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Order Number 8820278

A systematic study of the leafhopper genusChlorotettix (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Cwikla, Paul Stanley, Ph.D.

The Ohio State University, 1988

UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE LEAFHOPPER GENUS CHLOROTETTIX (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)

DISSERTATION

Presented in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University

Paul Stanley Cwikla, B.S., M.S.

* * * *

The Ohio State University 1988

Dissertation Committee: Approved By: Donald E. Johnston

L. R. Nault Charles A. Triplehorn Adviser Department of Entomology For Those Who Care

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

As is typical for a study such as this, numerous individuals have assisted in countless ways. I owe many thanks to Dr. Charles A. Triplehorn, my principle adviser during my stay at OSU. It was through his constant understanding and assistance that this project has reached an end.

Many graduate students, faculty, and research scientists have assisted in the exchange of ideas that, I hope in the final analysis, have improved this work. These include: Richard S. Miller, John A. Shuey, James "Sam" Stribling (now NMNH) and Ning Ma for their discussions on systematic theory and insects in general. OSU faculty,

Drs. D. E. Johnston and L. R. Nault, kindly critized this manuscript. Drs Paul H. Freytag (University of Kentucky), James P. Kramer (USNM), and Paul W. Oman (Oregon State University) freely expressed their thoughts on the genus

Chlorotettix. although this presentation is my own responsibility. Dr. Robert F. Whitcomb, USDA, is gratefully acknowledged for kindly allowing me to examine all of his Chlorotettix host records for the United States and also for his numerous conversations concerning leafhopper host plant relationships.

The specimens used in this study were loaned by iii curators who are listed with their respective institutions in the 'Material and Methods' section. Their help and generosity is greatly appreciated.

The habitus illustration of C. necooinus was executed by Adam Rubinstein. Niki K J. Miller prepared the line drawings, the nymph habitus and inked the genitalic illustrations. The library staff of the B & Z Library were always helpful. The graduate school bureaucrats, on the other hand, were a hinderance. VITA

December 9, 1956 ...... Born - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1980 ...... B.S., Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 1982 ...... M.S., University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 1982-1985 ...... Teaching/ Research Associate, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University 1985-1987 ...... Assistant Curator, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University

PUBLICATIONS Cwikla, P. S. 1980. A new species of Paraphlepsius (Homoptera:Cicadellidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc.53:639-640. Cwikla, P. S. and H. D. Blocker. 1981. An annotated list of leafhoppers occuring on tallgrass prairie in the Kansas Flint Hills. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 84:89-97.

Cwikla, P. S. and H. D. Blocker. 1981. Neotropical genera of Deltocephalinae not included in Linnavuori's 1959 key. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 27:170-178. Cwikla, P. S. and P. H. Freytag. 1982. Three new leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Cocos Island. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84:632-635. Freytag, P. H. and P. S. Cwikla. 1982. New species and records of Gyponinae from Dominica (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 55:658-664.

Cwikla, P. S. and P. H. Freytag. 1983. External morphology of Xestocephalus subtessellatus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 76:641-651.

v DeLong, D. M. and P. S. Cwikla. 1984. A new genus and species of deltocephaline leafhopper from Panama. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 86:432-434. Cwikla, P. S. 1984. Description of last nymphal instar of Xestocenhalus ancorifer (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Entomol. News. 95:40-42. Freytag, P. H. and P. S. Cwikla. 1984. Two new species of Idiocerine leafhoppers from Malagasy Republic (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Pan. Pac. Entomol. 60:341- 344. DeLong, D. M. and P. S. Cwikla. 1984. New neotropcial Deltocephalinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 57:725-728. Cwikla, P. S. and D,. M. DeLong. 1985. New species and a new record of Agalliinae from South and Central America (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 58:156-162 Cwikla, P. S. and N. Ma. 1986. A new species of Cariancha Oman (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with a discussion on the tribal placement. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 94:115-117. Cwikla, P. S. and H. Wolda. 1986. Seasonality and two new species of Panamian Xestocenhalus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Proc. Wash. Entomol. Soc. 88:344-350. Cwikla, P. S. 1985 [1986]. Classification of the genus Xestocenhalus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) for North and Central America including the West Indies. Brenesia 24:175-272.

Cwikla, P. S. 1987. A review of the ledrine genus Bascarrhinus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with a description of a new species. Annals Entomol. Soc. Amer. 80:429-434.

FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Systematica Studies in leafhoppers systematics. TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... iii

VITA ...... V LIST OF TABLES ...... viii LIST OF FIGURES ...... ix INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Taxonomic History ...... 2 Natural History ...... 9 Material and Methods ...... 11

CHAPTER PAGE I. Phylogenetic Hypothesis ...... 15 Chlorotettix genus-group relationships. . 15 Chlorotettix species-group relationships. 16 II. TAXONOMY ...... 28 Ileooeltus New Genus...... 29 Chacotettix Linnavuori...... 31 Paratanus Young ...... 32 Loi anus Linnavuori...... 33 Dichelanus Cwikla ...... 34 Chlorotettix Van Duzee...... 35 APPENDIX A. Illustrations ...... 201

LIST OF REFERENCES...... 454 INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES ...... 461

vii LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE 1. Check list of Chlorotettix species presently treated in Chlorotettix ...... 5 2. Synonyms and species previously treated in Chlorotettix ...... 7

3. Species-groups and their associated species of the genus Chlorotettix ...... 20

4. Hypothesized polarities of characters used in the analysis of the species-groups of Chlorotettix ...... 24

5. Data matrix used in constructing a cladogram for Chlorotettix...... 26

viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE

1. Hypothesized cladistic relationships for the genera related to Chlorotettix ...... 203

2. Hypothesized cladistic relationships for the Chlorotettix species-groups. Numbers refer to characters listed in Table 3 ...... 205 3. Chlorotettix albidus (Walker), a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect, e, pygofer, left lateral aspect . 206 4. Chlorotettix caudata DeLong and Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 209 5. Chlorotettix nielsoni n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 211 6. Chlorotettix harmodios Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 213 7. Chlorotettix haarus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 215 8. Chlorotettix necooinus Van Duzee. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 217 9. Chlorotettix bifurcatus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 219

ix 10. Chiorotett ix scambus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 221 11. Chlorotettix redimiculus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 223 12. Chlorotettix oaloblini Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 225 13. Chlorotettix neotrooicus Jensen-Haarup. a / pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 227 14. Chlorotettix soinellus DeLong and Martinson. a/ pygofer (anterior portion missing), left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 229 15. Chlorotettix striatus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 231 16. Chlorotettix unicolor (Fitch). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 233

17. Chlorotettix similis DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 235 18. Chlorotettix obsenus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 237 19. Chlorotettix attenuatus Brown, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 239

20. Chlorotettix dozieri Sanders and DeLong. a » pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, x dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 241 21. Chlorotettix latus Brown, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 243 22. Chlorotettix lugens Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 245 23. Chlorotettix nigrolabes DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 247

24. Chlorotettix montanus Caldwell, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 249 25. Chlorotettix aurantus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 251

26. Chlorotettix venosus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 253 27. Chlorotettix noteus n sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 255 28. Chlorotettix obscurus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 257 29. Chlorotettix qroenus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 259 30. Chlorotettix pinus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 261 xi 31. Chlorotettix filamentus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 263 32. Chlorotettix balli Osborn, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 265 33. Chlorotettix brunneus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 267 34. Chlorotettix luteosus (Baker), a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 269 35. Chlorotettix aurum DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, pygofer, dorsal aspect ...... 271 36. Chlorotettix suturalis DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 273 37. Chlorotettix limosus DeLong and Cartwright, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect...... 275 38. Chlorotettix meriscus Cwikla. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 277 39. Chlorotettix dentatus Sanders and DeLong. 3/ pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 279 40. Chlorotettix soatulatus Osborn and Ball. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 281

xii 41. Chlorotettix ruqicollis Ball, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 283 42. Chlorotettix leersius n sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 285 43. Chlorotettix berrvi DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 287 44. Chlorotettix grandis Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 289 45. Chlorotettix virgus Linnavuori and DeLong. a / pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 291

46. Chlorotettix seotempunctus Linnavuori and DeLong. a/ pygofer (anterior half damaged), left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 293 47. Chlorotettix lusorius (Osborn and Ball). a/ pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 295 48. Chlorotettix spiniloba Linnavuori. a, pygofer (anterior half missing), left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 297 49. Chlorotettix iridescens Delong, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 299 50. Chlorotettix rotundus Brown, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 301

51. Chlorotettix xanthus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, xiii aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, left plate, dorsal aspect . . . 303 52. Chlorotettix triolehorni n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, left plate, dorsal aspect . 305 53. Chlorotettix teroatus Fitch, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 307 54. Chlorotettix fuscus Brown, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 309 55. Chlorotettix melanotus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 311 56. Chlorotettix diverqens Sanders and DeLong. a / pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 313 57. Chlorotettix nudatus Ball, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 315 58. Chlorotettix fallax Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 317 59. Chlorotettix scutellatus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 319 60. Chlorotettix neoscutellatus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 321

61. Chlorotettix qalbanatus Van Duzee. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 323

xiv 62. Chlorotettix tunicatus Ball, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect...... 325 63. Chlorotettix caoensis Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 327 64. Chlorotettix floridanus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 329 65. Chlorotettix sparus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, left plate, dorsal aspect ...... 331 66. Chlorotettix calibrus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, right plate, ventral aspect . . 333 67. Chlorotettix serratus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 335 68. Chlorotettix fraterculus (Berg). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 337 69. Chlorotettix lonoibrachium Cheng, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 339 70. Chlorotettix torcms DeLong and Linnavuori. a, pygofer (anterior portion missing), left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 341 71. Chlorotettix bellus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 343

xv 72. Chlorotettix minimus Baker, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, ventral aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, eadeagal apex, dorsal aspect ...... 345 73. Chlorotettix lineatus Osborn, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, ventral aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, aedeagal apex, dorsal aspect ...... 347 74. Chlorotettix nimbuliferus (Berg), a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 349 75. Chlorotettix pranaerus n sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagal apex, dorsal aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 351 76. Chlorotettix crioanteus Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 353 77. Chlorotettix chelus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 355 78. Chlorotettix bakeri Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 357 79. Chlorotettix boliviellus DeLong and Martinson, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 359 80. Chlorotettix lactocinctus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 361 81. Chlorotettix duosoinus DeLong and Martinson, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 363

82. Chlorotettix serius (Stal). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, xv i aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 365 83. Chlorotettix forcioata DeLong and Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 367 84. Chlorotettix protensus Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 369 85. Chlorotettix disticrmus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 371 86. Chlorotettix bipartitus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 373 87. Chlorotettix gibbus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 375 88. Chlorotettix lobatus Osborn, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 377 89. Chlorotettix emaroinatus Baker, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 379 90. Chlorotettix viridius Van Duzee. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 381 91. Chlorotettix atriceps Linnavuori. Redrawn from Linnavuori (1959), a, pygofer apex, lateral aspect; b, apex of left style; c, apex of aedeagus; d, aedeagus, lateral aspect ...... 383 92. Chlorotettix beroi Linnavuori. Redrawn from Linnavuori (1959), a, aedeagal apex, posterior aspect ...... 385

xvii 93. Chlorotettix bimaculatus DeLong and Linnavuori. a, head and pronotum, dorsal aspect ...... 387 94. Chlorotettix borealis Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, ventral aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 389 95. Chlorotettix fairchildi Cwikla. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 391 96. Chlorotettix haplus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, pygofer, ventral aspect .... 393 97. Chlorotettix kassiohone Linnavuori. Redrawn from Linnavuori (1959), a, pygofer apex, lateral aspect; b, apex of style; c, apex of aedeagus; d, aedeagus, lateral aspect ...... 395 98. Chlorotettix linqulus DeLong and Martinson, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 397 99. Chlorotettix liouarus DeLong and Martinson, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, right style and right plate, ventral aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 399 100. Chlorotettix lucidus (Baker). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 401 101. Chlorotettix orbonatus (Ball). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 403 102. Chlorotettix polvmaculatus Cheng, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 405 103. Chlorotettix sinchona DeLong and Linnavuori. a, pygofer (anterior half damaged), left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 407 xviii 104. Chlorotettix svcoohantus Linnauvori. Redrawn from Linnavuori (1959), a, aedeagus, lateral aspect; b, aedeagal apex, lateral aspect; c, aedeagal apex, posterior aspect; d, apex of style. 409 105. Chlorotettix trimaculatus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 411 106. Chlorotettix vacunus Crumb, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 413 107. Chlorotettix vividus Crumb, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect ...... 415 108. a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. albidus (Walker); b, C. caudata DeLong and Linnavuori; c, C. berrvi DeLong; d, C. grandis Linnavuori; e, C. viraus Linnavuori and DeLong; f, C. septemounctus Linnavuori and DeLong ...... 417 109. a-e. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. soinellus Delong; b, C. striatus DeLong; c, C. unicolor (Fitclt) ; d, C. similis DeLong; e, C. obsenus DeLong ...... 419 110. a-c. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect. a, C. attenuatus Brown; b, C. necopinus Van Duzee; c, C. scambus n. sp...... 421

111. a-c. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. redimiculatus DeLong; b, C. oqloblini Linnavuori; c, C. dozieri Sanders and DeLong . . . 423 112. a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect. a, C. latus Brown; b, C. niorolabes DeLong; c, C. montanus Caldwell; d, C. venosus DeLong; e, C. obscurus DeLong; f, C. qroenus n. sp...... 425 113. a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. pinus DeLong; b, C. balli Osborn; c, C. brunneus DeLong; d, C. luteosus (Baker); e, C. aurum DeLong; f, C. sutural is DeLong ...... 427 114. a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect. a, C. 1imosus DeLong and Cartwright; b, C. meriscus

xix Cwikla; c, C. dentatus Sanders and DeLong; d, C. spatulatus Osborn and Ball; e, C. ruqicollis Ball; f, C. leersius n. sp...... 429

115. a-d. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. lusorius (Osborn and Ball); b, C. iridescens DeLong; c, C. qalbanatus Van Duzee; d, C. capensis Sanders and DeLong ...... 431 116. a-c. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect. a, C. floridanus DeLong; b, C. terqatus (Fitch); c, C. fuscus Brown ...... 433 117. a-c. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. melanotus DeLong; b, C. diverqens Sanders and DeLong; c, C. nudatus B a l l ...... 435 118. a-e. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. fallax Sanders and DeLong; b, C. scutellatus Osborn; c, C. calibrus n. sp.; d, C. qiganteus Linnavuori; e, C. boliviellus DeLong and Martinson 437 119. a-d. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C.lactocinctus DeLong; b, C. serius (Stal); c, C. distiqmus n sp.; d, C. bipartitus DeLong . 439

120. a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. fraterculus (Berg); b, C. lonqibrachium Cheng; c, C. bellus n. sp.; d, C. minimus Baker; e, C. lineatus Osborn; f, C. nimbuliferus (Berg). 441

121. a-d. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. prangerus n. sp.; b, C. lobatus Osborn; c, C. emarqinatus Baker; d, C. viridius Van Duzee 443

122. a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. atriceps Linnavuori; b, C. bimaculatus DeLong and Linnavuori; c, C. borealis Sanders and DeLong; d, C. breviceps Baker; e, C. excultus Sanders and DeLong; f, C. linqulus DeLong and Mar t i n s o n ...... 445 123. a-d. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. lucidus Baker; b, C. maximus(Berg); c, C. orbonatus (Ball); d, C. polvmaculatus Cheng . . . 447

124. a-c. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. vacunus Crumb; b, C. valenciai Linnavuori; c, C. vividus Crumb ...... 449

xx 125. Chlorotettix necooinus Van Duzee. Adult, dorsal h a b i t u s ...... 451 126. Chlorotettix meriscus Cwikla. Late instar nymph, dorsal habitus...... 453

xxi INTRODUCTION

"A huge exhibition of insects. Just at the point of going in, I turned around and left. I wasn't in the mood to admire."

E. M. Cioran Drawn and Quartered

Although externally homogeneous, the genus Chlorotettix Van Duzee, or otherwise known as the broad-headed leaf hoppers, is a speciose group cind, with the exception of one doubtful species from India, is restricted to the New

World. Species appear to be equally divided between the tropics and temperate regions. The genus also has a unique position in the history of leafhopper systematics in being the first genus in which the male genitalia were used to diagnose closely related species (Nielson, 1985). Although the genitalia were used early in the taxonomic history of this group, taxonomic problems still abound. The South American species are difficult, if not impossible, to determine with any regularity and there is no well illustrated key to the North American forms except for limited geographic areas such as Illinois. Currently there are over 130 species of described Chlorotettix. many of which are poorly illustrated. As would be expected, this has resulted in a number of synonyms and species incorrectly

1 2 placed in the genus Chlorotettix. This study is a taxonomic review of the genus, the main purpose of which is to provide a key and descriptions for species so that identifications can be made reliably. In addition, by examining this taxon monophyletically, concepts of phylogenetic relationships can be explored. This includes the interrelationships between the Chlorotettix species groups along with hypothesized relationships between Chlorotettix and other Eusecelini genera. TAXONOMIC HISTORY The genus Chlorotettix was erected by Van Duzee in 1892 and he designated Bvthoscopus unicolor Fitch as the type species. Bvthoscopus terqatus Fitch was also transferred to Chlorotettix in that Van Duzee paper along with descriptions of C. qalbanatus and C. viridius. the two most common Chlorotettix species in the eastern United States. The next year, 1893, Van Duzee described a species from Mississippi that differs from the other Chlorotettix species in possessing a broad brown transverse band on the crown. Osborn and Ball (1897) described another common U.S. species, C. spatulatus. Strangely, Baker (1898) incorrectly proposed the name C. vanduzeei for C. unicolor, which he thought was a synonym of C. qalbanatus. In that same paper, Baker also described three species of Chlorotettix from the Neotropics. During the same year, Osborn (1898) described a single species and added additional species in 1909, 1919, and 1923. 3 Ball (1900) described two species, C. nudatus and C. tunicatus from Iowa and Kansas. He later described C. rugicollis from Florida in 1903. The North American fauna continued to grow when Crumb described three species in 1915 and DeLong described another three species in 1916. One year later, DeLong described a new species with J. G. Sanders in 1917. In addition, the Sanders and DeLong team also published descriptions of ten new species from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions in 1919, 1922 and 1923. DeLong (1919) published the first synopsis of the genus, however the internal male genitalia were not utilized. Jensen-Haarup described a Neotropical species in 1922. A Puerto Rican Chlorotettix was described by DeLong (1923b) and in the same paper DeLong and Wolcott added an additional species. DeLong described C. floridanus from Florida in 1924. The first time the male genitalia were used to distinguish species within a genus was by DeLong and Cartwright (1926). In that paper, the male genitalia of 18 North American species, including a new species from

Pennsylvania, were illustrated. However, no key to the species was provided.

Naude (1926) described three Chlorotettix species from Africa. They were later transferred to endemic African genera by Linnavuori (1961) and Theron (1974).

The next attempt at a revision for the North American Chlorotettix was by Brown (1933). In this study a key to 47 species, 13 of which were considered new, was included. However, not a single described species was illustrated or described.

A species from India was described by Singh-Pruthi (1936) based on females. Five additional New World species were added by DeLong in 1937a and 1938. In 1945 DeLong reviewed the genus for Mexico and included 17 new species. Caldwell (1952) listed the Puerto Rican species and described two as new. In preparation for his revision of the New World Deltocepahlinae, Linnavuori described three new Neotropical species in 1955. He later (1959) revised the genus for the Neotropics and added nine new species and a new subgenus. Linnavuori continued to work in the genus by adding species in 1968, 1973a and 1973b.

Over the past decade, most of the work on this genus has been done by DeLong and his associates. This includes descriptions of new species by DeLong and Martinson (1974), DeLong and Linnavuori (1978 and 1979), Linnavuori and DeLong (1979), and DeLong (1980 and 1983).

Other recent papers include Cheng (1980) who described four new species and a subspecies. Cwikla and Freytag (1982) described a species from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Cwikla (1987) added a species from Ohio and he (in press) reviewed the species from Panama and elevated a subgenus of

Chlorotettix to generic ranking. A list of species and their current generic association are presented in Tables 1 and 2. 5 Table 1. Check list of Chlorotettix species presently treated in Chlorotettix.

C. albidus (Walker), 1851. C. atriceps Linnavuori, 1959. C. attenuatus Brown, 1933. C. aurantus n. sp. C. aurum DeLong, 1938. C. bakeri Sanders and DeLong, 1922. C. balli Osborn, 1898. C. bellus n. sp. C. bergi Linnavuori, 1959. C. berrvi DeLong, 1945. C. bifurcatus n. sp. C. bimaculatus DeLong and Linnavuori, 1978. C. bipartitus DeLong, 1945. C. boliviellus DeLong and Martinson, 1974. C. borealis Sanders and DeLong, 1917. C. breviceps Baker, 1898. C. brunneus DeLong, 1945. C. calibrus n. sp. C. capensis Sanders and DeLong, 1922. C. caudata DeLong and Linnavuori, 1979. C. chelus n. sp. C. dentatus Sanders and DeLong, 1923. C. distiamus n. sp. C. divergens Sanders and DeLong, 1922. C. dozieri Sanders and DeLong, 1922. C. duospinus DeLong and Martinson, 1974. C. emarqinatus Baker, 1898. C. excultus Sanders and DeLong, 1922. C. fairchildi Cwikla, in press. C. fallax Sanders and DeLong, 1922. C. filamentus DeLong, 1937a. C. floridanus DeLong, 1924. C. forcipata DeLong and Linnavuori, 1979. C. fraterculus (Berg), 1879. C. fuscus Brown, 1933. C. qalbanatus Van Duzee, 1892. C. qibbus n. sp. C. qiqanteus Linnavuori, 1959. C. grandis Linnavuori, 1959. C. qroenus n. sp. C. querrerus DeLong and Martinson, 1974. C. haarus n. sp. C. haplus n. sp. C. harxnodios Linnavuori, 1973b. C. iridescens DeLong, 1916. C. kassiphone Linnavuori, 1959. C. latocinctus DeLong, 1945. C. latus Brown, 1933. 6 Table 1 continued. C. leersius n. sp. C. limosus DeLong and Cartwright, 1926. C. lineatus Osborn, 1919. C. linqulus DeLong and Martinson, 1974. C. liouarus DeLong and Martinson, 1974. C. lobatus Osborn, 1919. C. lonaibrachium Cheng, 1980. C. lucidus Baker, 1895. C. luaens Linnavuori, 1959. C. lusorius (Osborn and Ball), 1897. C. luteosus (Baker), 1926. C. maculatus Singh-Pruthi, 1936. (Probably does not belong in Chlorotettix however until a male is located no recommendation on generic status can be made at this time .). C. malevius DeLong and Martinson, 1974 (Probably belongs in Bahita or close to it.) C. maximus (Berg), 1879. C. melanotus DeLong, 1916. C. minimus Baker, 1898. C. meriscus Cwikla, 1987. C. montanus Caldwell, 1952. C. neconinus Van Duzee, 1893. C. neoscutellatus n. sp. C. neotropicus Jensen-Haarup, 1922. C. nielsoni n. sp. C. niarolabes DeLong, 1945. C. nimbuliferus (Berg), 1884. C. noteus n. sp. C. nudatus Ball, 1900. C. obscurus DeLong, 1945. C. obsenus DeLong, 1937. C. oaloblini Linnavuori, 1959. C. orbonatus (Ball), 1903. C. pinus DeLong, 1945. C. polvmaculatus Cheng, 1980. C. pranqerus n. sp. C. protensus Linnavuori, 1959. C. redimiculus DeLong, 1945. C. rotundus Brown, 1933. C. ruqicollis Ball, 1903. C. scambus n. sp. C. scutellatus Osborn, 1919. C. septempunctus Linnavuori and DeLong, 1979. C. serius (Stal), 1860. C. serratanus n. sp. C. similis DeLong, 1919. C. sinchona DeLong and Linnavuori, 1978. C. sparus n. sp. C. spatulatus (Osborn and Ball), 1897. Table 1 continued. C. spinellus DeLong and Martinson, 1974. C. spiniloba Linnavuori, 1968. C. striatus DeLong, 1945. C. subfuscus DeLong, 1945 (May belong in the genus Neomesus Linnavuori). C. suturalis DeLong, 1916. C. svcophantus Linnavuori, 1955. C. teraatus (Fitch), 1951. C. torqus DeLong and Linnavuori, 1978. C. trimaculatus n. sp. C. triplehorni n. sp. C. tunicatus Ball, 1900. C. unicolor (Fitch), 1851. C. vacunus Crumb, 1915. C. valenciai Linnavuori, 1973a. C. variabilis DeLong, 1945 (Probably belongs to the genus Cahva Linnavuori.). C. venosus DeLong, 1945. C. virgus Linnavuori and DeLong, 1979. C. viridius Van Duzee, 1892. C. vittatus Osborn, 1909 (Might be near Idiodonus.). C. vividus Crumb, 1915. C. xanthus n. sp.

