539 km. It extends between 37° 31' N to 34° 52' S latitude and 17° 31' W to 51° 24' E longitude.  The equator passes almost the middle, cutting Africa into two equal halves. Both the Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer pass through it, so most of it lies in the Torrid Zone.  The continent 'Africa' is separated from Europe by the Mediterranean sea and from Asia by the Red sea. However, it almost touches Eurasia at three different points: at the straits of Gibraltar in the North-West, at the Suez canal in the North-East at the straits of Bab-el- Mandeb in the East.  Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak of Africa is located in this highland region, it is 5895 m and remains snow covered throughout the year.  There is a long chain of rift valleys running from the South of lake Malawi, Northward to the Red sea and then through the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba to the Dead sea. It is known as the Great Rift Valley.  Lake Victoria, the largest lake of Africa is the source of river Nile, which is the longest river in the world. It rises in the rainy equatorial region and flows northward.  Zaire in Central Africa is also known as Congo in later part. It drains a large area and discharges a huge amount of water into the Atlantic Ocean.  About one-third of Africa is a desert land. The Sahara is the largest desert in the world. It is located in the Northern part of Africa. The Kalahari Desert in the Southern Africa is another great desert.  The temperature is very high almost throughout the year. The highest temperature in the world has been recorded at AI-Aziziyah (Libya) as 58°C.

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Europe

 Europe is a small continent ranks sixth in area i.e., 10498000 sq. km. It covers from 34° 51' N to 81° 47' N latitude and 24° 33' W to 69° 03' E longitude. Its North-South extent is 4300 km and East-West extent is 5600 km.  Europe is made up of several peninsulas and islands. Most of its land is within a few hundred km of the sea, as large arms of sea have penetrated deep into the land. Its coastline is indented. It provides good sites for natural harbours and ports. Many of the bays and seas surrounding this continent are shallow.  In the Northern part, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark are collectively known as Scandinavian countries.  Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg are called the Low Countries. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Albania are known as the Balkan states.  The British Isles include the two main islands of Ireland (comprising Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic) and Great Britain (Scotland, Wales and England) as well as a number of small islands. Europe and Asia as one common landmass, known as Eurasia.

Instant Facts on Europe 1. Area - 1,03,90,000 km2 [Per cent of Earth’s Surface: 2.0%; % of Earth’s Land: 6.7%] 2. Population - 729.8 million (10.7% of the world) 3. Largest Agglomeration - Moscow, Russia 4. Major Island - Gr. Britain (UK), 2,18,000 km2; [Greenland (21,75,600 km2)belongs to Denmark situated in North America] 5. Country with the Most Islands - Greece, 1400 of which 227 are inhabited) 6. Major River - Volga, 3690 km, Danube is second with 2860 m; (Other Important Rivers; Rhine, Ural and Don)

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7. Major Lake - Caspian Sea, 3,71,000 km2 and Ladozhskoye Ozero, Ladoga Lake, northwestern Russia, near Saint Petersburg, the largest lake in Europe. It is 201km long (Western Europe: Lac Leman or Lac de Geneve 581,3 km2) 8. Country with Most Number of - Finland, 55,000 that are 200 or more metres wide Lakes 9. Largest Desert - Pustynia Bledowska in Upper Silesia (Poland) 32 km2 10. Major Mountains Ranges - Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Balkans, Apennines, Sierra, Nevada, Urals, Caucasus 11. Most Volcanic Country - Iceland 12. Smallest State - Vatican City 0.44 km2 13. Largest Urban Area - Moscow(Russia), Istanbul (Turkey), London(United Kingdom), Paris (France), Milan (Italy), Madrid (Spain), St. Petersburg (Russia), Frankfurt (Germany), Naples(Italy), Humburg (Germany), Rome (Italy), Athens (Greece) 14. Largest Cities - Istanbul 141,60,467; Moscow Russia 119,80,000; London, United Kingdom 83,08,369; St Petersburg, Russia 51,31,967; Atens 37,52,973; Berlin, Germany 35,17,424; Madrid, Spain 32,34,247; Kiev 28,47,200; Rome, Italy 27,77,979; Paris, France 22,03,817; Hamburg, Germany 19,21,900 15. Greatest Ports - London, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Le Havre, Hamburg, Genow and Marseille. 16. Largest Ironwork and Glass - The Grand Palais in Paris, Steel framework; 8,500 Structure tones, compared with 8,000 tones for the Eiffel Tower. Glass area: 15,000 m2. Roof: 5200 m2 galvanized iron roofing (‘zinc’) 17. First Railway in Continental - Belgium, Railway line (Brussels-Mechelen) in 1835. Europe 18. First Electric Railway - Werner von Siemens 600 yard long Berlin electric track opened for the Berlin Trades Exhibition on 31 May, 1879 19. First Metro - The London Underground, Service began on 10 January 1863 20. Oldest metro-funicular - Construction of the Tunel. A short funicular between Pera and Galata in Istanbul, began on 30 July 1871. The funicular opened to service on 5 December 21. Largest Subway System - The Moscow subway serves 3.2 bn. Riders a year 22. Longest Metro Line - Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line (line 9), Moscow, Russia) 41,500 m 23. Longest Railway line - Trans-Siberian Express, from Moscow through the Ural Mountains and across all of Asia to Vladivostok on the Sea of Japan. It covers a distance of 9288 Kms. The journey from Moscow to Vladivostok takes about 8 days 4hrs and 25 minutes. There are 97 stops on the rail route. It crosses seven time zones. 24. Biggest Diamond Exporter - Antwerp (Belgium) 25. Major Wine and Champagne - France Producer