Table 2. Synonyms and species previously treated in Chlorotettix. acus DeLong and Davidson, 1934 (=C. lucidus). africanus Naude, 1926 (=Hiltus Theron). anoustus Brown, 1933 (=C. borealis). appendiculatus Linnauvuori, 1955 (=Chacotettix niqromaculatus). bicoloratus DeLong, 1945 (=C. serius) bidentatus DeLong, 1923 (=Ilegpeltus tethys). brevidus DeLong, 1937a (=C. unicolor). canolaterus Cwikla and Freytag, 1982 (=Balclutha Kirkaldy, NEW COMBINATION). cognitus Caldwell, 1952 (=C. fraterculus) convexus Brown, 1933 (=C. vacunus). cuneus DeLong and Martinson, 1974 (=Ileopeltus n. gen.). curvidens Osborn, 1919 (=C. albidus). delicatus Osborn, 1923 (=Cahya Linnavuori, NEW COMBINATION). deltus Ball, 1916 (=C. lucidus). distinctus DeLong, 1919 (=C. qalbanatus). durus Brown, 1933 (=C. capensis). Table 2 continued. frameus DeLong and Linnavuori, 1978 (=Chacotettix Linnavuori) fulvicus Cheng, 1980 (=C. qiqanteus). fumidus Sanders and DeLong, 1919 (=C. melanotus). fuscifascicatus Cheng, 1980 (=C. virgus). hamula DeLong and Linnavuori, 1979 (=C. bipartitus). hastulus DeLong and Linnavuori, 1978 (=Ileopeltus n. gen.). inscriptus DeLong, 1945 (=C. lusorius) lanquidus Linnavuori, 1959 (=Dichelanus Cwikla). latifrons Sanders and DeLong, 1922 (=C. fallax). lonqispina Linnavuori, 1955 (=C. fraterculus) . maculosus Brown, 1933 (=C. qalbanatus). mansuetus DeLong, 1983 (=Paraqanus Linnavuori NEW COMBINATION). minor DeLong, 1919 (=011arianus strictus Ball) modestus Linnavuori, 1959 (=C. latocinctus DeLong). nauticus DeLong, 1983 (=Caranavia Linnavuori, NEW COMBINATION). nigromaculatus DeLong and Wolcott, 1923 (=Chacotettix Linnavuori). occidentalis DeLong, 1919 (=C. unicolor). orbicula DeLong and Linnavuori, 1979 (=C. emarqinatus). pallidus Brown, 1933 (=C. scutellatus). parabolatus Naude, 1926 (=Tetratostvlus Wagner). productus Sanders and DeLong, 1919 (=C. orbonatus) recurvatus DeLong, 1945 (=C. nimbuliferus). rubidus Brown, 1933 (=C. floridanus). serratus DeLong, 1937 (=C. albidus). sexvarus DeLong, 1959 (=Crassana DeLong and Hershberger NEW COMBINATION). sinuosus Brown, 1933 (=C. attenuatus). sordidus Brown, 1933 (=C. fallax). spadix Naude, 1926 f=Renosteria Theron). spinosus DeLong, 1945 (=Ileopeltus n. gen.). stolatus Ball, 1900 (=C. unicolor). taeniaticeps Linnavuori, 1955 (=C. nimbuliferus). tessellatus DeLong, 1980 (=C. serius). tethvs Van Duzee, 1907 (=Ileopeltus n. gen.). truncatus Osborn, 1923 (=C. minimus) undatus DeLong, 1945 (=C. striatus). vanduzeei Baker, 1898 (=C. unicolor). vittatus Osborn, 1909 (Might be near Idiodonus.). 9

NATURAL HISTORY

Like many of the leafhopper genera that are not of major economic importance, the natural history of the genus Chlorotettix is known only from isolated notes on individual species scattered throughout the literature. In addition, these notes are mainly restricted to host records of the eastern North American species. A listing of these can be found under each species description. In general it appears that Chlorotettix species many not be specialists on specific plant species, however they may be generalists which are restricted to certain habitat types. For example, C. spatulatus can be found on a number of grasses and forbs (Whitcomb, pers. comm.). Most host data associated with specimens indicate that thay are from "old field" type habitats. This is especially important in the eastern United States where it is probable that local adaptation to a particular host plant may exist.

For the most part, Chlorotettix species are found feeding upon the Cyperaceae (mainly Carex spp.), and the grass groups Panicoideae and Chloridoideae. Forbes and woody plants have occasionally been associated with Chlorotettix species. These hosts either may be incorrect or they may serve as secondary host plants sometime during the season. Additional work needs to be conducted in order to resolve this problem. 10 Most Chlorotettix species are thought to have only one generation per year in the eastern half of the United States. This is supported by the fact that C. unicolor nymphs were collected in an Ohio fen around mid July and adults were present until September (Cwikla, unpublished). No additional nymphs were collected, which would have indicated a second generation. C. qalbanatus and C. viridius, on the other hand appear to have two generations per year in Maryland (Whitcomb, pers. comm.) and C. spatulatus was recorded as having two generations per year in Ohio (Osborn, 1928). These observations are supported by the fact that these leafhoppers are the most ubiquitous Chlorotettix species in U.S. collections.

As would be expected for leafhoppers with only one generation per year, Chlorotettix species appear to be long lived. An adult specimen of C. similis has been reported by Severin (1947) to have lived 106 days on a celery plant. The stages in which Chlorotettix species overwinter is

unclear. It is possibe that they overwinter in the egg stage or possibly as early nyphal stadia.

Species of broad-headed leafhoppers are not known to be economically important. Nielson (1968) considered C. similis (the only known Chlorotettix that is reportedly a disease vector) to be only a minor vector of aster yellow mycoplasma like organism.

The parasites of Chlorotettix species have been reviewed by 11 Freytag (1985). He reported that Fenton (1918) observed that C. qalbanatus and C. unicolor were parasitized by the hymenopteran family, Dryinidae. C. soatulatus was reported to be parasitized by a pipunculid (Diptera) in both the immature and adult stages (Baldridge and Blocker, 1980). Freytag (1985) did not list any egg parasites for Chlorotettix species.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

As a prequisite for studing leafhopper taxonomy the male genitalia of leafhopper specimens must be cleared and dissected. The process has not changed greatly since DeLong and Davidson described the technique back in 1937. Because the method is so widely utilized, only a cursory description is given below.

The first step is to remove the male abdomen using a sharpened insect pin. The abdomen is then placed in a 10% potassium hydroxide solution for approximately eight hours at room temperature. The abdomen is then transferred to acidulated (tap water) for 10 minutes. Finally the abdomen is prepared for study by placing it into glycerine. Specimens and genitalia were studied by using a Wild M5 dissecting microscope and the male genitalia were drawn using a Wild M12 compound microscope with a drawing attatchment. Small genitalic parts were stabilized by using K-y^(r ) jell during the illustrating process. 12 Measurements were made with a hand held measuring tool. Body length is measured from the apex of the crown to the tip of the forewing at rest. Ten specimens of each sex were measured per species unless fewer specimens were available for study. To ensure accuracy, specimens were commonly measured twice. All illustrations are listed in appendix a.

This study was based on approximately 5,000 specimens, the majority of which were borrowed from public museums. Their acronyms as used in the text, their address, and person responsible for lending material are listed below.

BMNH Department of Entomology British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD United Kingdom; M. D. Webb BYUC Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602; M. W. Nielson CASC Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118; N. D. Penny CMNH Department of Entomology Carnegie Museum of Natural History Pittsburgh, PA 15213; C. W. Young FSCA Florida State Collection of Arthropods Florida Department of Agriculture Gainsville, FL 32602; F. W. Mead INHS Illinois Natural History Survey 607 E. Peabody Dr. Champaign, IL 61820; D. J. Voegtlin JCWS James Entomological Collection Washington State University Pullman, WS 99164; R. S. Zack KSUC Department of Entomology Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506; H. D. Blocker NCSU Department of Entomology North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695; L. L. Deitz NHLP Division Entomologia Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata La Plata, Argentina; R. A. Ronderos NYSM New York State Museum Cultural Education Center Albany, N.Y. 12230; T. McCabe ORSU Department of Entomology Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331; P. W. Oman OSUC Department of Entomology The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210; C. A. Triplehorn RLC Rauno Linnavuori SF—21120 Somersoja, Finland; Private Collection SMKU Snow Museum, Department of Entomology University of Kansas Lawrence, KS 66045; R. W. Brooks SWNH Section of Entomology Swedish Museum of Natural History S—10405 Stockholm, Sweden; P. Lindskog

UFPB Universidade Federal do Parana Departamento de Zoologica 80,000/ Curitiba Parana, Brazil; K. Zanol UKCL Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40546; P. H. Freytag USNM Department of Entomology U. S. National Museum Washington, D. C. 20560; J. P. Kramer UVML Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto de Zoologia Facultad de Agronomia Agricola Maracay, Venezuela, F. J. Fernandes UZSP Museo de Zoologia Universidade de Sao Paulo Caixa Postal 7172 Sao Paulo, Brazil; M. Guena de Oliveira Chapter I PHYLOGENETIC HYPOTHESIS

Phylogenetic methodology provides an hierarchical set of hypotheses for the arrangement of taxa. This method has been described by Hennig (1966), with character polarity hypothesized using outgroup comparison (Watrous and Wheeler, 1981). The resulting data matrix was analyzed using the phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (PAUP) program, version 2.4.1, developed by Swofford (1985) and run on a IBM Personal Computer.

Chlorotettix genus-group relationships

The Chlorotettix genus-group of deltocephaline genera is synapomorphically defined by the crown being completely microsculptured. This character is unique among New World deltocephaline genera and appears to be absent from Old World genera such as Athvsanus Burmeister and Paralimnus Matusmura that I have examined. Possible outgroups for the Chlorotettix genus-group include Atanus Oman, Cahva Linnavuori and Ollarianus Ball. This genus-group is not given tribal status at this time until a thorough analysis of Deltocephalinae is considered. The genus-group itself

15 16 contains Ileopeltus. Chacotettix. Paratanus. Loi anus and Chlorotettix. The genera Stirellus Osborn and Ball, Garapita Oman, and Dichelanus Cwikla all have their crown completely microsculptured, however they are not considered part of the Chlorotettix genus-group at this time. Stirellus has a subconical crown and is thought to be related to Gillettiella Osborn and Kinonia Ball according to Oman (1949). Garapita and Dichelanus both have their male plates ending in a narrow membranous apex and are probably more closely related to Osbornellus Ball than the genera in the Chlorotettix genus-group. The hypothesized phylogenetic relationships between the five genera in the Chlorotettix genus-group is represented in Fig. 1. The three major clades of this genus-group is represented as an unresolved trichotomy. Ileopeltus is synapomorphically defined by having an asymmetrical aedeagal shaft without processes. The Loianus-Chlorotettix clade has apical aedeagal processes while the Chacotettix-Paratanus clade has basal aedeagal processes. No characters were found that would resolve this trichotomy. The width of the crown tends to be wider in Chlorotettix and Paratanus than in Ileopeltus. however this does not hold for all Chlorotettix species and was not used to define the

(Chlorotettix-Loianus)- (Chacotettix-Paratanus) clade. 17 Chlorotettix species-group relationships

Because of the limited number of characters and the large number of species in Chlorotettix. only hypothesized species-group relationships will be discussed. It is felt that within-group discussions will be too speculative at this time. The species-groups and their associated species are listed in Table 3. Twenty-seven characters were selected for analysis and they are presented in Table 4 with their hypothesized polarity. Because of the relatively homogeneous external characteristics of Chlorotettix species, most of the characters used in this analysis are genetalic. The resulting data matrix (Table 5) was analysized using PAUP and approximately 50 equally parsimonous cladograms were obtained. The large number of trees is attributed to branch swapping among the unresolved trichotomies. One of the approximately 50 trees generated, a hypothesized cladogram is presented in Fig. 2 for the Clorotettix species-groups. This cladogram is presented over the other possibilities due to the fact that species- groups that contained characters 3 (pygofer process present on ventroposterior margin) and 12 (setae-like pygofer processes present) were grouped together with their respective characters. The albidus species-group is considered the most basal 18 lineage. It is synapomorphically defined by the possession of a preatrium and the posterior margin of the pygofer is serrate or with the serrations appearing fused into a hook like process. The remaining species-groups all have apical aedeagal processes. Of those Chlorotettix species which have apical aedeagal processes, two main branches are apparent. One branch is represented by an unresolved trichotomy and the second is defined by the aedeagal processes narrow in posterior aspect. The group that is represented by an unresolved trichotomy contains nine species-groups. One clade is represented by the solitary species-group necooinus. A distinct wide dark brown transverse band and a flattened aedeagal shaft synapomorphically defines this species-group. Another clade has three species-groups as an unresolved multichotomy defined by the presence of anterior aedeagal processes. These include the following species-groups; spinellus. dozieri, and unicolor. No autapomorphies were found for the spinellus species-group while the autapophies for the dozieri and unicolor species-groups are listed on the cladogram. The final clade in this group contains five species-groups. All have setae-like processes on the pygofer. Only filamentus and brunneus species-groups share the presence of anterior aedeagal processes. This clade and the montanus. soatulatus. and lusorius species-groups are 19 represented by a multichotomy.

The remaining clades are defined by the presence of narrow apical aedeagal processes, a character which is later lost and then regained. The most primitive of the species- groups, berrvi. does not have an autapomorphy and because of the weak character used to hold this clade together may possibly be related to another species-group. For now it is best considered with those taxa that have their apical aedeagal processes narrow in posterior aspect. The rest of the species-groups all have a pygofer process inserted on the ventroposterior margin. This group is broken into two main branches. One branch has the apical aedeagal processes narrow in posterior aspect, a reversal character. This group is divided into two groups. One group has its preapical angle of the style absent and the anterior margin of the pygofer produced into a lobe like process. The other group has the anterior margin of the pygofer process distinctly triangular. The apomorphic characters which define the species-groups are listed on the cladogram. The other branch is made up of three species-groups, all of which are defined by the pygofer process being inserted on the inner-margin. The apomorphies that define these species-groups are on the cladogram. No characters could be found that show interrelationships between these species-groups. Table 3. Species-groups and their Associated Species of the Genus Chlorotettix

albidus species-group C. albidus (Walker) C. caudata DeLong and Linnavuori C. nielsoni n. sp. C. harmodios Linnavuori C. haarus n. sp.

necopinus species-group C. necopinus Van Duzee C. bifurcatus n. sp. C. scambus n. sp. C . redimiculatus DeLong C. oqloblini Linnavuori C. neotropicus Jensen-Harrup spinellus species-group C. spinellus DeLong and Martinson C. striatus DeLong unicolor species-group C. unicolor (Fitch) C. similis DeLong C. obsenus DeLong C. attenuatus Brown dozieri species-group C. dozieri Sanders and DeLong C. latus Brown C. luaens Linnavuori C. niqrolabes DeLong montanus species-group C. montanus Caldwell C. aurantus n. sp. C. venosus DeLong C. noteus n. sp. C. obscurus DeLong C. qroenus n. sp. C. pinus DeLong Table 3 continued. filamentus species-group C. filamentus DeLong C. balli Osborn brunneus species-group C. brunneus DeLong C. luteousus (Baker) spatulatus species-group C. aurum DeLong C. suturalis DeLong C. limosus DeLong and Cartwright C. meriscus Cwikla C. dentatus Sanders and DeLong C. spatulatus Osborn and Ball C. ruqicollis Ball C. leersius n. sp. berrvi species-group C. berrvi DeLong C. qrandis Linnavuori C. virgus Linnavuori and DeLong C. septempunctus Linnavuori and DeLong lusorius species-group C. lusorius (Osborn and Ball) C. spiniloba Linnavuori iridescens species-group C. iridescens DeLong C. rotundus Brown C. xanthus n. sp. C. triplehorni n. sp. terqatus species-group C. terqatus (Fitch) C . fuscus Brown C . melanotus DeLong C. divergens Sanders and DeLong C. nudatus Ball C. fallax Sanders and DeLong C. scutellatus Osborn C. neoscutellatus n. sp. Table 3 continued. qalbanatus species-group C. qalbanatus Van Duzee C. tunicatus Ball C. capensis Sanders & DeLong C. floridanus DeLong sparus species-group C. sparus n. sp. C. calibrus n. sp. C. serratanus n. sp. fraterculus species-group C. fraterculus (Berg) C. longibrachium Cheng C. torqus DeLong and Linnavuori C. bellus n. sp. c. minimus Baker C. lineatus Osborn C. nimbuliferus (Berg) C. pranqerus n. sp. qjqanteus species-group C. qjqanteus Linnavuori C. chelus n. sp. C. bakeri Sanders and DeLong C. boliviellus DeLong and Martinson C. lactocinctus DeLong C. duospinus DeLong and Martinson C. serius (Stal) C. forcipata DeLong and Linnavuori C. protensus Linnavuori C. distiqmus n. sp. bipartitus species-group C. bipartitus DeLong C. qibbus n. sp. lobatus species-group C. lobatus Osborn C. emaroinatus Baker C. viridius Van Duzee Table 3continued.Table Incertae Sedis Incertae vvds Crumb . vividus Linnavuori . valenciai Crumb sp. n. . vacunus Linnavuori trimaculatus . svcophantus . . sinchona DeLong and Linnavuori Linnavuori and DeLong sinchona . (Ball) orbonatus . Baker lucidus . . polvmaculatus Cheng Cheng . polvmaculatus (Berg) . maximus . licruarus DeLong and Martinson Martinson and Martinson and DeLong licruarus . DeLong linoulus Linnavuori . kassiphone . sp. n. haplus Cwikla . sp. fairchildi .n. excultus . Baker breviceps . . borealis Sanders and DeLong DeLong and Sanders . borealis Linnavuori . berai lo lo lo lo in 10 in in in in in in inLinnavuori and DeLong in . bimaculatus in Linnavuori in atricens . in in in in in 24 Table 4. Hypothesized polarities of characters used in the analysis of the species-groups of Chlorotettix. Character number refer to characters listed in Table 4 and in the cladogram for the the species-groups.

Character plesiomorphic apomorphic

1 . ground color pale yellow/green brown 2. crown color pale yellow/green transverse band prominent 3. pygofer without processes with processes on ventroposterior on ventropost margin. erior margin 4. pygofer process not modified into modified into hook-shaped process hook-shaped process 5. pygofer process inserted on ventro inserted on posterior margin middle of ventral margin 6. pygofer process not inserted on inserted on inner margin inner margin 7. pygofer process not fused to fused to inner inner margin margin 8. pygofer roundly produced with lobe-like posteriorly posterior margin

9. pygofer roundly produced distinctly traingular 10. pygofer roundly produced with concave depression on posterior margin 11. pygofer roundly produced finely serrate on posterior margin 12. pygofer without processes with setae-like processes on ventral margin 13. setae on pygofer randomly arranged arranged in row 14. setae on pygofer thin stout 25 Table 4 continued.

Character plesiomorphic apomorphic

15. style apex claw-like style apex straight 16. style preapical angel present absent 17. style apex smooth with gibba 18. aedeagus without processes with processes 19. anterior aedeagal processes absent present 20. subapical processes absent present 21. aedeagal processes stout in posterior narrow in aspect posterior aspect 22. anterior aedeagal processes curved laterally or curved anteriorly posteriorly 2 3. aedeagal processes directed dorsally directed anteriorly in lateral aspect 24. preatrium absent present 25. aedeagal shaft tubular laterally flattened 26. aedeagal shaft tubular dorsoventrally flattened 27. gonopore apical or subapical near middle of shaft Table 5. Data matrix used in constructing a cladogram for Chlorotettix. Character numbers refer to characters listed in Table 3. 0, plesiomorphic; 1, apomorphic.

Character 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 11 berrvi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 spinellus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 filamentus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 unicolor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 neconinus 110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 dozieri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 montanus 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 brunneus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 spatulatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 lusorius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 albidus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 iridescens 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 cralbanatus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 tercratus 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 sparus 0 0 1 0100010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 cricranteus 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 fraterculus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 bioartitus 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 lobatus 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Table 5 continued.

Character 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2' berryi 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 soinellus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 filamentus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 unicolor 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 necooinus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 dozieri 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 montanus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 brunneus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 spatulatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 lusorius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 albidus 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 iridescens 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 aalbanatus 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 teraatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 sparus 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 cricranteus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 fraterculus 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 bioartitus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 lobatus 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Chapter II

TAXONOMY

Key to the genera in the Chlorotettix genera-group

Aedeagus symmetrical, usually with apical aedeagal processes...... 2

Aedeagus asymmetrical, without aedeagal processes....

...... Ileopeltus new genus Basal aedeagal processes present...... 3 Basal aedeagal processes absent...... 5 Anal tube sclerotized dorsally...... Paratanus Young Anal tube not sclerotized dorsally...... 4 Aedeagal processes paralleling shaft, not sinuate in lateral aspect Chacotettix Linnavuori Aedeagus processes not paralleling shaft, sinuate in lateral aspect Dichelanus Cwikla Male plate with macrosetae Chlorotettix Van Duzee Male plate without macrosetae..... Loi anus Linnavuori

28 29

Ileopeltus New Genus Type-species: Chlorotettix tethvs Van Duzee.

Color: Green or yellowish green. Markings occassionly present on crown and forewing. Structural Features: Small deltocephaline leafhoppers. Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye or equaling length next to eye. Ciypellus not constructed proximally. Forewing with crossvein in claval area. Male Genitalia: Pygofer roundly produced or truncated, process present or absent. Anal tube weakly sclerotized. Valve acutely triangular. Plate usually short, rounded apically, macrosetae uniseriate. Stylar apex linear. Connective as long as or shorter than aedeagaus. Aedeagus without processes, asymmmetrical, apex acute in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical.