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26. Origin of Scotch Whisky - Ireland 27. Highest Point - Russian Caucasus- Mt Elbrus 5633 m (Western Europe; Mont Blanc in France 4807) 28. Lowest Point - Caspian Sea 28 m (Western Europe: Lammefjord, Denmark and Alexander Polder, Netherlands- 7 m)

North America/ Middle America

 North America occupies 16% of the total area of the world. It is the third largest continent after Asia and Africa, covering an area of 24474000 sq km including Greenland and Caribbean Islands. Its latitudinal extent is from 7° 12' N to 83° 38' N latitude and longitudinal extent is from 12° 08' W to 172° 30' W longitude.  The Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle pass through this continent. Five time zones are found in this continent. There are seven small states of Central America situated in this continent along with Canada, USA and Mexico. A group of islands known as West-Indies are also included in this continent.  The largest island in the North-East is Greenland, which is under the control of Denmark. In the South, continent tappers to a narrow strip of land known as Central America, which connects North America and South America. Northern part like Greenland, Alaska and Canada belong to the cold Frigid Zone.

Interesting Fact on North America 1. Area 2,44,74,00 km2 2. Per cent of Earth’s land 16.5% 3. Percentage of Earth’s Surface 4.8%

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4. Longest Coastline Canada’s coastline 2,43,792 km (including the coastline of the 52, 455 islands) 5. Major Island Greenland 21,75,600 km2 6. Important Mountains Mt. Mckinley, Mt. Logan, Mt. Alias 7. Major Rivers Mississippi. 5969 km2 (Other important Rivers: Mississippi-Missouri, Mackenzie, St Lawrence) 8. Major Lake Superior 82,100 km2 Canada and USA 9. Population 522.8 million (7.6%) 10. Largest Agglomeration New York (includes Newark, Paterson) 11. Major Deserts Chihuahuan Mexico- south-western US 3,60,000 km2; Sonoran Mexico-southwestern United States 3,10,000 km2 and Mohave southwestern United States 52,000 km2 12. Longest Undefended and Open 8893 km US-Canada border Border 13. Longest National Highway Trans- Canada Highway 7604 km 14. Highest Point Alaska- Mt. Mckinley 6194 m 15. Lowest Point California- Death Valley-86m South America

Introduction Size and Shape: Fourth largest continent and roughly triangular in shape Situation: Situated to the south of North America, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is surrounded by the Caribbean Sea in the north, Atlantic Ocean in the east, Antarctica Ocean in the south and Pacific Ocean in the west. South America as well as Mexico, Central America and West Indies are collectively known as Latin America.

Important Gulfs, Peninsulas and Straits Name Information Gulf of Penas - Southern Chile in the Pacific Ocean Guls of San Matias - North of Valdes Peninsula (Argentina) in the Atlantic Ocean Magellan’s Strait - Separates southern end of South America, the Tierra Del Fuego.

Important Lakes and Islands

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Name Locations Lake Popo - Lies in the Altiplano (High Plateau between the Andes mountain chain) in Bolivia.

Important River Basin of South America Amazon River Basin  Source: Andes Mountain, Peru  Mouth: Macapa The river basin is covered with dense equatorial first which are locally called Selvas.

Orinoco River Basin  Source: Guiana Highlands

Magdalena River Basin  Source: Andes Mountain

Parana River Basin  Source: Brazilian Highlands

The Western Mountains  Forms the second highest mountain system in the world, next to be Himalaya.  Chimborazo (6,310m) is the highest peak of Ecuador and Mt Ojas del Salado the highest active volcano in the world, is in Argentina.

Guiana Highlands  Located in the northern part of Brazil and extending into Guyana, Surinam and French Guina.

Brazilian Highlands  Rising from Brazil’s Atlantic coast and levels off into high towards the western side of Brazil. Atacama Desert  A Coastal desert in Chile  The world’s driest desert.  It contains a number of salt lakes.  Rich in gold, nitrate (caliche), copper and Sulphur. Pampa  Vast monotonous temperate grassland that covers about 20% area of Argentina heartland.