Distribution: Neotropical. Diagnosis: This genus has been previously described as Doleranus by Linnavuori (1959). The neotropical species are not considered congeneric with the nearctic forms which are treated as synonyms of Chlortettix in this paper. Ileopeltus species can be separated from other deltocephaline genera by the asymmetrical aedeagus without processes. The following species are included in Ileopeltus. 30

Species of Ileopeltus I. aberrans (Osborn) 1923:72-73. (Chlorotettix) New Combination. Brazil, Venezuela. I. cruzanus (DeLong & Cwikla) 1984:726. (Doleranus) New

Combination. Bolivia. I. cuneus (DeLong & Martinson) 1974:265. (Chlorotettix) New

Combination. Brazil. I. cvclops (Linnavuori) 1959:275-276. (Doleranus) New Combination. Species not examined. Argentina, Paraguay. I. hastulus (DeLong and Linnavuori) 1978:121-122. (Chlorotettix) New Combination. Brazil. I. spinosus (DeLong) 1945:10-11. (Chlorotettix) New

Combination. Mexico. I. tethvs (Van Duzee) 1907:71. (Chlorotettix) New Combination

Central America, South America, West Indies. 31 Chacotettix Linnavuori Chacotettix Linnavuori 1955:106-107. Type by original designation, Chlorotettix niqromaculatus DeLong and Wolcott. Linnavuori 1959:270. Cwikla (in press).

Color: Yellowish brown. Lateral angles of scutellum brown. Forewing subhyaline. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Small deltocephaline leafhoppers. Head broader than pronotum. Crown produced, median length twice as long as length next to eye, microsculpturing on crown the same as on clypeus. Ocellus close to eye. Face broad, clypellus slightly constricted at proximal end. Pronotum with lateral margins short, weakly carinate laterally, transverse striae present, microsculpturing absent. Scutellum microsculptured as on clypeus. Forewing long, inner anteapical cell open proximally. Male genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin triangularly produced, processes absent. Anal tube not sclerotized dorsally. Valve triangular, lateral margin sinuated, macrosetae uniseriate. Stylar apex claw-like. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus with pair of basal processes, broad at base and inserted at base of shaft, shaft long and tubular, apical processes absent. Gonopore apical. Distribution: Central America, West Indies. Discussion: Chacotettix was treated as a subgenus of

Chlorotettix by Linnavuori (1959) and later reelevated to 32 generic status by Cwikla (in press). The basal aedeagal process indicates that Chacotettix may be more closely related to Paratanus Young than Chlorotettix and is best treated as a separate genus.

Diagnosis: This genus is similar to Chlorotettix but can be separated from it by the basal aedeagal processes inserted next to the base of the aedeagal shaft.

Species of Chacotettix C. niqromaculatus (DeLong and Wolcott) 1923:265. Jamaica, Panama.

C. frameus (DeLong and Linnavuori) 1978:22. (Chlorotettix) New Combination. Brazil.

Paratanus Young

Type-species: Atanus exitiosus Beamer. Young (1957).

Discussion: This genus was described by Young (1957) and the species have been reviewed by Linnavuori (1959). The genus is hypothesized to be related to Chacotettix becasue of the crown being completely microsculptured and the basal aedeagal processes. It is synapomorphically defined by the anal tube sclerotized dorsally, a character which is homoplastic in being shared with four other genera (Linnavuori, 1959). The genus is currently in need of revision.

Species of Paratanus

P. biounctus DeLong and Cwikla 1984:725. South America. P. brevicapitus Cheng 1980:104. South America. P. exitiosus (Beamer) 1943:178-179. (Atanus) South America P. inermis Linnavuori 1959:309-310. South America. P. maqniceps Linnavuori 1959:307. South America. P. psidii Linnavuori 1959:308-309. South America.

P. rotundiceps Linnavuori 1959:310 South America. P. spiniloba Linnavuori and DeLong 1977:209-210. South America. P. varieaatus Linnavuori and DeLong 1977:210. South America. P. wvgodzinskvi (Linnavuori) 1954:61-62. (Alaca) South

America.

Loi anus Linnavuori Type-species: Loi anus wagneri Linnavuori, by original designation. Linnavuori (1959).

Discussion: This genus was described by Linnavuori (1959) to include L. wagneri from Ecuador. This genus is related to Chlorotettix and can be separated from it by the male plates without macrosetae. Loi anus may be a synonym of 34 Chlorotettix because the aedaeagus phagma is split as in C. fairchildi. However the lack of macrosetae on the male plate is uncommon in the Deltocephalinae and because of this Loi anus is considered a separate genus.

Species of Loi anus L. wagneri Linnavuori 1959:273-274. South America.

Dichelanus Cwikla Type-species: Chlorotettix (Chacotettix) lanauidus

Linnavuori. Cwikla (in press).

Color: Pale stramineous. Forewing subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural features: Small deltocephaline leafhoppers. Head broader than pronotum. Crown roundly produced, microsculpturing on crown the same as on clypeus. Ocelli next to eye. Face broad, clypellus slightly constricted proximally. Pronotum with lateral margin short, weakly carinate laterally, transverse striae present, microsculpturing absent. Scutellum microsculptured as clypeus. Forewing long, inner anteapical cell open proximally. Male genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced. Valve triangular. Plate with setae uniseriate. 35 Stylar apex elongate. Connective short. Aedeagus short, symmetrical, apical processes absent, basal aedeagal process inserted on base of socle. Gonopore apical. Distribution: Panama. Diagnosis: The type-species of Dichelanus was described under Chlorotettix (Chacotettix) by Linnavuori (1959). The aedeagus however shows possible affinities to Osbornellus and is considered a separate genus by Cwikla (in press). This species is externally like Chlorotettix and Chacotettix but can be separated from them by the basal aedeagal processes inserted on the basal portion of the socle.

Species of Dichelanus Dichelanus lanauidus (Linnavuori) 1959:271. (Chlorotettix (Chacotettix)) Panama.

Chlorotettix Van Duzee Chlorotettix Van Duzee 1892:306. Type by original designation, Bvthoscopus unicolor Fitch.

Celsanus Linnavuori 1954:137-138. Type by original designation, Thamnotettix serius Stal. (Linnavuori,

1959).

Color: Pale stramineous or brownish with transverse dark brown band on crown. Forewing subhyaline. Unguis brown 36 or tipped with brown. Structural Features: Medium to large deltocephaline leafhoppers. Head broader than pronotum. Crown broadly rounded or roundly produced, median length at most twice as long as length next to eye, microsculpturing on crown the same as microsculpturing on clypeus. Ocelli next to eye. Face broad, clypellus parallel sided or slightly constricted at proximal end. Pronotum with lateral margin short, weakly carinate laterally, numerous (10 or more) transverse striae present, microsculpturing absent. Scutellum microsculpturing as clypeus. Forewing long, inner anteapical cell open proximally. Male Genitalia: Pygofer sclerotized dorsally, posterior margin serrate or with process on ventroposterior margin or without processes. Anal tube weakly sclerotized laterally but not dorsally. Valve triangular, short. Plate triangular or parallel sided, lateral margin usually sinuate, apex produced or broadly rounded. Style variable, apex either stout, claw-like or linear, longer than aedeagus. Connective Y-shaped, arms not greatly diverging from each other. Aedeagus either long and tubular with apical processes or short without apical processes. Gonopore apical or subapical. Distribution: North and South America. Diagnosis: This genus can be separated from other new world deltocephalines by the crown entirely microsculptured as on the clypeus, the crown broadly rounded or roundly produced, the pronotum with numerous striae, and the symmetrical aedeagus. 38

Key to the Males of the New World Species of Chlorotettix1

1. Aedeagal processes absent (Fig. 3 ) ...... 2 Aedeagal processes present (Fig. 4 5)...... 7

2. Pygofer with inner margin sclerotized (Fig. 96).... haplus n. sp. Pygofer with inner margin not sclerotized...... 3 3. Pygofer with posterior margin serrate, serrations occasionally appearing to be fused into single process (Fig. 3 ) ...... albidus (Walker) Pygofer with posterior margin produced into single spine; not serrate (Fig. 7 ) ...... 4 4. Pygofer with posterior margin produced into long spine which is curved dorsally then turning ventroanteriorly (Fig. 7 ) ...... haarus n. sp. Pygofer with posterior margin produced into spine which is directed posteriorly or ventrally...... 5 5. Aedeagus in lateral aspect without subapical concave depression...... nielsoni n. sp. Aedeagus in lateral aspect with subapical concave depression...... 6 6. Pygofer with posterior margin acute...... caudata DeLong and Linnavuori Pygofer with posterior margin not acute...... harmodios Linnavuori 7. Pygofer with a distinct process on ventral or posterior margin (Fig. 106)...... 8

1C. bimaculatus. C. breviceps, C. excultus. C. maximus. and C. valenciai are known only from females and are not included in this key. In addition, the males of C. svcoohantus. C. atriceps. C. kassiohone. and C. berqi were not available for examination and are not included in this key. 39 Pygofer without a distinct process on ventral or posterior margin; margin may be serrate or possessing spine-like setae (Fig. 38)...... 53 Pygofer with a pair of processes inserted on dorsal margin...... 9 Pygofer without a pair of processes on dorsal margin 11 9. Pygofer without processes on ventral margin (Fig. 101) ...... orbonatus (Ball) Pygofer with processes on ventral margin (Fig. 106) 10

10. Aedeagus small, U-shaped in lateral aspect (Fig. 106) ...... vacunus Crumb Aedeagus linear in lateral aspect (Fig. 94)...... borealis Sanders and DeLong

11. Stylar apex at a right angle to stylar shaft (Fig. 55) 12 Stylar apex not at a right angle to stylar shaft, linear or claw-like...... 14

12. Pygofer process short in lateral aspect; approximately one-fourth the width of pygofer melanotus DeLong Pygofer process long in lateral aspect; at least as long as width of pygofer...... 13 13. Aedeagus in lateral aspect with short hook-shaped process subapically...... teraatus Fitch Aedeagus in lateral aspect with subapical, short, hook-shaped process...... fuscus Brown

14. Aedeagus stout and with dorsal margin serrate in lateral aspect (Fig. 67)...... serratanus n. sp.

Aedeagus tubular in lateral aspect or if stout then the dorsal margin is not serrate...... 15

15. Pygofer processes with basefused to inner margin of pygofer from approximately the base of the pygofer fold to about the ventroposterior margin (Fig. 86) 16 Pygofer process not fused to pygofer wall in the above manner...... 17

16. Pygofer process apex hook-shaped (Fig. 86)...... bipartitus DeLong Pygofer process apex not hook-shaped (Fig. 87)...... qibbus n. sp. Aedeagus stout in lateral aspect (Figs. 89 & 57). 18 Aedeagus tubular in lateral aspect (Fig. 52).... 25 Style with rounded preapical angle, stylar apex somewhat claw-like (Fig. 88)...... 19 Style without preapical angle; stylar apex not claw like, usually modified (Fig. 58)...... 20 Aedeagus with large, laterally inverted, U-shaped impression near middle of shaft, impression running from dorsal to ventral margins (Fig. 88) ...... emarqinatus Baker Aedeagus with small impression, not running width of shaft (Fig. 8 8 ) ...... lobatus Osborn Aedeagus with subapical notch in lateral aspect (Fig. 57)...... 21 Aedeagus without subapical notch in lateral aspect (Fig. 90)..... 22 Stylar apex linear, only slightly directed laterally (Fig. 57) nudatus Ball Stylar apex stout, directed laterally (Fig. 56).... diveraens Sanders and DeLong

Stylar apex linear, directed posteriorly, at most only slightly curved laterally...... 23 Stylar apex stout but curved laterally (Fig. 90) viridius Van Duzee Aedeagus with hook-shapedprocess in lateral aspect (Fig. 59)...... 24 Aedeagus without hook-shaped process in lateral aspect (Fig. 58)...... fallax Sanders and DeLong Pygofer process bifurcate apically (Fig. 60)...... neoscutellatus n. sp. Pygofer process notbifurcate apically (Fig. 59)...... scutellatus Osborn

Pygofer process inserted on ventral margin and either bifurcate or with a row of setae above process 26 Pygofer process not as above...... 27 Pygofer process not bifurcate (Fig. 65)...... sparus n. sp. Pygofer process bifurcate (Fig. 66)...... calibrus n. sp. Plate with sclerotized area on disk (Fig. 51)..... xanthus n. sp. 41 Plate without sclerotized area...... 28 28. Stylar apex linear (Fig. 4 9 )...... 29 Stylar apex not linear, claw-like or at least curved laterally (Fig. 50), if linear then with two pairs of aedeagal processes...... 31 29. Aedeagal process stout in lateral aspect, pygofer apex narrowly triangular (Fig. 5 2).... triplehorni n. sp. Aedeagal process narrow in lateral aspect, pygofer apex not narrowly traingular...... 30 30. Pygofer process directed posteriorly then curved medially...... iridescens DeLong Pygofer process directed dorsomedially...... rotundus Brown 31. Aedeagus with two pairs of processes...... 32 Aedeagus with one pair of processes...... 42 32. Aedeagal processes not crossing each other in lateral aspect (Fig. 8 2 )...... 33 Aedeagal processes crossing each other in lateral aspect (Fig. 7 2 )...... 35 33. Aedeagus with subapical processes directed posteriorly in lateral aspect (Fig. 83)...... forcioata DeLong and Linnavuori Aedeagus with subapical processes not directed posteriorly in lateral aspect (Fig. 82) ...... 34

34. Aedeagal apex expanded in lateral aspect (Fig. 82)... serius (Stal) Aedeagal apex not expanded in lateral aspect (Fig. 84) ...... protensus Linnavuori

35. Pygofer process serrate, dentate or bifurcate (Figs. 72 and 7 3) ...... 36 Pygofer process not serrate or bifurcate (Fig. 68). 39 36. Pygofer process stout (Fig. 7 2 )...... 37 Pygofer process narrow or bifurcate...... 38 37. Pygofer process with dentation; aedeagal apex thick; subapical processes with short branches (Fig. 72) minimus Baker Pygofer process serrate, without dentations; aedeagal apex narrow (Fig. 73)...... lineatus Osborn 38. Pygofer process not bifurcate, aedeagus slightly stout in posterior aspect (Fig. 7 4 ) .... nimbuliferus (Berg) 42 Pygofer process bifurcate; aedeagal shaft not stout in posterior asepct (Fig. 75)...... pranaerus n. sp.

39. Subapical aedeagal process bifurcate in lateral aspect (Fig. 71 )...... bellus n. sp. Subapical aedeagal process not bifurcate (Fig. 68). 40 40. Subapical aedeagal process expanded near base in posterior aspect (Fig. 68)...... fraterculus (Berg) Subapical aedeagal process not expanded in posterior aspect (Fig. 70) ...... 41

41. Pygofer process not on inside of pygofer (Fig. 70) torous DeLong and Linnavuori Pygofer process on inside of pygofer (Fig. 69)..... lonqibrachium Cheng 42. Apex of aedeagal shaft expanded in posterior aspect (Fig. 8 5) ...... distiqmus n. sp. Apex of aedeagal shaft not expanded in posterior aspect...... 43

43. Pygofer process totally on medial side of pygofer (Fig. 80)...... 44 Pygofer process on lateral side of pygofer or partly exposed (Fig. 79)...... 47

44. Aedeagal processes crossed in posterior aspect (Fig. 80)...... latocinctus DeLong Aedeagal processes not crossed in posterior asect (Fig. 7 6) ...... 45 45. Pygofer process bifurcate; stylar apex acute (Fig. 81) ...... duospinus DeLong and Martinson Pygofer process not bifurcate; stylar apex bluntly rounded (Fig. 7 6)...... 46

46. Aedeagal process directed dorsally in lateral aspect (Fig. 76)...... qjqanteus Linnavuori Aedeagal process directed anteriorly in lateral aspect (Fig. 77 ) chelus n. sp.

47. Aedeagal processes curved ventrally in lateral aspect (Fig. 7 8)...... 48 Aedeagal process curved dorsally or anteriorly in lateral aspect (Fig. 61)...... 49

48. Pygofer process short, aedeagal apex split in posterior aspect (Fig. 78)...... bakeri Sanders and DeLong Pygofer process long, aedeagal apex not split in posterior aspect (Fig. 7 9 ) ...... boliviellus DeLong and Martinson Crown with brown transverse band; from Paraguay...... polvmaculatus Cheng Crown green or pale yellow; North America...... 50 Pygofer process directed laterally (best seen in ventral aspect) (Fig. 61)...... qalbanatus Van Duzee Pygofer process directed ventrally or posteriorly (Fig. 62)...... 51 Aedeagal process sinuate in lateral aspect (Fig. 64) ...... floridanus DeLong Aedeagal process straight in lateral aspect (Fig. 63) ...... 52 Aedeagal process short in lateral aspect, approximately equalling one-fifth of shaft (Fig. 62) ...... tunicatus Ball Aedeagal process long in lateral aspect, approximately equalling half the length of shaft (Fig. 63)...... caoensis Sanders and DeLong Style fused with plate (Fig. 99)...... licruarus Delong and Martinson Style not fused with plate...... 54 Crown with distinct longitudinal brown band (Fig. 8); aedeagus in most cases dorsoventrally flattened.. 55 Crown without longitudinal brown band or, if present, then band may be faint or with spots; aedeagus tubular...... 60 Aedeagus tubular (Fig. 13), Argentina...... neotropicus Jensen-Haarup Aedeagus dorsoventrally flattened...... 56 Aedeagus with one pair of processes (Fig. 12)...... oqloblini Linnavuori Aedeagus with two pairs of processes (Fig. 8)... 57 Dorsal and ventral aedeagal processes approximately the same length in posterior aspect (Fig. 9) ...... bifurcatus n. sp. Ventral aedeagal processes approximately one-third the length of the dorsal branches (Fig. 10).... 58 Dorsal aedeagal processes long and sickle-shaped in lateral aspect (Fig. 10)...... scambus n. sp. Dorsal aedeagal processes long but not sickle-shaped (Fig. 11)...... redimaculatus DeLong Stylar apex directed posteriorly (Fig. 11); aedeagal apex deeply split in posterior aspect...... redimaculatus DeLong Stylar apex directed laterally (Fig. 8); aedeagal apex not deeply split in posterior aspect...... necopinus Van Duzee Pygofer with posterior margin finely serrate (Fig. 21) 61 Pygofer with posterior margin not finely serrate... 63

Stylar apex strongly curved laterally (Fig. 2 2)...... luaens Linnavuori Stylar apex linear, at most slightly curved laterally (Fig. 2 1 )...... 62 Lateral aedeagal processes in posterior asepct shorter than apical pair (Fig. 2 1)...... latus Brown Lateral aedeagal processes in posterior aspect longer than apical pair (Fig. 2 0)...... dozieri Sanders and DeLong Aedeagus with a pair of aedeagal processes and a single median process (Fig. 4 8)...... spiniloba Linnavuori Aedeagus with one or two pairs of processes.... 64 Aedeagus with one pair of processes...... 65 Aedeagus with two pairs of processes, although subapical pair may be small...... 75 Aedeagal processes narrow in posterior aspect (Fig. 4 3 ) ...... 66 Aedeagal processes expanded in posterior aspect (Fig. 45)...... 67 Aedeagal process directed anteriorly in lateral aspect (Fig. 4 3 ) ...... berrvi DeLong Aedeagal process directed posteriorly in lateral aspect (Fig. 3 4)...... luteosus Baker Crown with black spots...... 68 crown without spots...... 70 Aedeagal process bifurcate apically (Fig. 98)...... linugulus DeLong and Martinson Aedeagal process not bifurcate...... 69 Aedeagal process distinctly expanded in posterior aspect lucidus (Baker) Aedeagal process not expanded in posterior aspect ...... 71 Aedeagal processes directed anteriorly in lateral aspect (Fig. 24) ...... 72 Aedeagal processes directed dorsally in lateral aspect (Fig. 108)...... 73 Gonopore near middle of shaft (Fig. 24)...... montanus Caldwell Gonopore subapical (Fig. 25)...... aurantus n. sp. Aedeagal shaft linear in lateral aspect (Fig. 108) ...... vividus Crumb Aedeagal shaft U-shaped in lateral aspect (Fig. 44) ...... 74 Pygofer with indentation near dorsal margin (Fig. 18) obsenus DeLong Pygofer without indentation; posterior margin truncate (Fig. 44) ...... grandis Linnavuori Pair of aedeagal processes near middle of shaft (Fig. 105) trimaculatus n. sp. No aedeagal process near middle of shaft..... 76 Pygofer with two to five stout setae-like processes on posterior margin (Fig. 47)...... lusorius (Osborn and Ball) Pygofer without stout setae-like processes 77 Apical aedeagal process slightly bulbus apically in posterior aspect and subapical processes directed laterally (Fig. 103).. sinchona DeLong and Linnavuori Apical aedeagal processes may be expanded but are not bulbus and subapical processes are directed dorsolaterally...... 78 Subapical aedeagal processes either one-fourth the length of apical processes or shorter (Fig. 16).. 79 Subapical aedeagal processes either one-half the length of apical processes or longer (Fig. 30) .. 84

Stylar apex truncate (Fig. 95) ...... fairchildi Cwikla Stylar apex claw-like...... 80 46 80. Pygofer with concave depression on posterior margin (Fig. 16)...... 81 Pygofer without concave depression on posterior margin (Fig. 17)...... 82 81. Anterior aedeagal processes directed posteriorly in lateral aspect (Fig. 16)...... unicolor (Fitch) Anterior aedeagal processes directed anteriorly in lateral (Fig. 19)...... attenuatus Brown 82. Aedeagal shaft narrow in posterior aspect (Fig. 17) ...... similis DeLong Aedeagal shaft stout in posterior aspect (Fig. 14) ...... 83 83. Subapical aedeagal processes short (Fig. 15)...... striatus DeLong Subapical aedeagal processes approximately one- fifth the length of the apical aedeagal processes (Fig. 14)...... spinellus DeLong and Martinson 84. Subapical aedeagal processes longer than apical aedeagal processes in lateral aspect (Fig. 28).. 85 Subapical aedeagal processes either equalling or shorter than apical aedeagal processes in lateral aspect (Fig. 3 6)...... 90 85. Subapical aedeagal processes narrow in lateral aspect (Fig. 23)...... nigrolabes DeLong Subapical aedeagal process stout in lateral aspect (Fig. 28)...... 86

8 6 . Stylar apex linear (Fig. 28)...... obscurus DeLong Stylar apex not linear (Fig. 26)...... 87 87. Stylar apex duck-head shaped (Fig. 26) ...... venosus DeLong Stylar apex claw-like...... 88

88 . Style with gibba between preapical angle and stylar apex (Fig. 2 9 ) ...... groenus n. sp. Style without a gibba...... 89 89. Aedeagus linear in lateral aspect (Fig. 30)...... pinus DeLong Aedeagus U-shaped in lateral aspect (Fig. 27)...... noteus n. sp.