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Australia

 Being the world's largest island, Australia is the smallest continent, which is also known as Island continent or Southern continent. It is the only country in the world that covers the entire continent. Australia together with New Zealand and other islands is known as Oceania or Australasia.  It lies between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is surrounded by the Timor sea in the North-West, Arafura sea and Gulf of Carpentaria in the North, Great Barrier Reef in the North-East and Great Australian Bight in the South. To the South-East of mainland lies the mountainous island of Tasmania.  It is a vast plateau occupies nearly two-third of the continent. Mostly, it is flat and covered with small shrubs. The plateau is made up of old rocks. It is rich in minerals such as coal and iron ore.  The MacDonnell and Musgrave Ranges are low mountains that rise from the plateau. The Nullarbor plain is a treeless plain in the Southern part of this plateau. It rises out of the Great Australian Bight which is a wide bay to the South.  The Murray and the Darling are the major rivers of Australia flowing through the Southern part of the Central lowlands.  Mount Kosciuszko with a height of 2228 m is the highest peaks in Australia. Some of the peaks in this part are covered with snow in winter.  Off the North-East coast of Australia extends a very long ridge-like feature known as the Great Barrier Reef. This world famous reef is more than 1900 km in length and its distance from the coast varies from 30 to 240 km.  The emu is a large-sized bird which cannot fly but can run fast, like the ostrich of Africa. The kookaburra is called the laughing jackass because of its peculiar laugh-like call. The lyrebird is a great mimic. Antarctica  It is the fifth largest continent of the world covering an area of 14000000 sq km. The only continent which is devoid of permanently settled human population. It is called a white continent because it is permanently under a thick cover of ice. It is extremely cold and windy.  Since the beginning of 20th century, people from different parts of the world have started exploring this continent. Some countries have established permanent stations where a few

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people live throughout the year to conduct scientific studies. India has also established two bases camps known as Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri and has also named a point called Mount Indira.  The surface temperature of water rarely rising above 4° C. Antarctica is 960 km far from South America, 2700 km from Australia and 4000 km from South Africa.  Ellsworth Mountain, fringing the coast, contains Antarctica's highest peak, the Vinson Massif (4897 m). One of the most picturesque landmarks on the continent is Mount Erebus, which is the only live volcano on it. Vegetation in this part consists of mostly lichens and mosses.  Curtained of bright coloured lights appear on the dark winter nights which is caused by magnetic storms in the upper atmosphere. They are called Aurora Australis in the South and Aurora Borealis in the North.  About 70% of the world's supply of fresh water is stored in the ice caps and ice sheets of this continent.  Penguins, sea birds and seals are abundant. Whales are also found in the surrounding areas.  International agreement that Antarctica is used for only to study the climate of the Earth and the origin of its crust. So, it is called continent of science.

Important National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries in India State/UT National Parks Wildlife Sanctuary Andaman and Nicobar Cambell Bay National Park Defence Island WLS Rani Jhansi Maring National Park Mangrove Island WLS Ross Island WLS Andhra Pradesh Sri Venkateswara National Park Coringa WLS Mahavir Harina Vanasthali Krishna WLS

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National Park Rajiv Gandhi National Park Pulicat Lake WLS Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarjuna Sagar- Srisailam) WLS Sri Venkateshwara WLS Arunachal Pradesh Namdapha National Park Mehao WLS Mouling National Park Tale Valley Assam Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Amchang WLS Kaziranga National Park Chakrashila WLS Manas National Park Garampani WLS Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park Nambor WLS Bihar Valmiki National Park Bhimbandh WLS Gautam Budha WLS Kaimur WLS Pant (Rajgir) WLS Valmiki WLS Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin WLS Chhattisgarh Indravati National Park Pamed Wild Buffalo WLS Kanger Valley National Park Udanti Wild Buffalo WLS Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay) National Park Goa Bhagwan Mahavir (Mollem) Bondla WLS National Park Bhagwan Mahavir (Mollem) WLS Netravali WLS Gujarat Gir Forest National Park Balaram Ambaji WLS Marine National Park Gir WLS Jessore WLS Mitiyala WLS Nal Soravar Bird WLS Ratanmahal WLS Wild Ass WLS Haryana Kalesar National Park Chhichila WLS Sultanpur National Park Kalesar WLS Himachal Pradesh Great Himalayan National Park Bandi WLS Khirganga National Park Gobind Sagar WLS Sangla Vallet WLS Tundah WLS Jammu and Kashmir Dachigam National Park Changthang Cold Desert WLS Salim Ali National Park Gulmarg WLS

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Nandini WLS Jharkhand Betla National Park Parasnath WLS Udhwa Lake WLS Karnataka Anshi National Park Bhadra WLS Bandipur National Park Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (B.R.T.) WLS Nagarhole National Park Brahmagiri WLS Cauvery WLS Melkote Temple WLS Pushpagiri WLS Someshwara WLS Kerala Anamudi Shola National Park Chinnar Park Eravikulam National Park Malabar WLS Periyar National Park Mangalavanam Bird WLS Silent Valley National Park Neyyar WLS Periyar WLS Madhya Pradesh Kanha National Park Gandhi Sagar WLS Madhav National Park National Chambai WLS Panna National Park Pachmarhi WLS Sanjay National Park Son Gharial WLS Satpura National Park Van Vihar National Park Maharashtra Chandoli National Park Amba Barwa WLS Navegaon National Park Bhimashankar WLS Pench National Park Great Indian Bustard WLS Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli) National Radhanagari WLS Park Tipeshwar WLS Wan WLS Manipur Keibul Lamjao National Park Yangoupokpi-Lokchao WLS Meghalaya Balphakram National Park Baghmara Pitcher Plant WLS Nokrek National Park Siju WLS Mizoram Phawnpui Blue Mountain Dampa WLS (TR) National Park Tokalo WLS Nagaland Intanki National Park Fakim WLS Rangapahar WLS Odisha Bhitarkanika National Park Badrama WLS Simlipal National Park Chilika (Nalaban) WLS Nandankaanan WLS Punjab

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Abohar WLS Jhajjar Bacholi WLS Rajasthan Darrah National Park Bassi WLS Desert National Park Jawahar Sagar WLS Ranthambore National Park Kailadevi WLS Mount Abu WLS Sitamata WLS Sikkim Khangchendzonga National Park Pangolakha WLS Shingba (Rhododendron) WLS Tamil Nadu Gulf of Mannar Marine National Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) WLS Park Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) Karikili WLS National Park Mudumalai National Park Pulicat Lake WLS Vettangudi WLS Tripura Bison (Rajbari) National Park Gumti WLS Clouded Leopard National Park Rowa WLS Trisha WLS Uttar Pradesh Dudhwa National Park Chandraprabha WLS Hastinapur WLS Mahavir Swami WLS Ranipur WLS Sur Sarovar WLS Vijai Sagar WLS Uttarakhand Gangotri National Park Askot Musk Deer WLS Jim Corbett National Park Binsar Nanda Devi National Park Govind Pashu Vihar WLS Rajaji National Park Kedarnath WLS Sonandi WLS West Bengal Neora Valley National Park Bibhutibhusan WLS Sundarbans National Park Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary Mahananda WLS Sajnakhali WLS

Important Countries, Capital and their Currency

Country Capital Currency Country Capital Currency Algeria Algiers Algerian Afghanistan Kabul Afghan Dinar Afghani Albania Tirana Albanian Lek Austria Vienna Euro Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Australia Canberra Australian Dollar Bahrain Manama Bahraini Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Dinar

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Bhutan Thimphu Bhutanese Belgium Brussels Euro Ngultrum, Indian Rupee Belarus Minsk Belarusian Bulgaria Sofia Lev Ruble Barbados Bridgetown Barbadian Bolivia Sucre Boliviano Dollar Brazil Brasilia Brazilian Real Cambodia Phnom Riel Penh China Beijing Renminbi Cyprus Nicosia Euro (Yuan) Canada Ottawa Canadian Cuba Havana Cuba Peso Dollar Chile Santiago Peso Colombia Bogota Peso Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone Egypt Cairo Egyptian Pound Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Ecuador Quito US Dollar Finland Helsinki Euro France Paris Euro/CFP Franc Georgia Tbilisi Georgian Lari Greece Athens Euro Germany Berlin Euro Hungary Budapest Forint India New Delhi Rupee Iraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar Israel Jerusalem New Shekel Indonesia Jakarta Indonesian Rupiah Iran Tehran Rial Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic Krona Ireland Dublin Euro Italy Rome Euro Japan Tokyo Yen Kenya Nairobi Kenyan Shilling Kazakhstan Astana Tenge Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som Libya Tripoli Libyan Dinar Latvia Riga Euro Lithuania Vilnius Euro Morocco Rabat Moroccan Dirham Mozambique Maputo Mozambican Malaysia Kuala Ringgit Metical Lumpur (official) Maldives Male Maldivian Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Togrog Rufiyaa Myanmar Naypyidaw Kyat Mexico Mexico City Peso (Burma) Malta Valletta Euro Namibia Windhoek Namibian Dollar Nigeria Abuja Naira Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese Rupee North Korea Pyongyang North Korea Netherlands Amsterdam Euro Won Norway Oslo Norwegian Oman Muscat Rial Krone Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Philippines Manila Peso Rupee Panama Panama City Panamanian Poland Warsaw Zloty