90. Subapical aedeagal process branched and recurved over itself in posterior aspect (Fig. 4 2)...... leersius n. sp. 47 Subapical aedeagal processes not branched...... 91

91. Apical aedeagal processes crossed in posterior aspect (Fig. 40)...... 92 Apical aedeagal processes not crossed in posterior aspect (Fig. 35)...... 93 92. Apex of crown with orange band.... rucricollis Ball Apex of crown without orange band ...... spatulatus Osborn and Ball 93. Pygofer with distinct setae-like processes (Fig. 36) ...... 94 Pygofer without distinct setae-like processes (Fig. 33)...... 98 94. Aedeagal process approximately equal in length in lateral aspect (Fig. 36)...... 95 Apical aedeagal processes longer than subapical aedeagal processes in lateral aspect (Fig. 37). 96 95. Pygofer with seatae on inner margin (Fig. 35) ...... aurum DeLong Pygofer without setae on inner margin (Fig. 36) ...... suturalis DeLong 96. Arms of the apical aedeagal processes paralleling each other in posterior aspect (Fig. 39)...... dentatus Sanders and DeLong Arms of the apical aedeagal processes diverging from each other in posterior aspect...... 97

97. Apical aedeagal processes directed laterally then directed dorsally in posterior aspect (Fig. 38) ...... meriscus Cwikla Apical aedeagal processes directed dorsolaterally in posterior aspect (Fig. 37)...... limosus DeLong and Cartwright

98. Pygofer with posterior margin broadly rounded (Fig. 33)...... brunneus DeLong Pygofer with posterior margin triangular (Fig. 32) ...... 99

99. Aedeagal process asymmetrical in posterior aspect (Fig. 31)...... filamentus DeLong Aedeagal symmetrical in posterior aspect (Fig. 32) ...... balli Osborn 48

Chiorotettix albidus (Walker) (Figs. 3 & 108a) Bvthoscopus albidus Walker 1851:872. Chlorotetix (lapsus calami) albidus (Walker). Linnavuori 1973b:97. Chlorotettix curvidens Osborn 1919:16. DeLong 1945:21; Linnavuori 1973b:97. Chlorotettix serratus DeLong 1937a:54. DeLong 1945:21; Linnavuori 1973b:97. Length of male 5.7 to 6.6 mm; female 6.2 to 7.3 mm. Color: Ochraceous to yellowish green. Eye light brown to red, occasionally with faint transverse light brown band. Scutellum may have brown lateral margins. Forewing brown subhyaline, veins white or yellow, brown patch occassionaly present on base of claval veins.

Structural Features: Crown not produced, median length equals length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer in lateral aspect with posterior margin irregularly dentate, collectively dentations may appear as curved process. Plate acutely triangular, one- third longer than pygofer. Style apex truncate, preapical angle roundly produced. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus short, apex curved anteriorly in lateral aspect, apical processes absent, narrowed apically in posterior aspect, anterior margin of shaft with knob-like or acute median projection, base expanded laterally. Gonopore 49 subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Similar to C. viridius. Lateral angle strongly produced and bluntly angled, median with V-shaped notch, small notch halfway between base and apex, notch surrounded by light brown.

Variation: Considerable variation exists in the number and shape of the pygofer spines on the posterior margin. The median, lateral notch on the female seventh sternite varies in its size. The faint transverse band on the crown may be present or absent. Distribution: Belize. Costa Rica. Guatemala. Honduras. Mexico - Chiapas, Guerrero, Nayarit, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz. Panama. Type: The male syntype bearing the following label: "20.3" was examined from the BMNH and is here designated the lectotype . The holotype of C. curvidens Osborn and C. serratus DeLong in the OSUC have been examined and were found to match the type of C. albidus (Walker). Host Plants: A female from Tampico, Vera Cruz, Mexico was collected by sweeping weeds. No other records have been

recorded. Discussion: C. albidus is common throughout the southern half of Mexico and Central America. Linnavuori (1959) reported this species was collected from Venezuela, however no specimens from this country have been observed. It has been collected from July through February. 50 Diagnosis: This species is related to C. caudata and can be separated from it and all other Chlorotettix species by the short aedeagus without apical processes, the aedeagal apex acute in dorsal aspect and the pygofer with the posterior margin irregularly dentate.

Chlorotettix caudata DeLong and Linnavuori (Figs. 4 & 108b) Chlorotettix caudata DeLong and Linnavuori 1979:170-171. Length of male 6.9 to 7.4 mm; female 6.9 to 7.7 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Eye yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown slightly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin produced into long curved spine directed ventrally, seatae arranged in irregular vertical row near middle. Plate triangular, apex rounded. Stylar apex elongate, truncated apically, preapical angle blunt. Connective longer than aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft slightly flattened laterally, notched subapically in lateral aspect. Gonopore opening into notched area. Female Seventh Sternum: Like C. viridius.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "MB-157" [Tuxtla Gutierrez, 30-V-1926], "Mexico" and "A. Dampf coll." was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Mexico - Sonora, Sinalo. 51 Discussion: This species is known only from 15 specimens and appears to be restricted to the sinaloan region of Mexico. Diagnosis: C. caudata is related to C. albidus and can be separated from it and other Chiorotettix by the aedeagus with the subapical notch in lateral aspect and the posterior margin of the pygofer produced into a spine.

Chlorotettix nielsoni Cwikla, n. sp. (Fig. 5) Length of male 6.4 mm; female unknown. Color: Yellowish green. Eye greenish brown. Forewing greenish subhyaline. Structural Features: Crown rounded, median length

approximately as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior half produced into ventrally curved spine, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin straight, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex flattened, directed laterally, preapical angle triangular. Connective short. Aedeagus short, base elongated, dorsal apodeme enlarged in posterior aspect, apex acute in posterior aspect, directed dorsally, shaft not concave at gonopore. Gonopore subapical.

Type-material: Holotype male - Mexico, Nayarit, 10 miles south of Acoponeta, 17-X-1981, M. W. Nielson collector. Type deposited in the BYUC. 52 Etymology: This species is named in honor of the collector and leafhopper specialist, M. W. Nielson. Diagnosis: This species is related to C. caudata and can be separated from it by the aedeagal apex acute in posterior aspect and the lack of a concave depression at the gonopore.

Chlorotettix harmodios Linnavuori

(Fig. 6) Chlorotettix harmodios Linnavuori 1973b:97. Length of male: 6.2 mm; female not examined. Color: Ochraceous. Eye pale brown. Forewing brownish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye.

Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior half narrowly produced, apex rounded, processes absent, setae arranged in irregular vertical row. Plate elongate, lateral margin slightly sinuated, apex rounded. Stylar apex curved laterally, slightly expanded in dorsal aspect, preapical angle broadly rounded. Connective short. Aedeagus with short subapical process directed dorsally, apex acute in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Not examined. Linnavuori (1973b) reported it to be similar to C. albidus. 53 Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Guanimar, Habana, IX-1967, P. Alayo col., has been examined from the RLC.

Distribution: Cuba. Discussion: This species is known only from the holotype and a female paratype with the same locality data as the holotype. Diagnosis: C. harmodios is like C. caudata and can be separated from it by the pygofer apex rounded in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix haarus Cwikla, n. sp. (Fig. 7) Length of male 5.3 mm; female unknown. Color: Ochraceous. Crown with three brown spots, one at apex of coronal sulcus, one each halfway between coronal sulcus and each eye. Eye reddish brown. Clypeus with brown lateral arcs. Pronotum with 2 brown spots behind medial margin of each eye near anterior margin. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, brown spots on claval arcs and base of anteapical cell. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin broadly rounded, dorsoventral margin produced into anteriorly directed spine, dorsal margin of spine covered with small 54 setae, setae roundly distributed on posterior half. Plate broad at base, lateral margin convex, apex roundly acute. Stylar apex linear, directed posteriorly, preapical angle broadly rounded. Connective short. Aedeagus simple, U- shaped in lateral aspect, apex acute with small notch in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical. Type-material: Holotype male - Brazil, MT [Mato Grosso], Caceres, 14-11-1984, C. Elias collector. Type deposited in UFPB.

Etymology: German, haar (hair) refer to the small setae on the pygofer process.

Diagnosis: This species can be separated from other Chlorotettix by the small setae on the dorsal margin of the pygofer process.

Chlorotettix necopinus Van Duzee (Figs. 8, 110b & 125)

Chlorotettix necopina Van Duzee 1893:282. Chlorotettix necopinus Van Duzee. Van Duzee 1916:75. Length of male 6.6 to 7.6 mm; female 6.6 to 7.5 mm. Color: Dull yellow. Crown with broad, transverse black band. Face with brown arcs on clypeus. Eye reddish brown. Pronotum pale brown, irregular row of brown spots near anterior margin. Scutellum with lateral angle brown, thin brown longitudinal strip present. Forewing brownish subhyaline, white patches in each cell, veins white. Apex of 55 unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length approximately twice as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate narrowed near middle, apex bluntly rounded, lateral margin strongly sinuate. Stylar apex short, curved laterally, preapical angle indistinct. Connective slightly shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus dorsoventrally flattened, apex with small median U-shaped notch in posterior aspect, two pairs of apical processes present, longer pair directed dorsally, shorter pair directed ventrally in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin medially excavated over two-thirds its length, median carina extending past excavation appearing as a tooth, lateral angle angularly produced. Variation: Black band on crown occasionally broken on specimens with a narrow band. Aedgeagus varied in its width. Host Plants: Fattig (1955) reported that this species was collected on brome grass. Type: Lectotype designated by Oman (1947) and labeled "Miss., Type" was not examined. Distribution: Mexico - Distrito Federal, San Luis Potosi, Vera Cruz. United States - Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, 56 North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia.

Discussion: This species is common throughout the southeastern portion of the United States and eastern Mexico. Specimens have been collected from June through October. Diagnosis: C. necopinus is similar to C. oaloblini and can be separated from it by the two pairs of apical processes.

Chlorotettix bifurcatus Cwikla, n. sp. (Figs. 9) Length of male 6.2 to 6.6 mm; female 6.5 to 7.0 mm. Color: Light brown. Crown with dark brown transverse band. Eye reddish brown. Pronotum with transverse row of spots near anterior margin, posterior two-thirds slightly darker than anterior portion. Forewing brownish subhyaline, veins white. Unguis brown.

Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuated, tapering to narrow apex. Stylar apex linear, directed posteriorly, tip truncate, preapical angel broadly rounded. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus dorsoventrally flattened, short, pair of apical bifurcate aedeagal processes slightly expanded 57 in lateral aspect, arms approximately same size. Gonopore near middle of shaft on dorsal surface. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep, broad V-shaped excavation, lateral margin rounded. Type-material: Holotype male - Mexico, Nayarit, 17 mi. northwest of Tepic, 23-XI-1948, E. S. Ross collector, deposited in the CASC. Seven paratypes - one male and one female same data as holotype; one male and three females same data as holotype except H. B. Leech collector; one male, Mexico, Nayarit, 5 miles South of Rio Santago, 27-XI-1948, H. B. Leech collector. All paratypes deposited in the CASC except one male (same data as holotype) in OSUC. Etymology: Latin, bi (two) and furca (fork) refer to the bifurcate aedeagal processes. Diagnosis: This species is near C. necopinus and can be

separated from it by the bifurcate aedeagus slightly expanded in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix scambus Cwikla, n. sp. (Figs. 10 & 110c) Length of male 6.6 mm; female 7.0 mm. Color: Yellowish brown. Crown with anterior margin yellow, remainder brown. Face with narrow brown band on anterior margin, lateral margins of clypeus and genae brown. Eye of male red, female brownish red. Pronotum with anterior half yellow, posterior portion brown. Scutellum, yellowish 58 brown. Forewings brownish subhyaline, veins white. Lateral aspect of thorax and legs yellow. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin truncate, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex claw-like, directed laterally, preapical angle broadly rounded. Connective as long as aedeagus, apex with V-shape notch. Aedeagus stout in dorsal aspect, dorsal margin with triangular projection subapically in lateral aspect, pair of apical processes present, dorsal arm stout in lateral aspect, directed dorsally then curved posteriorly, small sharp tooth on posterior margin one-third distance from apex, ventral arm narrow, directed anteriorly in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with broad U-

shaped excavation extending almost half the length of segment, small convex projection at middle of excavation, median brown stripe present, lateral angles rounded. Type-material: Holotype male - Costa Rica, C. H. Ballou collector, C. R. no 573. Paratype - one female, same data as holotype. Types deposited in the USNM. Etymology: Greek, scamb (curved) refer to the distinctive aedeagal processes. Diagnosis: This species is close to C. redimiculus and 59 can be separated from it by the stout curved dorsal arm of the aedeagal process.

Chlorotettix redimiculus DeLong (Figs. 11 & ilia) Chlorotettix redimiculus DeLong 1945:4-5. Length of male 6.3 to 7.0 mm; female 7.1 to 7.6 mm. Color: Light brown. Crown with transverse dark brown band. Face light brown or pale yellow, clypeus with brown

lateral arcs. Pronotum light brown or with anterior forth yellow, remainder dark brown. Scutellum pale yellow, lateral angles dark brown. Forewing brownish subhyaline, veins white. Lateral aspect of thorax yellow. Terga brown. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye.

Male Genitalia: Pygofer roundly produced, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex short, directed posteriorly, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus dorsoventrally flattened, apex with V-shaped notch in ventral aspect, apex with two pairs of processes, short pair directed ventrally, other pair directed dorsally, slightly expanded in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep U- 60 shaped excavation extending approximately one-half the length of segment, base of depression with rounded projection, lateral angle slightly acute.

Variation: Specimens varied from light brown to heavily marked with brown.

Type: The male holotype bearing the labels: "Orizaba, V. C., X-8-41" and "DeLong, Good, Caldwell & Plummer" was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Mexico - Vera Cruz.

Discussion: This species is known only from Vera Cruz and has been collected in October. Diagnosis: C. redimiculus is related to C. necopinus and can be separated from it by the aedeagal process that is directed dorsally and slightly expanded in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix ogloblini Linnavuori

(Fig. 12)& 111b) Chlorotettix ogloblini Linnavuori 1959:257-258. Length of male 6.3 mm; female 6.7 to 7.0 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Crown with two transverse brown bands. Eye reddish brown. Pronotum with irregular row of brown spots near anterior margin. Lateral angles of scutellum brown. Forewing brownish subhyaline. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median 61 length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer triangularly produced, stout hooked-shaped process on inner ventral margin, directed dorsally, setae haphazardly arranged near middle. Plate

broadly triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly pointed. Stylar apex stout, rounded, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus dorsoventrally, flattened, pair of stout apical processes directed dorsoanteriorly then turning posteriorly in lateral aspect. Gonopore near middle of shaft on dorsal surface. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin shallowly excavated, with produced median lobe with a V-shaped incision in the middle, lateral angle rounded

Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Loreto Missiones, ARG, XII-18, A. A. Ogoblin, 1931" was examined from the USNM. Distribution: Argentina. Discussion: This species is known only from the type-

series (4 specimens).

Diagnosis: C. ogloblini is similar to C. redimiculus and C. necopinus. It can be separated from them by the apical aedeagal process directed dorsoanteriorly then turning posteriorly in lateral aspect. 62 Chlorotettix neotropicus Jensen-Haarup (Figs. 13) Chlorotettix neotropicus Jensen-Haarup 1922:15. Linnavuori 1959:265. Length of male 4.6 to 4.8 mm; female not examined. Color: Pale yellow. Crown occasionally with transverse black band, usually with faint light brown band. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, veins occasionally white surrounded by light brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, setae hapazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate

triangular, apex bluntly rounded, lateral margin sinuate. Stylar apex claw-like, directed laterally, small subapical projection on medial margin, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus

tubular, two pairs of processes present, apical pair long and directed ventroanteriorly, subapical pair short, directed anteriorly. Gonopore apical. Type: Not examined, location unknown. Interpretation of this species is based on Linnavuori (1959). Distribution: Argentina - Mendoza, Tucuman.

Discussion: This species is known only from Argentina and has been collected from January through March. Diagnosis: C. neotropicus can be separated from other 63 Chlorotettix species by the lack of a pygofer spine, and the unique aedeagus.

Chlorotettix soinellus DeLong and Martinson (Figs. 14 & 109a) Chlorotettix soinellus DeLong and Martinson 1974:267.

Length of male 6.2 to 7.0 mm; female 6.5 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Scutellum light brown. Forewing brownish subhyaline, apex of claval area brown. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex claw-like, rounded, preapical angle broadly rounded. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, thin, two pairs of apical processes present, apical pair directed laterally in posterior aspect, subapical pair one- third length of apical processes, on dorsal margin of shaft. Gonopore subapical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with broad, concave depression, lateral angles rounded. Variation: Specimens from Arizona are slightly more yellow and smaller than the holotype. Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Hidalgo, Mich., 9-29-45" and "DeLong, Hershberger, Eliott" was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Mexico- Michoacan. United States - Arizona. Discussion: C. soinellus is known from the type and 6 specimens from San Cata Mountain, Arizona collected in June and July.

Diagnosis: This species is similar to C. striatus and can be separated from it by the long subapical processes.

Chlorotettix striatus DeLong (Figs. 15 & 109b) Chlorotettix striatus DeLong 1945:23. Chlorotettix undatus DeLong 1945:29. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 5.6 mm; female 5.5 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Crown with faint transverse light brown band. Forewing brownish subhyaline, veins white. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex narrow, elongate. Stylar apex claw-like, preapical angle broadly 65 rounded. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, pair of apical processes stout, curved dorsally in lateral aspect, pair of small spine-like projections directed ventrad of apical process in posterior aspect. Gonopore subapical on anterior margin of shaft.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with V-shaped notch extending one-third length of segment, lateral angles truncate.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Finca Vergel, V-17-35, Chiapas, M. F. 4186" and "A. Dampf coll." has been examined form the OSUC. The holotype of C. undatus DeLong in the OSUC has been examined and was found to match the allotype of C. striatus. Chlorotettix undatus is here considered a synonym of C. striatus.

Distribution: Mexico - Chiapas, Oaxaca. Diagnosis: C. striatus is close to C. soinellus and can be separated from it by the apical aedeagal processes stout in lateral aspect, and the subapical spines short and close to the shaft.

Chlorotettix unicolor (Fitch)

(Figs. 16) Bvthoscoous unicolor Fitch 1851:58. Chlorotettix unicolor (Fitch). Van Duzee 1892:306. Beirne 1956:77.

Chlorotettix vanduzeei Baker 1898:219. Van Duzee 1909:384. 66 Chlorotettix stolatus Ball 1900:341. NEW SYNONYM Chlorotettix occidentalis DeLong 1919:11. NEW SYNONYM Chlorotettix brevidus DeLong 1937a:52. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 6.0 to 7.5 mm; female 6.7 to 7.8 mm. Color: Green or yellowish green. Eye greenish brown. Forewing greenish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length almost twice as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer notched near dorsal margin, ventral portion of posterior margin rounded, setae arranged in irregular row near posterior margin, two to four peg-like structures on ventroposterior margin. Plate short, triangular, lateral margin sinuate. Stylar apex stout, straight, preapical angle broadly triangular, half the length of apex. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, somewhat V- shaped in lateral aspect, two pairs of apical processes present, posterior pair usually as long as shaft in lateral aspect, directed anteriorly in lateral aspect, anterior pair short, directed posteriorly in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with small median V-shaped notch, notch surrounded by brown, lateral angle truncate or slightly produced. Nymph: Like nymph of C. similis.

Variation: Older specimens appear to fade to a pale yellow. The length of the posterior aedeagal processes 67 varied from equalling the length of the shaft to half the shaft's length. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species is common in fresh water marshes and meadow grasses. Whitcomb (pers. comm.) collected this species on Andropoaon aerardii in West Virginia and A. scoparius in Nebraska. Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels: "767" and "female" has been examined from the NYSM. The male holotype of C. brevidus DeLong from the INHS and the male holotype of C. occidentalis DeLong from the OSUC have been examined. Although the aedeagal processes are shorter for both of these species than for C. unicolor, this character appears to be quite variable and it is best to consider C. brevidus and C. occidentalis synonyms of C. unicolor. A male cotype of C. stolatus Ball has been examined from the UANM and found to match male specimens of C. unicolor. Distribution: Canada - Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Quebec. United States - Arizona, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Missouri, Montana,

Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington, Wisconsin. Discussion: This species is common throughout southern Canada and northern United States. It has been collected from July through September.

Diagnosis: C. unicolor is similar to C. similis and can be separated from it by the long aedeagal processes on 68 the posterior margin of the shaft which are at least half the length of the shaft and the pair of processes on the anterior margin short.

Chlorotettix similis DeLong (Figs. 17 & 109d) Chlorotettix similis DeLong 1919:14-15. Length of male 6.9 to 7.9 mm; female 7.2 to 8.3 mm. Color: Yellowish green or light green. Eye brown. Forewing subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex narrowed. Stylar apex finger-like, preapical angle triangular.

Connective elongate. Aedeagus elongate, tubular, broadly U- shaped in lateral aspect, two pair of apical processes present, posterior pair approximately three time as long as anterior pai.r. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Elongate, small broad V-shaped notch on posterior margin, base of notch brown, lateral angle rounded. Nymph: Late instar yellowish brown. Crown with faint, oblique, furrows. Pronotum narrow, length approximately 1.5 69 times width. Four black setae on posterior margin of terga III-VIII. Pygofer deeply split. Variation: The color varies as mentioned above. In addition, the posterior aedeagal process can be directed anteriorly or dorsally in lateral aspect. Host Plants: This species has been reported on sage brush, Artemisia vulgaris. by DeLong and Severin (1947). Specimens lived on celery for 106 days (Severin 1947). Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels: "Corvallis, Ore., 7-28-17" and "F. H. Lathrop Coll." was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: United States - California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington. Discussion: This species is common in the Pacific northwest and northern California. Specimens have been collected from June through August. Severin (1947) reported that this species was a vector of the aster yellow mycoplasma, however Nielson (1968) does not consider it an important vector of this disease. Diagnosis: C. similis is close to C. unicolor and can be separated from it by the U-shaped aedeagus in lateral aspect and the anterior aedeagal processes one-third the length of the posterior pair.

Chlorotettix obsenus DeLong (Figs. 18 & 109e) Chiorotettix obsenus DeLong 1937a:52. Length of male 6.3 to 6.6 mm; female 7.0 mm.

Color: Yellowish green. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, four peg-1ikes structures on ventroposterior margin, produced portion present on dorsoposterior margin, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex stout, bluntly rounded, directed laterally, preapical angle roundly triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, shaft narrow in lateral aspect, pair of apical processes directed dorsally, processes approximately half the length of shaft in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with sinuated

V-shaped excavation, vase of excavation surrounded by brown, lateral margins roundly produced. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species was collected on course grass in a grass-sedge habitat. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Zion, Illinois, July 25, 1934, Frison and DeLong" was examined from the INHS. Distribution: United State - Illinois. 71 Discussion: This species is known only from the type- series (eight specimens).