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Balboa, US Dollar Portugal Lisbon Euro Paraguay Asuncion Guarani Peru Lima Nuevo Sol Fiji Suva Fijian Dollar Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian Qatar Doha Riyal Rupee Romania Bucharest Romanian Russia Moscow Russian Leu Ruble Seychelles Victoria Seychellois Sierra Freetown Leone Rupee Leone Somalia Mogadishu Somali South Cape Town South Shilling Africa African Rand South Sudan Juba South Sudan Khartoum Sudanese Sudanese Pound Pound Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi Riyal South Korea Seoul South Korean Won Sri Lanka Sri Sri Lankan Syria Damascus Syrian Jayawardenenoura- Rupee Pound Kotte Tunisia Tunis Tunisian Taiwan Taipei New Dinar Taiwan Dollar Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Thailand Bangkok Baht Turkey Ankara Turkish Lira Turkenistan Ashgabat Turkmen (Europe) new Manat Trinidad and Port of Spain Trinidad and United State Washington United Tobago Tobago D.C. States Dollar Dollar Uganda Kampala Uganda United Abu Dhabi UAE Shilling Arab Dirham Emirates Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan Som Peso Vatican City Vatican City Euro Venezuela Caracas Bolivar Fuerte Zambia Lusaka Zambian Zimbabwe Harare US Dollar Kwacha

Dances of India and Related States

Dance State Bathukamma - Andhra Pradesh, Telangana Bhangra - Punjab Bihu - Assam Changu - Odissa and Andhra Pradesh Dandaria - Andhra Pradesh

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Gair - Rajasthan Garba - Gujarat Gatka - Punjab Gobbi - Andhra Pradesh Raas - Gujarat Yaksha Gana - Karnataka Dumhal - Kashmir Lavani - Maharashtra Kathak - Uttar Pradesh Bharatnatyam - Tamil Nadu Kuchipudi - Andhra Pradesh Kathakali - Kerala Odissi - Orissa Chau - Orissa Kalbelia , Chari, fire Kacchi - Rajasthan Dindi dance - Maharashtra.

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Research Institutes and Headquarters in India

Institutes Headquarters Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Science Nainital All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi Central Electronics Engineering Research Institutes Pilani Central Food Technological Research Institutes Mysore Central Institute of Agriculture Engineering Bhopal Central Institute for Cotton Research Nagpur Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hydrabad Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment New Delhi Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore National Chemical Laboratory Pune National Institute of Ocean Technology Chennai National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) Hyderabad National Institute of Sports Patiala National Museum Institute New Delhi National Power Training Institute Faridabad Bose Institute Kolkata Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology Dehradun Agharkar Research Institute Pune Indian Institute of Astro Physics Bangalore Indian Institute of Geomagnetism Mumbai Indian Academy of Science Bangalore International Institute of Population Studies Mumbai Institute for Plasma Research Ahmedabad Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages Hyderabad Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit Vidhyapeeth New Delhi Rashtriya Bal Bhavan New Delhi Indian Institute of Information Technology and Gwalior Management Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur Central Pollution Control Board Delhi Himalayan Forest Research Centre Shimal Indian Forest Research and education council Dehradun Institute of Indian Forest Management Bhopal Institute of Indian Plywood Industry and Research Bengaluru Institute of forest Genetic Tree Breeding Coimbatore Institute of forest Research and Human Recourse Chindwara Development Institute of Lumbering Science and Technology Bengaluru Institute of National Science & Technology Faridabad

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Air force Technical College Bengaluru College of Military Engineering Pune Defence Management Institute Sikandrabad Defence Services Staff College Wellington Electrical and Mechanical Engineering School Baroda Hindustan Aeronautic Limited Bengaluru Indian Air Force Training Centre Chennai Indian Military Academy Dehradun Institute of Armament Technology Pune Military College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Sikandrabad Directorate of National Cadet Core New Delhi National Defence Academy Kharagwasala Naval College of Engineering Lonavala Officers Training Academy Chennai Institute of National Museum History for Art New Delhi Conservation and Science Museum Asiatic Society Kolkata

Famous Airports in India

Airport Name City

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport Kolkata

Indira Gandhi International Airport New Delhi

Chhtrapati Shivaji Internaltional Airport Mumbai

Chennai International Airport (Meenambakkam Chennai Airport) Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad

Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport/Raja Amritsar Sansi Lopriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport Guwahati

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad

Raja Bhoj Airport Bhopal

Devi Ahilyabhai Holkar Airport Indore

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport Nagpur

Chaudhary Charan Singh International Lucknow Airport/Amausi Airport. Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport Varanasi

Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport Patna

Swami Vivekananda Airport Raipur

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Birsa Munda Airport Ranchi

Biju Patnaik Airport Bhubaneswar

Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport Chandigarh

Veer Savarkar International Airport Port Blair

Dabolim International Airport Vasco Da Gama in Goa

Railway zones and their Headquarter

Name of the Railway Zone Zonal Headquarter Central Railway Mumbai Eastern Railway Kolkata East Central Railway Hajipur East Coast Railway Bhubaneshwar Northern Railway Baroda House, New Delhi North Central Railway Allahabad North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur North Frontier Railway Maligaon, Guwahati North Western Railway Jaipur Southern Railway Chennai South Central Railway Secunderabad South Eastern Railway Garden Reach, Kolkata South East Central Railway Bilaspur South Western Railway Hubli Western Railway Mumbai CST West Central Railway Jabalpur

National Ports of India

Name of the Port Coast State Kandla Western Coast Gujarat Mumbai Western Coast Maharashtra Jawaharlal Nehru Western Coast Maharashtra Marmugoa Western Coast Goa Mangalore Western Coast Karnataka Cochin Western Coast Kerala Haldia Eastern Coast West Bengal Paradip Eastern Coast Odisha Vishakhapatnam Eastern Coast Andhra Pradesh Chennai Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Ennore Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Tutikorin Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu

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Rivers of India with their Cities and States

City River State

Agra Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Ahmedabad Sabarmati Gujarat

Allahabad At Uttar Pradesh the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati

Ayodhya Saryu Uttar Pradesh

Badrinath Alaknanda Uttarakhand

Banki Mahanadi Odisha

Brahmapur Rushikulya Odisha

Chhatrapur Rushikulya Odisha

Bhagalpur Ganges Bihar

Kolkata hugli West Bengal

Cuttack Mahanadi Odisha

New Delhi Yamuna Delhi

Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Assam

Ferozpur Sutlej Punjab

Guwahati Brahmaputra Assam

Haridwar Ganges Uttarakhand

Hyderabad Musi Telangana

Jabalpur Narmada Madhya Pradesh

Kanpur Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Kota Chambal Rajasthan

Jaunpur Gomti Uttar Pradesh

Patna Ganges Bihar

Rajahmundry Godavari Andhra Pradesh

Srinagar Jhelum Jammu & Kashmir

Surat Tapi Gujarat

Tiruchirapalli Kaveri Tamil Nadu

Varanasi Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Vijayawada Krishna Andhra Pradesh

Vadodara Vishwamitri Gujarat

Mathura Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Mirzapur Ganga Uttar Pradesh

Auraiya Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Etawah Yamuna Uttar Pradesh

Bangalore Vrishabhavathi Karnataka

Farrukhabad Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Fatehgarh Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Kannauj Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Mangalore Netravati, Gurupura Karnataka

Shimoga Tunga River Karnataka

Bhadravathi Bhadra Karnataka

Hospet Tungabhadra Karnataka

Karwar Kali Karnataka

Bagalkot Ghataprabha Karnataka

Honnavar Sharavathi Karnataka

Gwalior Chambal Madhya Pradesh

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Gorakhpur Rapti Uttar Pradesh

Lucknow Gomti Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Cantonment

Shuklaganj Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Chakeri Ganges Uttar Pradesh

Malegaon Girna River Maharashtra

Sambalpur Mahanadi Odisha

Rourkela Brahmani Odisha

Pune Mula, Mutha Maharashtra

Daman Daman Ganga River Daman

Madurai Vaigai Tamil Nadu

Thiruchirapalli Kaveri Tamil Nadu

Chennai Cooum, Adyar Tamil Nadu

Coimbatore Noyyal Tamil Nadu

Erode Kaveri Tamil Nadu

Tirunelveli Thamirabarani Tamil Nadu

Bharuch Narmada Gujarat

Karjat Ulhas Maharashtra

Nashik Godavari Maharashtra

Mahad Savitri Maharashtra

Nanded Godavari Maharashtra Kolhapur Panchaganga Maharashtra

Nellore Pennar Andhra Pradesh

Nizamabad Godavari Telangana

Sangli Krishna Maharashtra

Karad Krishna, Koyna Maharashtra

Hajipur Ganges Bihar

Ujjain Shipra Madhya Pradesh

Famous Mines of India Diamond Mine States Bunder Project Madhya Pradesh Kollur Mine Andhra Pradesh Panna Madhya Pradesh

Iron Ore Mine State Barbil Odisha Mayurbhanj Odisha Joba Odisha Kendujhar Odisha Jajpur Odisha Sundergarh Odisha Gangadhamardhan Odisha Singhbhum Jharkhand Bailadilla Chhattisgarh Dalli- Rajhara Chhattisgarh Ratnagiri Maharashtra Bellary Karnataka

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Barajamda Jharkhand

Manganese Mine State Kendujhar Odisha Rayagada Odisha Sundergarh Odisha Balaghat Madhya Pradesh Nagpur Maharashtra Shimoga Karnataka

Copper Mine State Hazaribagh Jharkhand Singhbhum Jharkhand Khetri Rajasthan Udaipur Rajasthan Malanjkhand Madhya Pradesh

Bauxite Mine State Balangir Odisha Bargarh Odisha Koraput Odisha Kalahandi & Rayagada Odisha Sambalpur Odisha Sundergarh Odisha Katni Madhya Pradesh Bilaspur Chhattisgarh Lohardaga Jharkhand

Coal Mine State Jharia Jharkhand Bokaro Jharkhand Godda Jharkhand Raniganj West Bengal Korba Chattisgarh Jharsuguda Odisha Taicher Odisha Singareni Telangana Neyveli Tamil Nadu Nagpur Maharashtra

Oil Mine State Digboi Assam Kalol Gujarat Godavari districts Andhra Pradesh

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Ankleshwar Gujarat Bassian Punjab Bombay High Maharashtra Dindigul Tamil Nadu

List of Major Straits of World Straits Joining Sea Separating Lands Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean Madagascar and Mozambique (Mainland Africa) Tiran Strait Gulf of Aqaba and Red Sinai and Arabian Peninsula Sea Zanzibar Strait Indian Ocean Zanzibar (Unguja) Island from Tanzania (mainland Africa) Florida Strait Gulf of Mexico and Florida Keys and Cuba Atlantic Ocean Yuctan Channel Caribbean Sea with Mexico and Cuba Gulf of Mexico Jamaica Channel Caribbean sea and Jamaica and Hispaniola northern Atlantic Mona Passage Caribbean sea and Puerto Rico Atlantic Ocean Davis Strait Baffin bay and Labrador Green and Baffin Island sea Hudson Strait Hudson bay and Baffin Island and Labrador Peninsula Labrador Sea Denmark Strait Greenland Sea and Iceland and Greeland Irminger Sea Nares Strait (Smith sound) Baffin bay and Lincoln Green and Ellesmere Island of Canada sea (Arctic Ocean) Nares Strait (Smith Sound) Baffin bay and Lincoln Greenland and Ellesmere Island of sea (Arctic ocean) Canada Belle Isle Strait Gulf of St Lawrence and Labrador Peninsula and Newfoundland Atlantic Ocean Bab-el-Mandeb Red sea and Gulf of Yemen (Arabian Peninsula) and Aden Djibouti, Eritrea of Small Peninsula Hormuz Strait Gulf of Oman and Iran and UAE Persian Gulf Duncan Passage Bay of Bengal and Rutland Island of Great Andaman and Andaman Sea Little Andaman Korea Strait East China sea and Sea Japan and South Korea of Japan Ten Degree Channel Bay of Bengal and Little Andaman and Car Nicobar Islands Andaman Sea Taiwan (Formosa or Black East China sea and Taiwan Island from mainland Asia Ditch) Strait North China Sea Qiongzhou (Hainan) Strait Gulf of Tonkin and Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula South China Sea Bonifacio Strait Tyrrhenian Sea and Corsica Island of France and Sardina Mediterranean Sea islands of Italy Corfu Strait Adriatic Sea and Ionian Albania and Greece Sea

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North Channel (Moyle Irish Sea and Atlantic Northeast Ireland and Southwest Strait) ocean Scotland Otranto Strait Italy and Albania Adriatic Sea Ionian Sea St George’s Channel (Irish Irish Sea and Celtic Sea Ireland and Great Britain Channel) Strait of Sicily West and East Sicily Island of Italy and Tunisia (Africa) Mediterranean sea Bali Strait Indian Ocean and Bali Java and Bali Islands of Indonesia Sea Bass Strait Great Australian Bight Tasmania Island and Mainland and Tasman Sea Australia Cook Strait Tasman sea and South North and South Island of New Zealand Pacific Karimata Strait South China sea and Sumatra and Bomeo Islands of Java sea Indonesia Singapore Strait Strait of Malacca and Singapore and Indonesia South China Sea Torres Strait Arafura sea and Gulf of Australia and Melanesian Island of New Papua Guinea Vitiaz Strait Bismark sea and Huo Peninsula and New Britain of New Soloman sea Guinea

Largest producing countries of agricultural commodities Cereals Cereal First Second Third

Barley Russia Germany France

Maize (corn) United States China Brazil

Oat Russia Canada Finland

Rice, paddy China India Indonesia

Triticale Poland Germany France

Wheat China India United States

Vegetables Vegetable First Second Third

Onion (dry) China India United States

Green bean China Indonesia India

Pulses (total) India Pakistan Canada

Potato China India Russia

Spinach China United States Japan

Soybean United States Brazil Argentina

Tomato China India United States

Safflower India United States Mexico

Sweet potato China Uganda Nigeria

Fruits Fruit First Second Third

Olive Spain Italy Greece

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Banana India Chad Uganda

Mango India China Thailand

Coconut Indonesia Philippines India

Sugar cane Brazil India China

Grapes China United States Italy

Oranges Brazil United States China

Papaya India Brazil Indonesia

Apple China United States Turkey

Pineapple Brazil Philippines Thailand

Jackfruit India Bangladesh Thailand

Dairy Products Product First Second Third

Milk (cow) United States India China

Milk (buffalo) India Pakistan China

Milk (goat) India Bangladesh Sudan (with South Sudan)