Diagnosis: C. obsenus is related to C. unicolor and can be separated from it by the single pair of apical aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix attenuatus Brown (Figs. 19 & 110a) Chlorotettix attenuatus Brown 1933:241-242. DeLong 1948:325. Chlorotettix sinuosus Brown 1933:247. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 6.5 to 7.1 mm; female 6.9 to 7.6 mm. Color: Pale yellow to light brown. Eye dark. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown angularly produced, three- fifths longer at middle than next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer in lateral aspect with concave depression on posterior margin, setae irregularly distributed on dorsoposterior portion, processes absent. Plate broad at base, narrowed to apex, almost as long as pygofer, lateral margin slightly sinuate. Stylar apex thin and straight, preapical angle bluntly angled. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, V-shaped in lateral aspect in lateral aspect, two pairs of apical processes, posterior processes long and broad curved dorsally then turning ventrally in lateral aspect; shorter anterior process directed anteriorly in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. 72 Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with posterior margin angulate, excavated to half the length of segment, median spatulate process present, process not extending past posterior angles. Variation: Minor variation in overall coloration from pale yellow to light brown was observed. Type: The female holotype bearing the following label: "Atherton, Missouri, July-2-1922, C. F. Adams collector" was examined from the SMKU. The female holotype of C. sinuosus Brown was examined from the SMKU and it was found to match the type of C. attenuatus.

Distribution: United States - Illinois, Missouri, Ohio. Discussion: This species is not common in collections and appears to be restricted to the midwestern United States. It has been collected from June through July. Diagnosis: C. attenuatus can be separated from other

Chlorotettix lacking pygofer processes, by the unique aedeagus that has the posterior processes directed dorsally then turning ventrally in lateral aspect. 73

Chlorotettix dozieri Sanders and DeLong (Figs. 20 & 111c) Chlorotettix dozieri Sanders and DeLong 1922:93-94. Length of male 5.2 to 6.1 mm; female 5.7 to 6.4 mm. Color: Greenish yellow. Eye dark. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, veins greenish yellow. Unguis brown. Structural features: Crown broadly rounded, median length equals length next to eye. Eye appearing bulbus in dorsal aspect.

Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin serrate, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, broad at base, narrowed to blunt apex. Stylar apex wide and elongate, slightly curved laterally, preapical angle acute. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus linear, convex tubercle on dorsal margin in lateral aspect, two pairs of processes present, apical pair approximately half the length of subapical processes and crossing each other near middle in posterior aspect, both pairs of processes directed dorsally in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with median V- shaped notch reaching half the length of segment, notch twice sinuated on margin, lateral angle rounded. Variation: Minor variation was observed in the shade of 74 yellow on the crown between individuals of this species. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Helena, Miss., July 18, 1920, H. L. Dozier" was examined from the OSUC. In addition, four paratypes from the OSUC were also examined.

Host Plants: The type-series were collected by sweeping cypress shrubs in Mississippi. Distribution: United States - Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina. Discussion: This species is rare in collections and has been collected from June through August. Diagnosis: C. dozieri is related to C. latus and can be separated from it and other Chlorotettix by the broadly rounded crown and the apical aedeagal processes crossed in posterior aspect.

Chlorotettix latus Brown (Figs. 21 & 112a) Chlorotettix latus Brown 1933:244.

Length of male 5.3 to 5.9 mm; female 5.9 to 6.3 mm.

Color: Greenish yellow. Eye reddish brown or reddish yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown broadly rounded, median length equals length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Posterior margin of pygofer with U- shaped depression apically, ventroposterior margin usually 75 serrate. Plate triangular, apex bluntly rounded, lateral margin sinuate. Stylar apex linear, directed posteriorly. Connective elongate. Aedeagus stout, two pairs of apical processes present, one pair directed laterally then turning dorsally, second pair directed dorsally, small flange surrounding gonopore appearing as projection on dorsal surface in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep V- shaped excavation, lateral angles rounded. Variation: The subapical projection on dorsal margin of the aedeagal shaft varies from acute to rounded. Host Plants: Fattig (1955) reported that this species was collected on cotton in Georgia. Type: The female holotype bearing the following label: "Hilliard, Fla., August 19, 1930, L. D. Tuthill" was examined

from the SMKU. Distribution: United States - Florida, Georgia,

Mississippi, North Carolina. Discussion: C. latus is restricted to the southeastern United States and has been collected from July through

October. Diagnosis: This species resembles C. dozieri and can be

separated from it by the lateral aedeagal processes shorter than the anterior processes in posterior aspect. 76 Chlorotettix luqens Linnavuori (Fig. 22)

Chlorotettix (Chacotettix) luqens Linnavuori 1959:271-272. Length of male 6.3 mm; female not examined. Color: Yellowish green, crown yellowish brown. Eye light brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with ventral margin serrate, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate

triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex elongate, narrow. Style linear, apex claw-like, directed laterally, preapical angle indistinct. Connective elongate. Aedeagus laterally flattened, shaft short, two pairs of processes present, subapical pair long, directed posteriorly, apical pair directed dorsally in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical on dorsal aspect. Female Seventh Sternum: Female not examined.

Linnavuori (1959) reported the seventh sternite was like C. minimus.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Huachi Beni, Bolivia, Wm. M Mann," "September" and "Mulford Bio Exp. 1921-22" was examined from the USNM. Discussion: This species is known only from the type- series. The subgenus, Chacotettix. was treated by Cwikla (in press b) as a distinct genus with basal aedeagal process. 77 The aedeagal process of C. luqens are clearly on the shaft and is not considered a species of Chacotettix. Diagnosis: C. luqens can be separated from those Chlorotettix with the ventral margin of pygofer serrate by the laterally flattened aedeagal shaft and the two pairs of aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix niqrolabes DeLong (Figs. 23 & 112b) Chlorotettix niqrolabes DeLong 1945:15-16.

Length of male 5.0 to 6.1 mm; female 5.5 to 6.4 mm. Color: Pale yellow to light green. Crown with black spot next to eye near anterior margin, short transverse brown band occasionally present on disc. Eye dark. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, brown spots usually present on claval area. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate, triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex claw-like, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective elongate, almost twice as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus short, linear, two pairs of processes directed dorsally in lateral aspect, subapical processes twice as long as apical processes, apical processes slightly 78 expanded in ventral aspect. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with V-shaped excavation extending approximately half the length of segment, lateral margin rounded.

Variation: Specimens were either pale yellow, yellowish green or light green.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Jiutepec, Morelos, IX-6-1939" and "DeLong and Plummer" was examined from the OSUC.

Distribution: Guatemala. Mexico - Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos.

Discussion: This species is known only from Mexico and Guatemala and has been collected from August through September. Diagnosis: C. niqrolabes is close to C. latus and can be separated from it by the pair of black spots on the crown and the aedeagus appearing linear in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix montanus Caldwell

(Figs. 24 & 112c) Chlorotettix montanus Caldwell 1952:72. Length of male 4.0 to 4.1 mm; female 4.3 to 4.4 mm. Color: Greenish yellow. Crown light yellow, ocelli narrowly ringed with orange. Eye yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. 79 Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin broadly rounded, small spine present on ventroposterior margin, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate with apex bluntly rounded, lateral margin strongly sinuate. Stylar apex claw-like, directed laterally, preapical angle broadly

rounded. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, one pair of apical processes directed anteriorly. Gonopore near middle of shaft on dorsal margin. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin shallowly excavated with small, blunt median projection. Host Plants: Caldwell and Martorell (1952) collected this species from weeds under coffee trees and on an unidentified bush. Type: The male holotype with the following label data: "Ponce, Ponce-Adjuntas Road, Km. 12.6, altitude 800 ft.,

September 12, 1947" was examined from the USNM. Distribution: This species is known only from Puerto Rico. Diagnosis: C. montanus can be recognized by its small size and the pygofer with the small spine on the ventroposterior margin.

Chlorotettix aurantus Cwikla, n. sp. 80 (Fig. 25) Length of male 5.3 mm; female unknown. Color: Orangish yellow. Eye reddish brown. Pronotum with median and posterior half orange. Forewing yellowish, veins orange. Lateral aspects of thorax and legs yellow. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, medina length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin slightly produced, group of small stout setae inserted on ventroposterior corner, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate broad at base, lateral margin strongly sinuated to narrowly constricted apex. Stylar apex claw like, subapical tooth-like process inserted on lateral margin, preapical angle broadly rounded. Connective slightly shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, pair of large processes directed anteriorly in lateral aspect, process almost extending to apodeme. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface.

Type-material: Holotype male - Brazil, Selvus, Cruzeiro do Sul, 11-1962, M. Alvarenge collector. Type deposited in the UFPB.

Etymology: Latin, auranti (orange colored) refers to the color of the pronotum. Diagnosis: This species is like C. montanus and can be separated from it by the orange coloration on the pronotum. 81

Chlorotettix venosus DeLong (Figs. 26 & 112d) Chlorotettix venosus DeLong 1945:9.

Length of male 7.1 to 7.7 mm; female 6.8 to 7.7 mm. Color: Light brown. Crown occasionally with transverse brown band. Clypeus with lateral arcs. Pronotum with pair of brown spots at middle near anterior margin, lateral portion of pronotum with brown stripe. Forewing brownish subhyaline, cells usually white at center, veins white. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length twice as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half, small stout setae near middle on ventral margin. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex rounded. Stylar apex expanded then narrowed, preapical angle broadly triangular. Connective shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, two pairs of apical processes directed anteriorly, posterior pair slightly expanded and shorter than anterior pair in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with U-shaped notch extending more than one-third length of segment, two brown patches near base of notch, lateral angels rounded. Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Tuxpan, Mich., X-5-41, Km 186" and "DeLong, Good, Caldwell and Plummer" has been examined from the OSUC. Discussion: This species is known only from the higher elevations (greater than 4,000 ft.) of Michoacan, Mexico. Specimens were collected in September and October. Diagnosis: C. venosus is similar to C. pinus and separated from it and other Chlorotettix species by the unique stylar apex and the posterior pair of aedeagal processes slightly expanded in posterior aspect.

Chlorotettix noteus Cwikla, n. sp. (Fig. 27) Length of male 5.4 mm; female unknown. Color: Greenish yellow. Eye yellow with irregular patches of red. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin truncate setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin slightly sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex linear, directed laterally, preapical angle triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus narrow in lateral aspect, apex with two pairs of processes, acute apically, subapical pair approximately one third longer than apical pair in lateral aspect, processes directed 83 anteriodorsally in lateral aspect, processes not expanded in ventral aspect. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface. Type-material: Holotype male - Arizona, Flagstaff, 30- V-1935, P. Oman collector. Type deposited in the USNM.

Etymology: Greek, note (southwest) refer to the type locality. Diagnosis: This species is close to C. pellonotus and can be separated from it by the unique style directed laterally.

Chiorotettix obscurus DeLong (Figs. 28 & 112e) Chlorotettix obscurus DeLong 1945:7-8. Length of male 5.4 mm; female 6.9 to 7.1 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Eye yellowish green. Forewing brownish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye.

Male Genitalia: Pygofer elongate, posterior margin broadly rounded, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex elongate, stout, preapical angle absent. Connective elongate. Aedeagus linear, dorsal surface slightly concave, two pairs of processes present, subapical pair slightly expanded in lateral aspect, twice the long as narrow apical process. Gonopore subapical on dorsal 84 surface. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with narrow, V-shaped excavation extending over half the length of segment, brown area surrounding base of excavation, lateral angle bluntly produced.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Carapan, Mich., X-2-1941, 432 km." and "DeLong, Good, and Caldwell and Plummer" was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Mexico - Michoacan.

Discussion: This species is known only from the type- series of one male and four females. Diagnosis: C. obscurus is similar to C. groenus and can be separated from it by the stout style.

Chlorotettix groenus Cwikla, n. sp. (Figs. 29 & 112f) Length of male 5.7 mm; female 5.7 to 6.2 mm. Color: Apple green. Eye dark grey. Scutellum with lateral margins orange. Forewing greenish subhyaline, apical half tinged with brown. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer roundly produced, group of small setae on ventroposterior margin, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin slightly sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex 85 claw-like, preapical angle roundly produced. Connective elongate. Aedeagus linear, two pairs of apical processes present, posterior pair narrow, half length of anterior pair in lateral aspect, anterior pair thick near base, tapering to acute apex. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin deeply narrowly excavated, lateral angle truncate.

Type-material: Holotype male - New Mexico, Otero County, Cloudcroft, 17-VI-1976. Oman collector. Fifteen paratypes - 15 females, same data as holotype. Holotype and 12 paratypes deposited in the ORSU, three paratypes deposited in OSUC. Etymology: Dutch, groen (green) refer to the color of this insect.

Diagnosis: This species is close to C. pinus and can be separated from it by the unique claw-like style. 86

Chlorotettix pinus DeLong (Figs. 30 & 113a) Chiorotettix pinus DeLong 1945:8.

Length of male 5.8 to 6.2 mm; female 5.9 to 6.9 mm. Color: Pale yellow. Crown with two transverse brown bands joining laterally, brown spot on posterior margin closer to eye than median line. Eye reddish brown. Pronotum with irregular row of brown spots. Scutellum with pair of brown spots on disc. Forewing brownish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Terga brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer roundly produced, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half, small stout setae on ventroposterior margin. Plate triangular, lateral margin not sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex curved laterally, narrowed to blunt tip, preapical angle bluntly triangular.

Connective elongate. Aedeagus elongate, slightly dorsoventrally flattened, two pairs of apical processes, longer outer pair twice as thick as shorter inner pair in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with V-shaped notch extending three-quarter length of segment, base of notch surround by brown area, lateral angle rounded. 87 Variation: Markings on the crown varied from faint to distinct. Host Plants: DeLong (1945) reported collecting this species from pines. Considering that other members of this genus are grass and sedge feeders, this host record might be in error. Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Mex., 1200 ft, S. 43 kms. [Mexico City], IX-5-1939" and "DeLong and Plummer" was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Mexico - Distrito Federal, Michoacan, Morelos. Discussion: This species is apparently restricted to the higher elevations of central Mexico. It has been collected in September and October. Diagnosis: C. pinus is close to C. venosus and can be separated from it by the longer aedeagal processes which are stout in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix filamentus DeLong (Fig. 31) Chlorotettix filamentus DeLong 1937a:53. DeLong 1948:325-

326. Length of male 6.2 to 6.4 mm. Female unknown. Color: Greenish yellow. Eye yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown produced, median length 88 approximately twice the length next to eye. Male genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin bluntly angled anteriorly from dorsal margin, processes lacking. Plate triangular, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex elongate, at most only slightly curved laterally, preapical angle small, apex rounded. Connective longer than aedeagus. Aedeagus long, tubular, with pair of apical bifurcate processes present, shorter process directed posteriorly, longer process directed anteriorly inlateral aspect. Gonopore subapical.

Variation: Only minor variation in the length of the aedeagal processes was observed. Type: The male holotype in the INHS was not examined. My interpretation of this species is based on a male paratype in the OSUC collected from the type locality, Marshall, Illinois.

Distribution: United States - Illinois, Ohio, Maryland.

Discussion: This rare species has been collected in June and in September. Although the female is not known, the female should be similar to others in this species group and have a spatulate process. Diagnosis: C. filamentus is close to C. balli and can be separated from it by the aedeagal processes. Chiorotettix balli Osborn (Figs. 32 & 113b) Chlorotettix balli Osborn 1898:246. DeLong 1916:87; 1948:325.

Length male 6.0 to 6.8 mm; female 6.3 to 7.3 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Eye yellow or dark. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown. Structural features: Crown angularly produced, length approximately twice as long at middle than length next to eye.

Male genitalia: Pygofer with anterior margin bluntly angled with posterior margin, processes lacking, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plates bluntly triangular, length as long as pygofer. Stylar apex narrow and straight, preapical angle triangular. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, pair of bifurcate apical processes present, bifurcations of approximately equal length, one pair directed medially in posterior aspect, the other directed ventrally in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with a deep notch extending almost to base, with median spatulate process, process not reaching lateral angles and slightly expanded laterally. Type: The male lectotype, designated by Oman (1949) bearing the following labels: "Ames, Iowa, 7-24-1896" and

"Exp. Sta" has been examined from the USNM. Host plants: DeLong (1948) recorded this species from 90 open woodlands and "marshy" meadows where thick growths of mixed grasses are present. Fattig (1955) reported damage to a pasture in Georgia. Distribution: Canada - Ontario. United States -

Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin. Discussion: This is a common North American species and is restricted to the eastern half of the United States and Canada. It has been collected from July through September. Diagnosis: C. balli is similar to C. filamentus and can be separated from it by the pairs of bifurcate aedeagal process that have one bifurcation directed medially and the other ventrally in posterior aspect.

Chlorotettix brunneus DeLong (Figs. 33 & 113c)

Chlorotettix brunneus DeLong 1945:9-10.

Chlorotettix auerrerus DeLong & Martinson 1974:265. NEW

SYNONYM Length of male 6.2 to 6.7 mm; female 6.8 to 7.2 mm. Color: Light brown with irregular ochraceous patches, light brown band may be present on anterior margin of crown. Forewing brownish subhyaline, veins white. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median 91 length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin broadly rounded, small setae on concave tubercle ventroposteriorly, setae arranged in irregular vertical row near middle. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex acute, directed laterally, preapical angle bluntly rounded. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus U-shaped and tubular in lateral aspect, two pairs of apical processes, anterior pair short, gently curved dorsally, posterior pair long and slightly sinuate in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with broad excavation extending almost half the length of segment, middle of excavation with V-shaped notch, notch boarded with brown, lateral angles rounded. Variation: Considerable variation was observed in the amount of ochraceous patches on the crown and pronotum between individuals of this species. Minor variation was observed in the length of the aedeagal processes. Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels:

"Chilpancingo, Gro., X-25-41" and " DeLong, Good, Caldwell & Plummer" was examined from the OSUC. The allotype and two male paratypes with the same locality data as the holotype were also examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Mexico - Guerrero, Morelos, Michoacan. Discussions: This species appears to be restricted to the elevations in Mexico. It has been collected in August and 92 October.

Diagnosis: No close relatives are assigned at this time. The long posterior pair of aedeagal processes that are directed dorsally will separate C. brunneus from other members of this genus.

Chiorotettix luteosus (Baker)

(Figs. 34) Thamnotettix luteus Osborn 1924:425. Thamnotettix luteosus Baker 1926:347 (Norn. nov. pro Thamnotettix luteus Osborn [nec Thamnotettix luteus Sahlberg]). Chlorotettix luteosus (Baker). Oman 1938:389.

Chlorotettix luteolus [lapsus calmi] (Baker). DeLong 1945:23- 25. Length of male 6.1 to 6.5 mm; female 6.2 to 6.7 mm. Color: Light yellow. Eye red. Pronotum with two pairs of faint, light brown bands. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, thin longitudinal bands running length of wing occasionally present, dark brown spot present at base of claval suture. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin truncate, 93 small group of stout setae near middle on ventral margin. Plate with lateral margin notched, apex bluntly pointed. Stylar apex expanded, truncate, preapical angle roundly produced. Connective elongate. Aedeagus U-shaped in lateral aspect, with shaft stout, dorsal margin deeply excavated, pair of narrow apical processes directed laterally in posterior aspect. Gonopore near base of shaft.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin shallowly excavated, small median V-shaped notch present, carina running from notch to anterior margin, lateral margin roundly produced. Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: '•St. Isabel, Uruguay, Nov. 12, 1909" and "C. M. Acc. No 3793" was examined from the CMNH.

Distribution: Argentina. Brazil - Alagoas. Uruguay. Diagnosis: This species is related to C. berrvi and can be separated from it by the dorsal margin of the aedeagal shaft deeply excavated.

Chlorotettix aurum DeLong (Figs. 35 & 113e) Chlorotettix aurum DeLong 1938:218. DeLong 1945:16-17.

Length of male 6.3 to 7.0 mm; female 6.5 to 7.5 mm. Color - Yellow. Eye yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis light brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median 94 slightly longer at middle than next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer in lateral aspect with posterior margin broadly rounded, small notch present near middle of margin, external setae on dorsoposterior area. Plate broad at base, narrowed at apex, almost as long as pygofer, lateral margin sinuate. Styler apex elongate, preapical angle small, broadly rounded. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, two pairs of apical process present, anterior processes slightly wider than posterior process in lateral aspect, processes directed dorsally, small knob-like projection anterior to processes. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin rounded with deep, parallel sided excavation, which nearly reaches anterior margin. Variation: Minor variation was observed in the length and width of the apical aedeagal processes.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following label:

"Carolina Beach, North Carolina, 24-VI-1928" was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: United States - North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia. Discussion: This species is rare in collections and appears to be restricted to the costal areas of Virginia through South Carolina. It has been collected from June through October. Diagnosis: C. aurum is similar to C. suturalis and 95 related to those Chlorotettix that have internal pygofer setae on the ventro-posterior margin. It can be separated from all other Chlorotettix by the indentation on the posterior margin of the pygofer and the two pairs of short aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix suturalis DeLong (Figs. 36 & 113f) Chlorotettix suturalis DeLong 1916:85-86. Length of male 6.4 to 7.6 mm; female 7.2 to 7.9 mm. Color: Pale yellow or yellowish green. Eye greenish yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis apex brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, tuft of stout spines on dorsoventral margin, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex stout, directed laterally, rounded, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, two pairs of long stout apical processes directed dorsally in lateral aspect, small keel anterior to base of processes. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with median U- shaped notch, lateral angles truncate.

Variation: The length of the aedeagal process varied from being equal to the posterior pair to slightly shorter 96 than the apical pair. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species is common "in tickets of the cane, Arundinaria tecta.11 Fattig (1955) reported it was common in a pasture in Georgia. Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Clarksville, 7-5-15, Tenn." and "D. M. DeLong collector" was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: United States - Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia. Diagnosis: C. suturalis is near C. limosus and can be separated from it by the thicker aedeagal processes and the tuft of spines on the ventroposterir margin of the pygofer.

Chlorotettix limosus DeLong and Cartwright

(Figs. 37 & 114a) Chlorotettix limosus DeLong and Cartwright 1926:506. Length of male 6.7 to 7.2 mm; female 7.3 to 8.1 mm. Color: Yellowish green. Eye ochraceous. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, veins yellow. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Head broadly rounded, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin triangular, margin margin sloped and somewhat notched with row of stout setae on ventroposterior margin. Plate triangular, apex bluntly rounded, lateral margin slightly sinuate. Stylar 97 apex elongate, directed posteriorly, preapical angle roundly triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, two pairs of apical processes present, anterior pair half the length of posterior pair in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin deeply excavated, median process bilobed apically, lateral angles bluntly triangular. Variation: Minor variation was observed in the length of the aedeagal processes. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species occurs in grass and sedge habitats in Illinois. A specimen from the SMKU was collected on Leersia orvzoides in Maryland. Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels:

"Hartstown Bog, Pa., 12-IX-1919" and "D. M. DeLong Coll." was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: United States - Alabama, Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Wisconson. Discussion: This species appears to be restricted to Eastern United States. Beirne (1956) reported that this species was found in southern Quebec. There is a specimen in the USNM from Tucson, Arizona, however, it may have been mislabeled. Specimens have been collected from June through

August. Diagnosis: C. limosus is similar to C. suturalis and can be separated from it by the elongate aedeagal processes. 98 Chlorotettix meriscus Cwikla (Figs. 38, 114b & 126) Chlorotettix meriscus Cwikla 1987:135.

Length of male 7.2 - ?\<7 mm; female 7.4 - 7.8 mm. Color: Variable. Yellow to light green. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, costal margin occasionally green. Legs yellowish green, hind tibia usually light green, unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown broadly rounded, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly triangular, sloping anteriorly from dorsal margin to ventral margin, ventroposterior margin curved mesally and with row (5 -7) of spine-like setae. Plate triangular, lateral margin slightly sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex elongate, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, two pairs of apical processes present, posterior pair directed laterally then turning dorsally in posterior aspect, anterior process approximately half length of posterior process in lateral aspect, directed laterally in posterior aspect. Gonopore subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with V-shaped excavation extending over half length of segment, median spatulate process with apical V-shaped notch, lateral angles rounded. Late Instar Nymph: Like adult except body dorsoventrally flattened. Crown, face, pronotum, and wing pads smooth. 99 Color yellow, legs light green. Abdominal setae dark, four per segment on terga III-VIII; segment IX elongate, attenuate, bifurcate apically. Male plate short, lateral margin not sinuate.

Type: Holotype male - Ohio, Clark Co., Redmond [Springfield] Fen, 20 July 1986, P. Cwikla coll. has been examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Ohio, North Carolina and Massachusetts. Biology: Specimens were collected by sweeping pure stands of narrow-leaf Carex species at Springfield Fen. Nymphs were collected from 8 May through 15 July suggesting only one generation per year. Adults were present from early June through September with the greatest number collected by sticky traps at Springfield Fen during the month of July. Overall, specimens were infrequently collected by both sweeping and by sticky traps thus indicating that populations of this species are low in the field.

Diagnosis: This species is similar to C. limosus DeLong and Cartwright, and can be separated from it and other Chlorotettix by the row of setae on the ventroposterior margin of the pygofer and the anterior aedeagal process half the length of the posterior process in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix dentatus Sanders & DeLong

(Figs. 39 & 114c) Chlorotettix dentatus Sanders and DeLong 1923:154-156. DeLong 100 1948:326 Length of male 7.5 to 7.8 mm; female 7.9 to 8.7 mm. Color: Yellow. Eye light yellow or brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length almost twice as long as length next to eye, small rounded depression on anterior margin next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin broadly produced, processes lacking. Plate broad at base and narrowed to blunt apex, lateral margin sinuated. Stylar apex elongate, straight, preapical angle bluntly rounded. Connective shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular with two pairs of apical processes present, anterior process half the length of posterior process, processes directed posteriorly in ventral aspect. Gonopore apical, small tubercle at opening, visible in ventral aspect.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with median spatulate process that has V-shaped notch, process not extending past lateral margin. Variation: The length and position of the aedeagal processes varied between individuals of this species.

Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels: '•Wash. D. C., VII-3-1919" and 11 J. G. Sanders Collector" was examined from the OSUC. Host plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species was found in marshy meadow habitats. 101 Distribution: United State - Illinois, Washington D. C. Discussion: This species is rare in collections and has been collected from May through September. Diagnosis: C. dentatus is related to C. limosus and can be separated from it by the posterior aedeagal processes diverging from each other in posterior aspect.

Chlorotettix spatulatus Osborn and Ball (Figs. 40 & 114d) Chlorotettix spatulata Osborn and Ball 1897:255. Chlorotettix spatulatus Osborn and Ball. Osborn 1898:246.

Length of male 5.6 to 6.8 mm; female 6.4 to 7.2 mm. Color: Greenish yellow to pale yellow. Eye greenish yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye.

Male Genitalia: Pygofer sloping anteriorly from dorsal margin to produce angled posterior margin, three to five small setae on inner ventroposterior margin, regular setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin slightly sinuate, apex narrowly rounded. Stylar apex thin, elongate, directed posteriorly, preapical angle small. Connective short. Aedeagus tubular, pair of bifurcate apical processes present, medial arms usually crossed in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with V-shaped 102 excavation extending three-fourths length of segment, median spatulate process truncate at apex, lateral angles broadly acute. Variation: Posterior margin of pygofer either straight or slightly concave. Lateral arms of the aedeagal processes either directed laterally or medially.

Host Plants: Fattig (1955) reported that this species was "abundant in a pasture" and was found to damage oats in Georgia. Whitcomb (pers. comm.) collected this species on the following plants: Andropoqon gerardi, A. hallii. A. scoparius, A. virginicus. Artemesia ludoviciana. Bouteloua curtipendula. B. gracilis. Carex species, Ceanothus americanus. Cvnodon datvlon. Liatris pvcnostachva. Panicum vigatum, Solidago nemoralis. S. rigida, and Sporobolus heterolepsis. Type: The lectotype designated by Oman (1947) bearing the following label: "Ames, la., 8-15-96" was examined from the USNM.

Distribution: United States - Arkansas, Colorado, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas.

Discussion: This is a common North American species found throughout the eastern half of the United States. Specimens have been collected from June through October. Diagnosis: C. spatulatus is close to C. rugicollis and can be separated from it and other Chlorotettix by the lack of 103 a red band on the crown and the bifurcate aedeagal processes which have their median arms crossed in posterior aspect.

Chlorotettix ruqicollis Ball (Figs. 41 & 114e) Chlorotettix ruqicollis Ball 1903:230. Length of male 5.3 to 6.2 mm; female 6.0 to 6.7 mm. Color: Pale yellow or light green. Crown with transverse red band at apex. Face, pronotum, scutellum and lateral aspect of thorax occasionally red. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown broadly rounded, median length almost equal to length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Like C. spatulatus. Pygofer with posterior margin dorsally produced, three or four small setae on ventroposterior margin, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior third. Plate triangular, lateral margin slightly sinuate. Stylar apex, finger-like, linear, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective short. Aedeagus tubular, pair of bifurcate apical processes, bifurcations crossed in posterior aspect. Gonopore subapical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin deeply excavated, thin median spatulate process present, lateral angle produced or rounded. Variation: Red markings, from red on crown to heavily marked with red. 104 Type: A male cotype bearing the following label: "Woodbine, N.J., 8-21-1902, Van Duzee" has been examined from the USNM. Distribution: United States - Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas. Discussion: C. ruqicollis is common throughout Florida

and the coastal gulf states. DeLong 91948) reported that this species occurred in Illinois, however no specimens from this state has been examined. It has been collected from April through October. Diagnosis: This species is almost identical to C. spatulatus. but can be separated from it by the red stripe on the crown.

Chlorotettix leersius Cwikla, n. sp. (Figs. 42 & 114f)

Length of male 5.9 to 6.6 mm; female 6.5 to 7.0 mm. Color: Greenish yellow. Eye greenish yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, tinge of brown may be present. Unguis

brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin sloping anteriorly from dorsal margin, three or four small setae present on ventroposterior margin, setae haphazardly 105 directed posteriorly, preapical angle broadly triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, two pairs of apical processes present, posterior pair twisted at midpoint, directed dorsally with apices curved laterally in posterior aspect, anterior processes expanded in posterior aspect, median branch curved laterally then recurred over lateral branch. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin concavely excavated to approximately one-half length of segment, median spatulate process laterally expanded distally, lateral angeles rounded. Host Plants: This species has been collected on Leersia sp. in a fresh water marsh, Beltsville, Maryland. Type-material: Holotype male - Maryland, Cherstertown, September 9, 1932, F. C. Bishop collector, Mosquitoe Trap. Paratypes - 2 females same data as holotype except July 2,

1935; 1 - male North Carolina, Nelson, August 31, 1946, L. D. Beaver collector; 1 female - Maryland 10 mi West Annapolis, September 30, 1934, P. W. Oman collector; 1 male - Maryland, Beltsville, July 14, 1968. Types deposited in the USNM. Twelve additional specimens from Beltsville, Maryland were also available for study. Etymology: This species is named for its host plant. Diagnosis: C. leersius is close to C. limosus and can be separated from it by the anterior aedeagal processes branched in posterior aspect. 106

Chlorotettix berrvi DeLong (Figs. 43 & 108c) Chlorotettix berrvi DeLong 1945:26. Linnavuori 1959:267. Length of male 5.2 mm; female 5.4 mm.

Color: Pale yellow. Eye yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, small light brown patch present on inner discal cel l. Structural Features: Crown angularly produced, length twice as long at middle than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, processes lacking, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Stylar apex blunt, hook shaped, preapical angle bluntly angled. Plate broad at base, narrowed to blunt apex. Connective shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, apex notched and forming a pair of short processes directed dorsally then curved laterally. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with shallow concave excavation, lateral angle broadly rounded. Type: Male holotype bearing the following label: "Santarem, Brazil, 10-42, L. Berry" was examined from the

OSUC. Distribution: Brazil - Para. Discussion: This unique species can be separated from other members of the genus by the apical aedeagal processes directed dorsally and then curved laterally. 107

Chiorotettix grandis Linnavuori (Figs. 44 & 108d) Chlorotettix grandis Linnavuori 1959:267. Length of male 6.3 to 6.5 mm; female 6.8 mm. Color: Brownish yellow. Eye dark. Forewing pale subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown broadly rounded, median length approximately equal to length next to eye.

Male genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin broadly rounded, ventral margin sclerotized and turning mesally, setae arranged in irregularly vertical row near middle. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex narrowed and bluntly rounded. Stylar apex claw-like, curved laterally, preapical angle rounded. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, U-shaped in lateral aspect, single pair of

apical aedeagal processes directed anteriorly with apices turning dorsally. Gonopore subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep V- shaped excavation reaching near anterior margin. Type: The type was not available for study. The interpretation of this species is based on a male from Tocumen, Panama, determined by Linnavuori in the USNM.

Distribution: Columbia. Panama. Diagnosis: C. grandis can be determined by the ventral margin of the pygofer sclerotized and turning inwardly and 108 the aedeagus with a single pair of apical processes.

Chlorotettix vircrus Linnavuori and DeLong (Fig. 45) Chlorotettix virgus Linnavuori and DeLong 1979:130-131. Chlorotettix fuscifasciatus Cheng 1980:95-96. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 5.0 mm; female 5.3 to 5.7 mm. Color: Pale yellow. Pair of brown spots on anterior margin of crown, one above each ocellus, median spot at apex of crown occasionally present. Face with pair of brown spots, one each above each antenna. Brown band running from lateral margin of pronotum to apex of wing, medial band present from scutellum to apex of wing, remainder of wing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown broadly rounded, medial length only slightly longer than length next to eye.

Male Genitalia: Posterior margin roundly produced, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex narrowed to blunt point, slightly curved laterally, preapical angle rounded. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, pair of apical processes directed anteriorly in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin broadly but shallowly excavated. Type: The female holotype bearing the following label: 109 "Surumu, Roraima, IX.1966, M. Alvarenga and F. M. Oliveira col." was examined from the OSUC. The male holotype and a female paratype of C. fusciafasciatus from Encarnacion, Paraguay, were examined from the KSUC. The female paratype of C. fuscifasciatus matched the holotype of C. viraus except that the median spot on the crown was more prominent. Because the difference between the two forms is slightly, it is best to consider C. fuscifasciatus a synonym of C. viraus. Distribution: Brazil - Roraima. Paraguay. Discussion: This species is known only from five specimens. The Brazilian specimens were collected in September and the Paraguayan specimens were collected in June. Diagnosis: C. viraus is related to C. septempunctus and can be separated from it by the aedeagal processes not greatly expanded in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix septempunctus Linnavuori and DeLong (Figs. 46 & 108f) Chlorotettix septempunctus Linnavuori and DeLong 1979:129- 130. Length of female 5.2 to 5.5 mm; male damaged. Color: Pale yellow. Crown with three black spots on anterior margin. Face with brown arcs on clypeus, black spot on gena under each eye. Pronotum with pair of black spots on anterior margin each eye. Lateral angles of scutellum black. 110 Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin truncate, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly triangular. Connective short. Aedeagus elongate, slightly flattened dorsoventrally, pair of apical processes directed anteriorly in lateral aspect, apex spear-like in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with V-shaped excavation, almost reaching anterior margin, lateral angles rounded. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Suramu, Roraima [Brazil], IX-1966, M. Alvarenga & F. M. Oliveira col." was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Brazil - Roraima, Matto Grasso do Sul.

Discussion: This species is known form the type-series and a single male from Campo Grande, Brazil in the UFPB.

Diagnosis: C. septempunctus is similar to C. grandis and can be separated from it by the crown color pattern and the apical aedeagal processes spear-like. Ill Chlorotettix lusorius (Osborn and Ball) (Figs. 47 & 115a) Thamnotettix lusoria Osborn and Ball 1897:226. Chlorotettix lusoria (Osborn and Ball). Ball 1900:339. Chlorotettix lusorius (Osborn and Ball). Van Duzee 1916:75. Chlorotettix inscriptus DeLong 1945:4. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 6.5 to 7.7 mm; female 7.2 to 7.9 mm. Color: Light brown. Longitudinal brown band occasionally on crown. Eye light brown or dark brown. Forewing brownish subhyaline, claval vein occasionally white. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length approximately twice as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer ending in truncated projection, two to five (usually four) large spines present on projection, setae arranged in vertical row near middle. Plate broad, lateral margin slightly sinuate, apex bluntly pointed and directed laterally. Style short, apex directed laterally, preapical angle triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus short, two pairs of short processes present, anterior pair expanded in lateral aspect, directed laterally in posterior aspect, posterior pair half the length of anterior pair in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin excavated with broad median projection, brown area anterior to excavation, lateral angle acute. 112 Variation: Transverse brown band may be present on crown, however in most cases it is absent. The number of pygofer spines vary from two through five. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species v/as found on "herbaceous growth" in open woodland areas. Type: A male cotype bearing the following label: "Ag coll., Ames, la., 8-7-91" was examined from the OSUC. The lectotype designated by Oman (1947) was not examined. The male holotype of C. inscriotus has been examined and found to march the cotypes of C. lusorius.

Distribution: United States - Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Utah. Canada - Nova Scotia. Mexico - Hidalgo, Distrito Federal.

Discussion: This species is common throughout much of the United States and the northern half of Mexico. It has been collected from July through November. Diagnosis: C. lusorius can be separated from those Chlorotettix with pygofer spines on the ventroposterior margin by the short aedeagus and the anterior apical process expanded in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix spiniloba Linnavuori

(Fig. 48) Chlorotettix spiniloba Linnavuori 1968:154. 113 Length of male 6.6 mm; female not examined. Color; Ochraceous. Eye light brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis apex brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin with concave depression near anterior margin, three stout spines on ventroposterior margin, setae arranged in irregular vertical row above spines. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex rounded. Stylar apex finger-like, directed laterally, preapical angle bluntly rounded. Connective short. Aedeagus tubular, slightly dorsoventrally flattened, three apical processes present, lateral pair narrow in lateral aspect, median process acute apically in posterior aspect, median carina visible in lateral aspect. Gonopore near middle of shaft on dorsal margin. Female Seventh Sternum: Linnavuori (1968) described this species being like C. ogloblini with the posterior margin deeply concave and with a median projection.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Villavicencio, Meta, 21-VIII-1959" and "M. Revelo, en arroz" was examined from the RLC. Host Plants: The type specimen was collected on rice. Discussion: This species is known only from the type- series. Diagnosis: C. spiniloba is similar to C. lusorius based 114 on the possession of the stout spines on the ventroposterior margin of the pygofer. It can be separated from other Chlorotettix by the single median apical process and the lateral pair of apical of aedeagal processes.

Chiorotettix iridescens DeLong (Figs. 49 & 115b) Chlorotettix iridescena DeLong 1916:86-87. Chlorotettix iridescens DeLong 1916:83 [key]. DeLong 1919:25. Length of male 6.1 to 6.9 mm; female 6.7 to 7.2 mm. Color: Light brown. Eye dark. Forewing light brown subhyaline. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length approximately twice as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer in lateral aspect with posterior margin consisting of two rounded lobes, process inserted on ventroposterior margin directed posteriorly then curving medially, setae arranged in irregular row near posterior margin. Plate broadly triangular apex acute.

Stylar elongate, directed posteriorly, preapical angle indistinct. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, pair of short apical processes directed dorsally in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep, concave excavation, median of excavation with V-shaped notch, 115 lateral angles acute.

Variation: Minor variation was observed in the shape of the stylar apex. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species was common on grasses in floodplain woods. While Fattig (1955) noted that it was "abundant in a Bermuda pasture" in Georgia. Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels:

"Knoxville, Tenn., 14-IX---1915" and "D. M. DeLong Collector" has been examined from the OSUC. Distribution: United States - Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia. Discussion: This species has been collected from July through September and is restricted to thecentral, eastern and southern portions of the United State. Diagnosis: C. iridescens is similar to C. rotundus but can be separated from it by the pygofer process directed psoteriorly then curved medially.

Chlorotettix rotundus Brown

(Figs. 50) Chlorotettix rotundus Brown 1933:246. Length of male 5.9 to 6.6 mm; female 6.7 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Eye greenish yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median 116 length slightly longer than length next to eye.

Male Genitalia: Pygofer with shallow concave excavation on posterior margin, long acute process inserted on ventroposterior margin, directed dorsomedially, setae arranged in irregular vertical row near posterior margin. Plate triangular, lateral margin slightly convex. Style elongate, directed posteriorly, apex slightly expanded, preapical angle indistinct. Connective short. Aedeagus tube-like, pair of simple apical processes directed dorsally in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with small V- shaped notch, lateral angle truncate. Variation: Aedeagal apex of a Tennessee specimen is directed laterally instead of dorsally in posterior aspect as is the case for other specimens of this species. Host Plants: Fattig (1955) reported that this species was abundant in an oats pasture in Georgia.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Polk Co., ARk., 7-21-28, L. D. Beamer" was examined from the

SMKU. Distribution: United States: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Tennessee. Diagnosis: C. rotundus is similar to C. iridescens and can be separated from it by the pygofer process. 117 Chlorotettix xanthus Cwikla, n. sp. (Fig. 51)

Length of male 5.1 to 5.4 mm; female unknown. Color; Greenish yellow. Eye dark reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features; Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer short, posterior margin produced into finger-like projection; straight spine inserted at base of projection, directed medially, crossing each other in posterior aspect, setae clumped at base of spine. Plate short, triangular, short sclerotized band near disc, apex rounded. Stylar apex truncate, directed laterally, preapical angle broadly rounded. Connective short. Aedeagus tubular, U-shaped in lateral aspect, apex with pair of short processes directed dorsally. Gonopore apical.

Type-material; Holotype male - Brazil, Goias, Jatai, XI-1971, F. M. Olivera collector, B. M. 1972-541. Paratypes - two males, same data as holotype. Types deposited in the BMNH. Etymology: Greek, xantho (yellow) refer to the greenish yellow color. Diagnosis: This species is similar to C. triplehorni and can be separated from it by the short pygofer and the short apical aedeagal processes directed dorsally in posterior aspect. 118 Chlorotettix triplehorni Cwikla, n. sp. (Fig. 52) Length of male 6.7 mm; female unknown. Color: Ochraceous. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, apex of claval sulcus with brown spot. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer apex triangularly produced, with a large, heavily sclerotized subapical spine directed ventraliy, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, basal margin with elongate lateral narrow projection, lateral margin sinuate, apex blunt. Stylar apex linear, narrowed posteriorly into rounded apex, preapical angle absent. Connective short. Aedeagus linear, pair of apical processes slightly expanded in lateral aspect.

Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface. Type-material: Holotype male - Brazil, SP [Sao Paulo], S. Jose dos Barreiro, Serra Bocaina, III-1973, F. M. Oliveira collector. Type deposited in the UFPM. Etymology: This species is named in honor of the noted coleopterist, C. A. Triplehorn. Diagnosis: C. triplehorni is close to C. xanthus and can be separated from it by the stylar apex directed posteriorly and the aedeagal processes slightly expanded in lateral aspect. 119

Chlorotettix teraatus Fitch (Figs. 53 & 116b) Chlorotettix teraatus Fitch 1851:58. Beirne 1956:77. Length of male 7.1 to 7.9 mm; female 7.3 to 8.3 mm. Color: Ochraceous of greenish yellow. Eye dark. Forewing brownish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin irregularly truncate, large curved process on ventroposterior margin, directed ventrally, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin slightly sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Style narrow, apex curved at right angle indistinct. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus enlarged at base, shaft short, pair of short processes directed dorsally, anterior margin of process sinuate in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep broad V-shaped excavation, margin of excavation brown, lateral angles rounded. Variation: Apical aedeagal processes were directed either dorsally of laterally in posterior aspect. The posterior margin of the pygofer process is either sinuate or straight. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species 120 was "found in the tall grass and sedge association in swampy areas or at the margin of tamarack-sphagnum bog." Chlorotettix teraatus was found damaging a pasture in Georgia (Fattig 1955). Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "766" and "male" was examined from the NYSM. Distribution: Canada - Ontario. United States - Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Wisconsin. Discussion: This species is common in the eastern United States and has been collected from July through September. Diagnosis: Chiorotettix teraatus is related to C. fuscus but can be separated from it by the shape of the pygofer process.

Chiorotettix fuscus Brown (Figs. 54 & 116c)

Chlorotettix fuscus Brown 1933:243. REMOVED FROM SYNONYMY Chlorotettix fumidus Sanders and DeLong in part (incorrect

association) DeLong 1937b:35. DeLong 1948:321. Length of male 7.0 to 8.0 mm; female 7.5 mm. Color: Crown light brown, dark brown transverse band broken at middle. Thorax dark brown. Forewing brown 121 subhyaline. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin triangularly produced, long process inserted on ventral margin near middle directed ventrally, setae distributed haphazardly on posterior half. Plate with apex convex, margins almost parallel sided. Stylar apex claw-like, curved laterally at right angle to shaft, preapical angle rounded. Connective shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft flattened and somewhat linear in ventral aspect, pair of apical processes directed dorsally, pair of short triangular processes located on dorsal surface below apical gonopore. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with broad V- shaped notch extending almost to anterior margin. Variation: The dark brown transverse band was absent on some of the specimens observed. Type: The female holotype bearing the following label:

"Prattsville, Ala., July 21, 1930, R. H. Beamer" was examined from the SMKU. The type of C. fumidus Sanders and

DeLong was examined from the OSIJC and it matched the type of C. melanotus DeLong. DeLong (1937b) believed that C. melanotus and C. fumidus were two separate species and he incorrectly synymized C. fuscus under C. fumidus. C. fuscus is here removed from synonymy and C. fumidus is considered a synonym of C. melanotus. 122 Distribution: United States - Alabama, Illinois, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee. Discussion: This species is rarely collected and is restricted to the eastern and southern United States. It has been collected from June through August.

Diagnosis: C. fuscus is similar to C. melanotus and can be separated from other members of the genus by the brown coloration, the flattened aedeagus with a single pair of apical processes directed dorsally and the long pygofer process directed ventrally.

Chlorotettix melanotus DeLong (Figs. 55 & 117a) Chlorotettix terqatus melanotus DeLong 1916:84. Chlorotettix melanotus DeLong 1937b:35.

Chlorotettix fumidus Sanders and DeLong 1919:237. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 7.2 to 7.9 mm; female 7.5 - 8.0. Color: Yellowish brown. Crown with anterior half slightly darker than posterior portion. Eye black. Forewing brownish subhyaline. Abdominal terga brown, giving impression forewing is dark brown. Unguis brown. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin triangularly produced, dorsally curved process on ventroposterior margin, setae arranged in vertical row near middle. Plate triangular, lateral margin slightly sinuate laterally. Stylar apex almost at right angle to shaft, 123 preapical angle indistinct. Connective slightly shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus short, apex with posterior margin excavated in posterior aspect, pair of bifurcate processes present. Gonopore apical.