Milk (sheep) China Turkey Greece

Milk (camel) Somalia Kenya Mali

Drink Products Product First Second Third

Milk India United States China

Tea China India Kenya

Coffee Brazil Vietnam Indonesia

Wine France Italy United States

Beer China United States Brazil Meat Products Product First Second Third

Chicken United States China Brazil

Beef United States Brazil China

Pork China United States Germany

Sheep China Australia New Zealand

Goat China India Pakistan

Turkey United States Brazil Germany

Duck China France Malaysia

Other Products Product First Second Third

Cocoa Ivory Coast Ghana Indonesia

Egg China United States India

Honey China Turkey Argentina

Tobacco China Brazil India

Fibers Fiber First Second Third

Cotton China India United States

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Jute India Bangladesh China

Kapok (2012 data) Indonesia Thailand none reported

Rubber Thailand Indonesia Vietnam

Silk China India Uzbekistan

Wool China Australia New Zealand

Wood and Forest Products Wood and forest products First Second Third

Wood fuel* India China Brazil

Sawn wood** United States China Canada

Wood-based panels*** China Russia United States

Paper and Paperboard**** China United States Japan

Dissolving wood pulp***** United States South Africa Canada

Rivers by Length Length

River Outflow Countries in the drainage basin (km) Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda, Mediterran 1. Nile Kagera 6,853(6,650) Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, ean Egypt, Congo, South Amazon – Atlantic Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, 2. Ucayali – 6,992(6,400) Ocean Venezuela, Guyana Apurímac Yangtze (Chang East China 3. 6,300(6,418) China Jiang; Long River) Sea Mississippi– Gulf of 4. Missouri– 6,275 United States (98.5%), Canada (1.5%) Mexico Jefferson Yenisei–Angara– 5. 5,539 Kara Sea Russia (97%), Mongolia (2.9%) Selenge Yellow River 6. 5,464 Bohai Sea China (Huang He)

7. Ob–Irtysh 5,410 Gulf of Ob Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia Brazil (46.7%), Argentina (27.7%), Paraná – Río de la Río de la 8. 4,880 Paraguay (13.5%), Bolivia (8.3%), Plata Plata Uruguay (3.8%) Democratic Republic of the Congo– Atlantic Congo, Republic, Angola, Republic of the 9. Chambeshi 4,700 Ocean Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, (Zaïre) Burundi, Rwanda Amur–Argun Sea of 10. 4,444 Russia, China, Mongolia (Heilong Jiang) Okhotsk

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Agricultural Commodities and their Producing States

Agricultural Commodities Top Producer State Largest total food grains producing state in India Uttar Pradesh is Largest Rice producing state in India is West Bengal Largest Wheat producing state in India is Uttar Pradesh Largest Maize producing state in India is Andhra Pradesh Largest Coarse Cereal producing state in India is Karnataka, Rajasthan Largest Oilseeds producing state in India is Gujarat Largest Rapeseed & Mustard producing state in Rajasthan India is Largest Soybean producing state in India is Madhya Pradesh Largest Sunflower producing state in India is Karnataka Largest Sugarcane producing state in India is Uttar Pradesh Largest Sugar producing state in India is Maharashtra Largest cotton producing state in India is Gujarat Largest Jute producing state in India is West Bengal Largest Horticulture Products producing state in West Bengal India is Largest Vegetables producing state in India is West Bengal Largest Fruits producing state in India is Andhra Pradesh Largest Loose Flowers producing state in India is Tamil Nadu Largest Cut Flowers producing state in India is West Bengal Largest Total Spices producing state in India is Andhra Pradesh Largest Total Plantation Crops producing state in Tamil Nadu India is Largest Banana producing state in India is Tamil Nadu Largest Guava producing state in India is Madhya Pradesh Largest Grapes producing state in India is Maharashtra Largest Apple producing state in India is Jammu & Kashmir Largest Areca Nut producing state in India is Karnataka Largest Cocoa producing state in India is Kerala Largest Coconut producing state in India is Tamil Nadu Largest Cashew nut producing state in India is Maharashtra Largest Citrus, Lemon, Mosambi producing state Andhra Pradesh in India is Largest Orange producing state in India is Punjab Largest Litchi producing state in India is Bihar

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Largest Mango producing state in India is Uttar Pradesh & Andhra Pradesh Largest Pineapple producing state in India is West Bengal

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