Female Seventh sternite: Posterior margin with deep V- shaped excavation extending over half the length of segment, lateral margin slightly produced laterally. Variation: Minor variation was observed in the length of the aedeagal bifurcations. The lateral arm varies for equalling the medial are to almost twice the length of the medial arm.

Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species was common in wet pastures and meadows.11

Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Paris, Tenn., VI-26-1915" and "D. M. DeLong Collector" was examined in the OSUC. Also, the female holotype and a male paratype of C. fumidus have been examined from the OSUC. Contrary to the discussion of these two species by DeLong

(1937b), the types of C. fumidus and C. melanotus are the same species.

Distribution: United States - Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Mississippi, Missouri. Discussion: Specimens have been collected for June through September. Diagnosis: This species is similar to C. fuscus and C. teraatus and can be separated from them by the short, curved 124 pygofer spine and the bifurcate aedeagal processes in posterior aspect.

Chlorotettix diveraens Sanders and DeLong (Figs. 56 & 117b) Chlorotettix diverqens Sanders and DeLong 1922:94-95. DeLong and Cartwright 1926:503. Length of male 6.7 to 7.3 mm; female 7.0 to 7.4 mm. Color: Pale yellow. Eye dark. Forewing pale subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin produced into elongate projection, long process inserted on ventroposterior margin, directed posteriorly, setae arranged in irregular vertical row near posterior margin. Plate broad at base, narrowed to thin apex, lateral margin sinuate. Stylar apex flattened, curved medially, preapical angle broadly rounded. Connective longer than aedeagus. Aedeagal base enlarged, shaft short, apex Y-shaped in posterior aspect, subapical notch visible in lateral aspect on dorsal surface. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin deeply excavated, median with small V-shaped notch, median of excavation bordered with brown, lateral angle narrow.

Host plants: DeLong (1922) reported that this species 125 was collected from "tall grasses" growing in a pine woodland. Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels: "Cp. Charles, 8-3-20, Va." and "D. M. DeLong coll." was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: United States - Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Virginia, Washington D. C. Discussion: This species is found throughout most of the southern United States. It has been collected from July through August. Diagnosis: C. diverqens is related to C. nudatus Ball and can be separated from it and other Chlorotettix by the aedeagus being Y-shape apically, the pygofer process directed posteriorly and the stylar apex flattened and directed medially. 126

Chiorotettix nudatus Ball

(Figs. 57 & 117c) Chlorotettix nudata Ball 1900:340-341. Chlorotettix nudatus Ball. Van Duzee 1916:75. Length of male 6.5 to 7.1 mm; female 6.6 to 7.2 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Eye greenish yellow or dark brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length approximately twice as long as length next to eye.

Male Genitalia: Pygofer produced dorsally, long spine inserted on ventroposterior margin, directed dorsoposteriorly, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate convexly emarginate, short, apex bluntly roundly. Stylar apex stout, bent medially at two-thirds its length.

Connective elongate. Aedeagus stout, excavation subapically in lateral aspect, apex with pair of short process in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep V- shaped excavation extending three-forths its width, lateral angles acute. Variation: A specimen from Chiapas, Mexico had the male plates acute. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported "grasses" were the host for this species. 127 Type: A male specimen bearing the following labels: "Ames, la., 7-29-1896," "Exp. Sta." and "Cotype No. USNM" was examined from the USNM and here designated the lectotype. Distribution: Mexico - Chiapas. United States - Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia. Discussion: C. nudatus is infrequently encountered in collections. Specimens have been collected from July through August in the United States. Diagnosis: This species is similar to C. fallax but can be separated from it by the lack of lateral, aedeagal processes and the subapical excavation on the dorsal margin in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix fallax Sanders and DeLong (Figs. 58 & 118a) Chlorotettix fallax Sanders and DeLong 1922:94. DeLong

1948:321. Chlorotettix latifrons Sanders and DeLong 1922:95. DeLong

1937b:35. Chlorotettix sordidus Brown 1933:254. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 6.8 to 7.9 mm; female 8.1 to 8.5 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Eye light yellow or reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown slightly produced, length slightly longer at middle than length next to eye. 128 Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin produced into narrow projection, apex curved medially, dorsally curved spine inserted on ventroposterior margin, setae located on posterior third. Plate broad at base, broadly rounded at apex. Style broad in dorsal aspect, apex narrowed to straight, pointed ape, preapical angle rounded. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft broad in lateral aspect, apex with deep notch on dorsal surface, pair of thin subapical processes directed laterally in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin broadly excavated, broad V-shaped notch at middle of excavation, extending almost to posterior margin, excavation and notch bordered with brown, lateral angles rounded apically. Host plants: DeLong (1948) reported this species to occur on coarse sedges in both fresh and salt-water marshes. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: '•Paradise Ky., Fla, Apr. 10,25" was examined from the OSUC. The holotype of C. latifrons was examined from the OSUC and the holotype of C. sordidus Brown was examined from the SMKU. Both were found to be the same as C. fallax. Distribution: United State - Florida, Illinois,

Kansas, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Virginia. Discussion: This species is found throughout most of the eastern United States, however it appears to be most common in the south. It has been collected from April 129 through August.

Diagnosis: C. fallax is close to C. nudatus Ball and can be separated from it and all other members of this genus by the foot-shaped aedeagus with subapical processes.

Chlorotettix scutellatus DeLong (Figs. 59 & 118b) Chlorotettix scutellatus DeLong 1919:18.

Chlorotettix pallidus Brown 1933:245. DeLong 1945:22. Length of male 5.7 to 6.5 mm; female 5.9 to 6.9 mm. Color: Pale yellow. Crown occasionally with faint transverse light brown band. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with large process on dorsoventral margin directed ventrally, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior third. Plate short, lateral margin convex. Stylar apex elongate, preapical angle not distinct. Connective short. Aedeagus short, base expanded, dorsal margin of shaft convex, pair of hook-shaped processes on apex, directed ventrally then turning anteriorly. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep U- shaped excavation, lateral angles rounded. Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels: 130 "Brownsville, Tex." and "H. Osborn collector" was examined from the OSUC. The female holotype of C. pallidus in the SMKU was also examined and was found to match the type of C. scutellatus.

Distribution: Mexico - Morelos, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas. United States - Texas. Discussion: This species is common throughout southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. It has been collected March through December. A single specimen collected from Belain, Brazil in the USNM was probably mislabeled. Diagnosis: Chlorotettix scutellatus is similar to C. nudatus but can be separated from it and other Chlorotettix by the pair of hook-shaped aedeagal processes directed anteriorly in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix neoscutellatus Cwikla, n. sp. (Fig. 60) Length of male 6.4 to 6.5 mm; female unknown. Color: Greenish yellow. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer truncate, long ventrally directed spine on ventroposterior margin, apex of spine bifurcate, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior quarter. Plat triangular, lateral margin straight, apex bluntly 131 rounded Style linear, apex narrow, preapical angle broad, almost indistinct. Connective short. Aedeagus like C. scutellatus. short pair of anteriorly directed hook-like processes inserted on ventroposterior margin of shaft. Gonopore apical. Type-material: Holotype male - Mexico, Oaxaco, 5-21-X- 1961, R. Dreisback and K. Dreisback collectors. One paratype - male, same data as holotype. Types deposited in the BYUC. Etymology: Greek, neo (neo) refer to the remarkable similarities between this species and C. scutellatus. Diagnosis: C. neoscutellatus is related to C. scutellatus and can be separated from it by the bifurcate pygofer process.

Chlorotettix qalbanatus Van Duzee (Figs. 61 & 115c)

Chlorotettix qalbanatus Van Duzee 1893:310 [306, listed] Chlorotettix distinctus DeLong 1919:23. NEW SYNONYM Chlorotettix maculosus Brown 1933:244. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 5.7 - 6.5 mm; female 6.2 - 7.0 mm. Color: Greenish yellow. Eye greenish yellow or reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length new to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior portion 132 triangularly produced, small laterally directed spine on ventroposterior margin, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex broadly curved laterally, tip truncate, preapical angle broadly rounded. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, broadly U-shaped in lateral aspect, pair of narrow apical processes directed anteriodorsally in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep narrow excavation extending two-thirds length of segment, lateral angles broadly rounded or slightly produced. Variation: Minor variation was observed in the length of the aedeagal processes and the in the length of the pygofer processes. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported this species is common in "pastures and meadow" in Illinois. Whitcomb (pers. comm.) has collected this species on the following host plants: Andropoqon virqinicus (Ohio), Carex sp. (Maryland and Virginia), Paspalum sp. (Virginia) and Panicoid sp. (Virginia). Type: The female lectotype designated by Oman (1947) bearing the following labels: "E. B. Southwick" and "type" has been examined from the USNM. The female holotype of C. distinctus DeLong has been examined from the OSUC and it is so much like female specimens of C. qalbanatus that it is best to consider it a synonym. The female holotype of C. 133 maculosus Brown has been examined from the SMKU. The brown spot on the female seventh sternite, as described by Brown (1933) to define C. maculosus. is considered an anomaly. It is felt that until a positive association between this female form and a male, it is best to consider C. maculosus a synonym of C. qalbanatus. Distribution: United States - Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia. Discussion: This species is one of the most commonly encountered Chlorotettix species in the eastern United States. Specimens have been collected from May through October. Diagnosis: C. qalbanatus is similar to C. tunicatus and can be separated from it by the pygofer processes directed laterally.

Chlorotettix tunicatus Ball (Figs. 62) Chiorotettix tunicata Ball 1900:340. Chlorotettix tunicatus Ball. Van Duzee 1916:75. Length of male 6.2 to 6.8 mm; female 6.5 to 6.9 mm. Color: Ochraceous or pale yellow. Eye reddish brown. 134 Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, long straight process inserted near middle of ventral margin, directed ventroposteriorly. Plate short, roundly curved to almost truncate apex. Stylar apex stout, curved laterally, preapical angle triangular, small. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tube-like, shaft slightly dorsoventrally flattened, expanded subapically in lateral aspect, pair of short apical processes directed anteriorly. Gonopore apical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin broadly excavated to approximately one-third length of segment, small median V-shaped notch surrounded by brown, lateral angles rounded. Variation: Minor variation was observed in the length of the aedeagal process and the thickness of the aedeagal shaft in posterior aspect.

Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species occurs on grasses in open woodland areas. Whitcomb (pers. comm.) collected specimens on Andropoqon viroinicus in Ohio and on "forbes" in Missouri. A specimen from the USNM has been collected "on peach" in Arkansas. Type: A male specimen in the USNM bearing the following labels: "Onaga, KS" and "Cotype no. USNM" is here designated 135 the lectotype. Distribution: United States - Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas.

Discussion: This species is common in the eastern half of the United States. It has been collected from June through September. Diagnosis: C. tunicatus is similar to C. qalbanatus and C. capensis. It can be separated from these by the pygofer process being straight and directed ventroposteriorlly.

Chlorotettix capensis Sanders & DeLong (Figs. 63 & 116a) Chiorotettix capensis 1922:95-96. Chlorotettix durus Brown 1933:242. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 5.3 to 5.9 mm; female 5.7 to 6.3 mm. Color: Yellow, orange ring around ocellus. Eye yellow or red. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural features: Crown angularly produced, median length slightly times longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, slightly curved spine on ventroposterior margin directed ventrally, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate broadly rounded apically, not reaching apex of 136 pygofer. Stylar apex blunt, curved laterally, preapical angle rounded. Connective shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus U-shaped in lateral aspect, apex expanded bearing pair of long apical processes which are directed dorsally. Gonopore apical. Female seventh sternite: Posterior margin was broad excavation, median of excavation with deep V-shaped notch, notch boarder by brown, lateral angles rounded. Host plants: Sanders and DeLong (1922) reported that this species was collected on Panicum hemitomum (Maiden cane) at Paradise Key, Florida. Variation: Eye color is either yellow or red. Type: The female holotype bearing the following label: "Paradise Ky., Fla. April 7,/21" was examined form the OSUC. The type of C. durus Brown matches the type of C. capensis and is here considered a synonym. Distribution: United State - Florida, Georgia. Discussion: This species is apparently restricted to southern Florida and has been collected from June through February.

Diagnosis: C. capensis resembles C. tunicatus Ball and can be separated from it by the pygofer processes directed dorsally and the long aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix floridanus DeLong (Figs. 64) 137 Chlorotettix floridanus DeLong 1924:66. DeLong 1945:17. Chlorotettix rubidus Brown 1933:246-247. DeLong 1937b:35. Length of male 5.4 to 5.9 mm; female 6.1 to 6.5 mm. Color: Pale yellow to brownish yellow. Eye light yellow or reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin angled from dorsal margin, long straight process inserted near ventroposterior margin, directed posteriorly, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin slightly sinuate, apex rounded. Stylar apex truncate, directed laterally, preapical angle angled. Connective shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus with shaft

dorsoventrally flattened, more so apically, single pair of long apical processes present, process sinuate in lateral aspect, flattened in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical. Female seventh sternite: Posterior margin with broad V- shaped notch, notch extending three-quarters length of segment, base of notch bordered with brown, lateral angle triangular.

Variation: The overall coloration varied from pale yellow to brownish yellow. Apex of style either truncate or slightly concave. Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels: 138 "Paradise Key, 4-9-21, Fla" and "D. M. DeLong coll" has been examined. The holotype of C. rubidus has been examined from the SMKU and the synonymy under C. floridanus by DeLong (1937b) has been confirmed. Distribution: United States - Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas. Distribution: This species is fairly common along the costal areas of the gulf coast states. It has been collected from April through September. Diagnosis: C. floridanus resembles C. capensis and can be separated from it and all other members of this genus by the aedeagal shaft dorsoventrally flattened, the long pygofer process inserted near the ventroposterior margin and directed posteriorly, and the apical aedeagal process sinuate in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix sparus Cwikla, n. sp.

(Fig. 65) Length of male 6.4 to 6.8 mm; female unknown. Color: Ochraceous. Crown with transverse light brown band. Forewing brownish subhyaline, veins faintly white, brown parch at base of first claval vein, brown spot at base of claval suture. Unguis apex brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Posterior margin of pygofer slightly 139 sloping anteriorly from dorsal margin to ventral margin, small spine inserted at middle of ventral margin, directed dorsally, vertical row of small setae dorsad to spine, remainder of setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate short, broad at base, lateral margin convex, apex broadly rounded, small rounded spine inserted on dorsoposterior margin. Stylar apex linear, directed posteriorly, preapical angle enlarged, broad at base. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tube-like, U- shaped in lateral aspect, pair of short dorsally directed processes in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical. Type-material: Holotype male - Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sa. Bocaina, 1,500 meters, F. M. Oliveira collector. Four paratypes - four males, Brazil, Sao Paulo, S. Jose Barreiro, Serra Bocaina, 1,960 meters, XI, M. Alvarenga collector. Holotype deposited in the UFPB, paratypes deposited in the BMNH.

Etymology: Latin, sparus (short spear) refer to the pygofer process. Diagnosis: C. sparus is similar to C. calibrus. It can be separated from other Chlorotettix by the pygofer processes inserted near the middle of the ventral margin and the short rounded process on the plate.

Chlorotettix calibrus Cwikla, n. sp. (Figs. 66 & 118c) 140 Length of male 6.4 mm; female 6.7 to 7.0 mm. Color: Greenish yellow. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, small brown spot at base of claval sulcus. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin triangularly produced, ventral margin with two heavily sclerotized curved processes, posterior process half the length of anterior process, anterior processes crossing each other in ventral aspect, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate short, apex bluntly rounded, subapical spine present. Style in ventral aspect linear, apex bluntly rounded, directed dorsally, preapical angel absent. Connective short. Aedeagus tubular, shaft with bend at middle, short apical processes directed anteriorly. Gonopore near middle of shaft on dorsal surface.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin excavated to half the length of segment, median with pair of lobed projections, projections bordered with brown anteriorly, lateral angles thin, acute apically. Type-material: Holotype male - Brazil, Minas Gerais, Delfim Moreira, 1,100 meters, 11-1972, F. M. Oliveira collector, B.M. 1972-541. Two paratypes - two females, same data as holotype. Etymology: Spanish, calibre (caliper) refer to the 141 pygofer processes. Diagnosis: This species is close to C. sparus and can be separated from it and other Chlorotettix by the two pygofer processes on the ventral margin.

Chlorotettix serratanus Cwikla, n. sp. (Fig. 67) Length of male 6.0 to 6.1 mm; female unknown. Color: Ochraceous. Crown with narrow faint transverse band. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to crown. First claval vein with two cross-veins. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin triangularly produced, long thin process inserted on middle of ventral margin, directed ventrally then turning dorsomedially, apices crossing each other in posterior aspect, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate with lateral margin slightly concave, apex blunt, short sclerotized spine on inner apical margin. Stylar apex narrowly elongate, preapical angle broadly rounded. Connective short. Aedeagus with ventral portion of shaft laterally compressed, dorsal margin serrated, apex expanded in posterior aspect with pair of short ventrally directed projections. Gonopore apical. 142 Type-material: Holotype male - Brazil, Parana, S. Jose dos Pinhais, 1-1982, Cavichioli collector. One paratype - male, Brazil, Parana, Curitiba, 1-1979, A. Yamamoto collector. Types deposited in the UFPB. Etymology: Latin, serrat (saw) refer to the serrate dorsal margin of the aedeagus. Diagnosis: This species is like C. calibrus. It can be separated from other Chlorotettix by the unique pygofer process and the dorsal margin of the aedeagus serrate in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix fraterculus (Berg) (Figs. 68 and 120a) Athvsanus fraterculus Berg 1879:262. Linnavuori 1959:264- 265. Chlorotettix coonitus Caldwell (In: Caldwell and Martorell)

1952:73-74. Linnavuori 1959:264. Chlorotettix lonaispina Linnavuori 1955:103. Linnavuori 1959:264. Length of male 3.8 to 4.7 mm; female 4.6 to 4.9 mm. Color: Pale yellow or greenish yellow. Eye light or grey. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin bluntly produced, long process inserted on ventroposterior margin and 143 directed dorsally, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate broad at base, narrowed to blunt apex, lateral margin sinuate, as long as pygofer. Stylar apex claw-like, curved laterally, preapical margin broadly rounded. Connective shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, two pairs of aedeagal processes present, subapical pair directed dorsally, slightly expanded near base in posterior aspect, apical pair narrow, directed ventrally. Gonopore apical. Female seventh sternite: Posterior margin truncate or shallowly excavated, if excavated the lateral angles rounded. Variation: Overall coloration varies from pale yellow to greenish yellow. Posterior margin of female seventh sternite is either truncate or with a broad V-shaped notch. Host plants: Caldwell and Martorell reported that this species was collected from weeds and grasses in Puerto Rico. Linnavuori (1959) reported this species on corn in Venezuela. A specimen from San Isidro, Argentina in the USNM was collected from "beets."

Type: The female holotype bearing the following labesl: "Typus," "Baradero, F. Lynch," "Athysanus fraterculus Berg" and "1785" was examined from the NHLP.

Distribution : Argentina. Bolivia. Brazil - Matto Grasso, Parana, Sao Paulo. Costa Rica. Dominica. Honduras. Panama. Paraguay. Peru. Puerto Rico. Trinidad and Tobago. Venezuela. Saint Thomas. Discussion: A common species throughout the West Indies 144 and South and Central America. It has been collected from February through April. Diagnosis: C. fraturculus is near C. lonqibrachium. It can be separated from other Chlorotettix by the long, simple pygofer process directed dorsally, the narrow apical aedeagal process directed ventrally and the subapical aedeagal process directed dorsally and expanded near the base in posterior aspect.

Chlorotettix lonqibrachium Cheng (Figs. 69 & 120b) Chlorotettix lonqibrachium Cheng 1980:96. Length of male 4.7 mm; female 4.7 mm. Color: Yellow. Eye reddish brown. Forewing brownish or yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown rounded, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye.

Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly triangular, long spine inserted on ventral margin directed dorsally. Genital plate triangular. Stylar apex claw-like, preapical angle produced. Connective slightly shorter than aedeagal shaft. Aedeagal shaft linear, slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, two pairs of processes, ventral pair directed dorsally then turning ventroanteriorly in lateral aspect, dorsal pair approximately half the length of ventral pair, directed posteriorly in lateral aspect. Gonopore 145 apical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin irregularly truncate. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Paraguay, NW Asucion, 2 km E Limpio, at light, 17 June 1975, Elzinga, Gronovsky & Blocker" has been examined from the KSUC.

Distribution: Paraguay.

Discussion: This species is known only from the type series. Diagnosis: C. lonqibrachium is similar to C. torous and can be separated from it by the ventral aedeagal processes approximately twice as long as the dorsal processes in lateral aspect and the ventral processes directed anteriorly in ventral aspect.

Chlorotettix torqus DeLong and Linnavuori (Fig. 70) Chlorotettix torous DeLong and Linnavuori 1978:122. Length of male 3.5 mm; female unknown.

Color: Greenish yellow. Eye greenish brown. Forewing pale yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin truncate, dorsally curved spine inserted on ventroposterior margin, 146 setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate damaged. Stylar apex claw-like, preapical angle broad, almost absent. Connective damaged. Aedeagus linear, two pairs of apical processes present, apical pair directed anteriorly in lateral aspect, subapical pair directed posteriorly in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Suruma, Roraima, l-X-1966, M. Avarenga and F. M. Oliveira col." has been examined from the MZSP. Discussion: This species is known only from the holotype. Diagnosis: C. torous is similar to C. nimbuliferus and C. minimus. It can be separated from them by the short aedeagal processes and the pygofer process not serrate.

Chlorotettix bellus Cwikla, n. sp. (Figs. 71 & 120c) Length of male 4.9 to 5.1 mm; female 5.1 to 5.7 mm. Color: Yellow. Crown with pair of large brown spots. Eye reddish brown. Clypellus and lateral margins of clypeus brown. Pronotum with transverse brown band. Scutellum with anterior half brown. Forewing whitish subhyaline, veins brown. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior half 147 triangularly produced, narrow process inserted near middle of ventral margin, curved ventrally then turning dorsally, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate elongate, triangular, lateral margin sinuate near apex, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex claw-like, curved laterally, preapical angle narrowly triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus V- shaped in lateral aspect, shaft somewhat dorsoventrally flattened, two pairs of processes present, subapical pair bifurcated near base, first branch directed ventrally in lateral aspect, expanded subapically, second branch directed anteriorly in lateral aspect, apical processes curved ventrally in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with median excavation, small V-shape at middle, smaller concave excavation laterad to larger median excavation, lateral angles acute. Type-material: Argentina, Loreto Missiones, 3-XII-1931, A. A. Ogoblin collector, collected at light. Eleven paratypes - one male and two females same data as holotype except 27-XI-1931; one female same data as holotype except 1- XII-1931; one female same data as holotype except 4-XII-1931; one male same data as holotype except 8-XII-1931; two females same data as holotype except 14-XII-1931; one male same data as holotype except 18-XII-1931. All types deposited in USNM. Diagnosis: This species is near C. serius and can be separated from it by the subapical aedeagal processes 148 bifurcate.

Chlorotettix minimus Baker (Figs. 72 & 120d) Chlorotettix minima Baker 1898:220. Chlorotettix minimus Baker. Van Duzee 1916:75. Chlorotettix truncatus Osborn 1923:75. Linnavuori 1959:262- 264.

Length of male 4.3 to 5.4 mm; female 4.9 to 5.9 mm. Color: Yellowish green to pale yellow. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, brown areas occasionally on claval area. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin produced at middle, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half, large blade-like process inserted on ventral margin, process with serration and truncated projections on posterior margin.

Plate triangular, apex bluntly rounded, lateral margin sinuate. Stylar apex claw-like, bluntly rounded apically, small convex projection on anterior margin, preapical angle rounded. Connective elongate. Aedeagus stout in ventral aspect, two pairs of apical processes present, dorsal pair curved dorsally then turning anteriorly in lateral aspect, dorsal pair curved dorsally then turning anteriorly in lateral aspect, dorsal pair directed posteriorly in lateral 149 aspect. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep narrow, V-shaped excavation nearly reaching posterior margin, brown area anterior and laterad to excavation, lateral angles truncate. Nymph: Like nymph of C. meriscus except white, longitudinal, median stripe running length of body, laterad to white stripe is light orange stripe. Abdominal terga III - VIII with four dark brown setae. Variation: The number of truncated serrations on the pygofer process varies from three to approximately 10. Host Plants: Caldwell (1952) reported this species on grasses and weeds in a papaya grove. Wolcott (1936) collected specimens from sugar cane and asparagus in Puerto Rico. Fattig (1955) reported this species had damaged a pasture in Georgia.

Type: A female cotype bearing the following labels: "Chapada [Brazil]," "April" and "Collection C. F. Baker" was examined from the USNM. This specimen is here designated the lectotype. Distribution: NORTH AMERICA - Cuba. Dominica. Puerto Rico. Trinidad and Tobago. United States - Florida. SOUTH AMERICA - Argentina. Bolivia. Brazil - Alagoas, Sao Paulo. British Guyana. Venezuela. Discussion: This species is common throughout southern Florida, the Antilles and most of South America. 150 Diagnosis: C. minimus is closely related to C. lineatus. which had been previously treated as a synonym of C. minimus. It can be distinguish from C. lineatus by the narrow base of the dorsal aedeagal processes and the truncated spines on the pygofer process.

Chlorotettix lineatus Osborn (Figs. 73 & 120e) Chlorotettix lineatus Osborn 1919:5-6. Cwikla (in press). Chlorotettix minimus Baker; DeLong 1945:26-27; Linnavuori 1959:262-264. In part. Length of male 4.3 to 5.0 mm; female 4.8 to 5.3 mm. Color: Stramineous. Eye dark. Forewing pale subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, irregularly dentate process inserted on ventroposterior margin, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin straight, apex rounded. Stylar apex acute, curved laterally, preapical angle broadly rounded. Connective shorter than aedeagus.

Aedeagus linear, narrowed apically, dorsal keel present, two pairs of processes present, apical processes directed dorsally then turning ventrally, subapical process directed dorsally. Gonopore subapical on dorsal margin. 151 Female seventh sternite: Posterior margin truncated with median V-shaped notch that extends over half the length of segment. Variation: The number and shape of the dentations on the pygofer vary considerably between individuals of this species. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Los Amates, Guat., 2-18-24-1905" in the OSUC has been examined. Distribution: Guatemala. Panama. Discussion: This species was treated by DeLong (1945) and Linnavuori (1959) as a synonym of C. minimus Baker. Although the differences between these two species are slight, they are consistent and it is best to treat them as separate species. Diagnosis: C lineatus is closely related to C. minimus

Baker but can be separated from it by the serrate pygofer process and the aedeagal apex narrow in dorsal aspect.

Chlorotettix nimbuliferus (Berg) (Figs. 74 & 120f) Athvsanus nimbuliferus Berg 1884:28. Chlorotettix nimbuliferus (Berg). Linnavuori 1959:262. Chlorotettix recurvatus DeLong 1945:27-29. Linnavuori

1959:262. Chlorotettix taeniaticeps Linnavuori 1955:105. Linnavuori 152 1959:262. Length of male 4.7 to 5.4 mm; female 5.4 to 5.8 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Crown with dark brown, transverse band. Clypeus with brown arcs. Forewing brownish subhyaline, veins white. Unguis dark brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin produced, serrated spine inserted on ventral margin directed dorsally, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex claw-like, preapical angle rounded. Connective slightly shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus stout, two pairs of processes present, apical pair directed posteriorly then curved anteriorly, subapical pair straight, directed dorsoposteriorly. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin shallowly excavated with median V-shaped notch, lateral angles rounded. Type: A male cotype bearing the following label: "Buenos Aires" was examined from the NHLP. This specimen is here designated as the lectotype. Distribution: Argentina. Paraguay. Discussion: This species is common throughout northern Argentina. Linnavuori (1959) also reported that this species occurs in southern Brazil. Diagnosis: C. nimbuliferus is close to C. minimus but 153 can be separated from it by the thin pygofer process and the long subapical aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix pranqerus Cwikla, n. sp (Figs. 75 & 121a) Length of male 5.1 mm; female 5.0 mm. Color: Pale yellow. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, bifurcate process inserted on ventroposterior margin, dorsal arm serrate, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate narrowly triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex produced into narrow lobe. Style linear apex bluntly rounded, curved laterally, preapical angle acute. Connective elongate, distal end with small indentation.

Aedeagus linear, dorsal margin of shaft with slight convex on posterior half in lateral aspect, two pairs of then processes present, approximately one-half length of shaft, apical pair paralleling shaft in ventral aspect, subapical pair directed laterally in ventral aspect, pair of rounded protuberances at apex in ventral aspect. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with short median bluntly rounded triangular process, lateral angles 154 short, narrowly rounded. Type-material: Holotype male - Brazil, Ceara, Crato, V- 1969, M. Alvarenga collector, B.M.1971-165. One paratype - female, same data as holotype. Types deposited in the BMNH. Etymology: Greek, pranger (pronged) refer to the bifurcate pygofer process. Diagnosis: This species is closely related to C. minimus and can be separated from it by the bifurcate pygofer process. 155

Chlorotettix qiaanteus Linnavuori (Figs. 76 & 118d) Chlorotettix qiqanteus Linnavuori 1959:255. Chlorotettix fulvicus Cheng 1980:98-100. NEW SYNONYM

Length of male 5.0 to 5.3 mm; female 5.3 to 6.0 mm. Color: Yellowish brown. Eye dark. Forewing light brownish subhyaline. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer in lateral aspect with posterior margin roundly triangular, ventroposterior margin with dorsally curved process. Plate triangular, lateral margin convex. Stylar apex bluntly rounded, curved laterally, preapical angle small, triangular. Connective almost as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, pair of apical processes curved slightly posteriorly then directed dorsally, apex acute. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with V-shaped notch, lateral angles rounded, brown markings running from notch to anterior margin. Variation: Specimens varied for yellowish brown to brown. Aedeagal processes in lateral aspect varied in the degree they were directed posteriorly. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Tucuman, ARG, Jan-March 1941, K. J. Hayward, lot 41-16985" 156 was examined from the USNM. The male holotype of C. fulvicus in the KSUC was also examined and was found to match the holotype of C. qiaanteus.

Distribution: Argentina. Paraguay. Discussion: This species is rare in collection and has been collected from January through June. Diagnosis: C. qiaanteus is related to C. duospinus and can be separated from it by the apex of the pygofer not indented in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix chelus Cwikla, n. sp. (Fig. 77) Length of male 4.4 mm; female unknown. Color: Light brown. Crown with pair of brown spots next to posterior amrgin, one each halfway between coronal sulcus and eye. Clypeus with brown lateral arcs. Forewing brownish subhyaline, veins white. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to crown. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin produced at middle, long spine directed dorsally, inserted on ventroposterior margin, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, later margin slightly sinuate, apex bluntly acute. Stylar apex curved laterally, small apical tooth-like structure present, preapical angle broadly triangular. Connective shorter than aedeagus. 157 Aedeagus tubular, somewhat V-shaped in lateral aspect, pair of apical processes half the length of shaft, slightly expanded near middle and directed anteriorly in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Type-material; Holotype male - Venezuela, Bolovar, Santa Elena de Uairen, 1-II-1929, Gadou collector. Type deposted in the UVMC. Diagnosis: This species is near C. qrandis and can be separated from it by the long pygofer process and the pair of brown spots on the posterior margin of the crown.

Chlorotettix bakeri Sanders and DeLong (Figs. 78) Chlorotettix bakeri Sanders & DeLong 1922:97. Length of male 4.6 mm; female 5.0 mm. Color: Ochraceous. Eye yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown broadly rounded, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, short processes on ventroposterior margin directed posteriorly, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Stylar apex slightly curved laterally, preapical angle blunt.

Connective longer than aedeagus. Aedeagus tubulajr, pair of long processes directed dorsally then curved ventrally in lateral aspect. Process enlarged near middle. Gonopore 158 subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with rounded notch one-third distance from base, lateral angle rounded. Type: Male holotype bearing the following labels: "Corumba" (Brazil), "May," "Collection C. F. Baker" and "USNM type No. 24951" was examined from the USNM. Distribution: Brazil - Matto Grasso do Sul. Discussion: This species is known only from the type and a female specimen with the same locality data as the type. Diagnosis: C. bakeri is similar to C. boliviellus. It can be separated from it and other Chlorotettix species by the small size, the short pygofer process on the ventroposterior margin and the single pair of apical aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix boliviellus DeLong and Martinson

(Figs. 79)

Chlorotettix boliviellus DeLong and Martinson 1974:264. Length of male 5.9 mm; female 6.4 to 7.3 mm. Color: Brownish yellow. Forewing pale subhyaline, veins yellowish. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown flattened and broudly, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye, microsculpturing on posterior margin lacking. Male genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin angled 159 with dorsal margin, ventroposterior margin margin with long simple spine directed dorsally, setae positioned near middle. Stylar apex blunt and slightly curved laterally, preapical angle rounded. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, slightly broad in lateral aspect, single pair of apical processes braodened subapically in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep V- shaped excavation, lateral angles rounded. Type: Male holotype bearing the following labels: "Bolivia: San Esteban, 49 Km. N. Sta. Cruz, 26-X-1959, El. 1120 St." and " D.M. DeLong Collection" was examined from the OSUC. One allotype, four female paratypes and four paratypes without abdomens with the same data as the holotype were also examined from the OSUC. Distribution - Bolivia.

Discussion: This species is known only from the type- series. Diagnosis: C. boliviellus resembles C. bakeri and can be separated from it by the long pygofer process on the ventroposterior margin which is directed dorsally.

Chlorotettix latocinctus DeLong (Figs. 80 119a) Chlorotettix latocinctus DeLong 1945:5-7.

Chlorotettix modestus Linnavuori 1955:107. Linnavuori 160 1959:253.

Chlorotettix latocinctus paraouavensis Cheng 1980:98. NEW SYNONYM

Length of male 7.0 to 7.6 mm; female 7.4 to 7.9 mm. Color: Pale yellow with brown markings. Crown with transverse dark brown band, face with dark brown lateral arcs. Pronotum pale yellow, brown spots on anterior margin, pair of inverted V-shaped bands usually present on disc. Scutellum pale yellow with longitudinal brown stripe, lateral angles brown. Forewing subhyaline, longitudinal brown bands usually present, veins usually wihte. Thorax pale yellow, tibia and tarsomeres light brown. Structural Features: Crown slightly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Posterior margin of pygofer with slightl concave depression apically, process inserted on medial ventroposterior margin, directed dorsally, setae arranged in irregular row near posterior margin. Plate triangular, elongate, lateral margin sinuate. Stylar apex claw-like, directed laterally, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, narrow, pair of thin elongate apical processes directed anteriorly then curved dorsally in lateral aspect, processes crossed in posterior aspect. Gonopore subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin produced, median V-shaped knotch present, lateral angle absent. 161 Variation: Considerable vaiotion was observed in the amount of brown patterns on the pronotum and forewing. The aedeagal processes were usally crossed apically in posterior aspect, however on some specimens they were crossed near the base. This variation was not restricted geographically. Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Vicosa, Brazil, November 13, 1929" and "E. Hambleton Collector" in the OSUC was examined. The holotype of Chlorotettix latocinctus paraouavensis Cheng was examined from the KSUC. This subspecies was differentiated from the nominate subspecies by having the aedeagal processes crossed at their apex. Because this character appears to be found throughout its range, this subspecies is synomized.

Distribution: Argentina. Brazil - Vicosa, Sao Paulo. Paraguay.

Discussion: This species is known from southern Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina. Specimens have been collected in June, November and December. Diagnosis: C. latocinctus is similar to C. qiaanteus but can be separated from it by the thin apical pair of aedeagal processes crossed in posterior aspect.

Chlorotettix duospinus DeLong and Martinson (Fig. 81) Chlorotettix duospinus DeLong and Martinson 1974:262-264. Length of male 6.3 mm; female unknown. 162 Color: Ochraceous. Eye yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, veins white. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length twice the length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin with median, concave indentation, spine inserted on ventroposterior margin, directed dorsally, bifurcate apically. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex narrow, apex acute, preapical angle small, triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus tubular, pair of apical processes directed dorsally in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical, opening on dorsal surface. Distribution: Argentina.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Villa Parde Mont., Tucuman, ARG, 25-IV-1948, R. Golbach" and "Collection Inst. Miguel Lillo, Tucuman" has been examined from the SMUK.

Discussion: C. duospinus is known only from the type. Diagnosis: This species is related to C. qiaanteus and can be separated from it by the posterior margin of the pygofer with a concave depression and the bifurcate pygofer process. 163 Chlorotettix serius (Stal) (Figs. 82 & 119b) Jassus serius Stal 1862:52.

Chlorotettix serius (Stal) Linnavuori 1959:253. Chlorotettix bicoloratus DeLong 1945:7. NEW SYNONYM Chlorotettix tessellatus DeLong 1980:70-71. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 7.7 - 8.0 mm; female 7.8 - 8.0 mm. Color: Yellow and brown. Crown yellow with transverse dark brown band. Face dark brown, lateral margin of clypeus with yellow markings. Eye reddish brown. Pronotum brown, anterior margin yellow with irregular row of brown spots. Scutellum brown, posterior half yellow, four yellow spots on anterior margin. Forewing brownish subhyaline, veins white. Female abdomen reddish brown, seventh sternite dark brown. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Head as wide as pronotum. Crown roundly produced, median length almost equalling length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin concavely indented, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half, small spine inserted at middle on ventral margin. Plate broad at base, lateral margin sinuated, apex narrowed. Style with apex linear, truncate, preapical angle triangular. Connective short. Aedeagus shaft band-like, apex bulbus in posterior aspect, two pair of apical processes present, one pair directed dorsally, second pair directed anteriorly in 164 posterior aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin broadly excavated, excavation extending one-third length of segment, median with small V-shaped notch, lateral angles rounded. Type: The male holotype of C. serius bearing the following labels: "Brazil" and "F. Sahib" has been examined from the SWNH. The male holotype and the allotype of C. tessellatus. and the female holotype of C. bicoloratus have been examined and were found to match the holotype of C. serius. Distribution: Brazil - Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo. Diagnosis: This species is near C. latocinctus and can be separated from it by the bulbus aedeagal apex and the two pairs of aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix forcioata DeLong and Linnavuori (Fig. 83)

Chlorotettix forcipata DeLong and Linnavuori 1979:171. Length of male 6.0 to 6.5 mm; female unknown. Color: Brownish yellow. Eye dark. Forewing brownish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crouwn roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin rounded, short process inserted near ventroposterior margin and directed dorsally, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior 165 half. Plate broad at base, lateral margin rounded. Stylar apex elongate, small tooth on outer margin. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus slightly broad in posterior aspect, two pairs of processes present, apical process directed anteriorly then curved posteriorly in lateral aspect, subapical processes directed posteriorly in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, XII-13-65" and "Collr. C. A. Triplehorn" was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Brazil - Sao Paulo. Paraguay. Discussion: This species is known only from the type and a specimen collected near Pedro Juan Caballero [Amambay], Paraguay. The type was collected in December and the Paraguayan specimen in June. Diagnosis: C. forcipata is similar to C. oqloblini and can be separated from it and other Chlorotettix by the subapical aedeagal processes directed posteriorly in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix protensus Linnavuori

(Fig. 84) Chlorotettix protensus Linnavuori 1959:255-256. Length of male 5.0 to 5.3 mm; female unknown. Color: Pale yellow. Crown unmarked or with thin transverse pale brown band, brown spot behind each ocellus 166 near anterior margin. Eye reddish brown. Lateral margin of clypeus with light brown arcs. Pronotum unmarked or with row of irregular spots on anterior margin. Scutellum unmarked or with pair of brown spots on disc. Forewing yellowish or brownish subhyaline, if brown then veins white. Unguis brown .

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer broadly rounded, small process on ventral margin near middle, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate short and broad, lateral margin concave. Stylar apex finger-like, directed laterally, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective short, aedeagus tubular, two pair of thin apical processes present, one pair directed dorsally and other pair directed ventrally in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical. Variation: This species is only known from two specimens. The type from Argentina is pale yellow, while a male from Asucion, Paraguay, in the KSUC, is heavily marked as described above.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Loreto Missiones, ARG, XI-25, A. A. Ogoblin, 1931" was examined from the USNM. Distribution: Argentina. Diagnosis: C. protensus is similar to C. serius and can be separated from it by the posterior margin of the pygofer 167 not concave. Chlorotettix distiamus Cwikla, n. sp. (Figs. 85 & 119c) Length of male 5.0 mm; female 5.0 to 5.2 mm. Color: Crown yellow, pair of large black spots present near disc. Face pale yellow, brown band running along lateral margins of clypeus, band converging at middle of clypeus. Pronotum pale yellow, almost white, transverse narrow brown band near posterior margin. Forewing brownish subhyaline, veins brown. Lateral aspect of thorax and legs brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer triangularly produced pposteriorly, long narrow posteriorly directed spine inserted on ventral margin, setae arranged in irregular row near middle. Plate traingular, elongate, lateral margin straight, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex claw-like, narrow, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective elongate. Adeagus tubular, apex widen in ventroposterior aspect, pair of long subapical processes directed ventrally with apices curved drosally in lateral aspect, dorsal margin of shaft with triangular projection subapical in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin truncate, with narrow median excavation that extends approximately one-half 168 the length of segment. Type-material: Holotype male - California, [Riverside Co.], Woodcrest, 10-V-1974. Three paratypes - three females same data as holotype. Type deposited in the BYUC. Etymology: Greek, di (two) and stigma (spot) refer to the pair of spots on the crown. Diagnosis: No close relatives are assigned at this time. It can be separated from other Chlorotettix species by the pair of black spots on the crown and the pair of subapical aedeagal processes directed ventrally with the apices turning dorsally.

Chlorotettix binartitus DeLong (Figs. 86 & 119d) Chlorotettix bioartitus DeLong 1945:17-18.

Chlorotettix hamula DeLong and Linnavuori 1979:170. NEW

SYNONYM Length of male 5.6 to 6.6 mm; female 6.0 to 7.3 mm. Color: Yellow. Eye grey. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis and basal portion of setae on tarsomere brown. Structural Features: Crown produced, median length twice as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin broadly rounded, long internal spine running from base of pygofer fold to ventroposterior margin where it ends in hook-like 169 process, setae arranged in irregular vertical row near middle. Stylar apex broadly acute, curved laterally, convex notch subapically on median margin, preapical angle blunt. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus thin, tubular and U-shaped in lateral aspect, single pair of long thin apical processes directed anteriorly in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with excavation reaching half the length of segment, middle of excavation with V-shaped notch, notch bordered with brown, lateral angles rounded. Variation: Minor variation was observed in the length of the aedeagal processes and in the shape of the pygofer process. Type: The male holotype in the OSUC bearing the following labels: " Iguala, Guerrero, IX-II-39" and "D. M. DeLong Coll" was examined. The holotype of C. hamula DeLong and Linnavuori in the OSUC has been examined and it matched the type of C. bioartitus. Distribution: Mexico: Guerrero, Jalisco and Morelos. Discussion: This species has been collected from low to midaltitudinal areas of west-central Mexico. Specimens have been collected from August through October. Diagnosis: C. binartitus is near C. qibbus and can be separated from other members of the genus by the U-shaped aedeagus in lateral aspect, the long apical aedeagal 170 processes and the pygofer with a hook-shaped process on the ventroposterior margin. Chlorotettix gibbus Cwikla, n. sp. (Fig. 87)

Length of male 6.5 mm; female unknown. Color: Greenish yellow. Eye greenish gray. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Apex of unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior portion triangularly produced, process inserted on ventroposterior margin, directed dorsally, setae in irregular vertical row near middle. Plate triangular, broad at base, lateral margin only slightly sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex thick, curved laterally, small protuberance on posterior apex, preapical angle broad, almost indistinct. Connective short. Aedeagus tubular, long pair of apical processes curved dorsally then directed anterioventrally in lateral aspect, small branch one-third distance from base in lateral aspect, pair of teeth-like projections at base of processes. Gonopore subapical. Type-material: Holotype male - Mexico, Chiaps, 15 miles south and two miles east of La Trinitaria, 27-VII-1954, Alcorn collector. Type deposited in the SMKU. Etymology: Latin, gibb (humped) refer to the protuberance on the style. 171 Diagnosis: C. gibbus is related to C. bipartitus. It can be separated from it by the pygofer process directed dorsally and the small extension on the aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix lobatus Osborn (Figs. 88 & 121b) Chlorotettix lobatus Osborn 1919:17-18. Length of male 6.3 to 6.9 mm; female 6.4 to 7.4 mm. Color: Pale yellow or light brown. Crown occasionally with light brown transverse band. Clypeus occasionally with brown lateral arcs. Eye dark or pale yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, brown patch usually present on claval and inner apical cell areas. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced. Median length twice the length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin produced, long semicircularly curved process inserted on ventroposterior margin, setae arranged in irregular, vertical row near middle. Plate broad, rounded apically. Style linear with apex slightly curved laterally, preapical angle broadly rounded. Aedeagus with shaft flattened laterally, ventral margin keeled, small curved impression present on middle of shaft near ventral margin, small subapical convex projection on dorsal margin in lateral aspect, pari of thin apical processes directed anteriorly in lateral aspect.

Gonopore subapical on ventral surface. 172 Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep U- shaped excavation extending almost two-thirds the length of segment.

Variation: Species varied from being pale yellow to light brown with brown markings. Host Plants: Linnavuori (1959) reported this species was collected on corn in Vera Cruz, Mexico. Type: The female holotype bearing the following label: "Gualan, Guatemale, 1-14-05" was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: El Salvador. Guatemale. Mexico - Chiapus, Guerreo, Oaxaca, Vera Cruz. Discussion: This species is common in southern Mexico and the northern portion of Central America. It has been collected from May through October. Diagnosis: C. lobatus is closely related to C. emaroinatus and can be separated from it by the slightly curved impression on the aedeagus which does not run from the dorsal to ventral margins in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix emaroinatus Baker (Figs. 89 & 121c) Chlorotettix emarainata Baker 1898:219-220. Chlorotettix emarainatus Baker. DeLong 1919:28; DeLong

1945:18-19; Linnavuori 1959:258-259.

Chlorotettix orbicula DeLong and Linnavuori 1979:170. NEW SYNONYM 173 Length of male 5.4 to 6.7 mm;female 5.9 to 7.5 mm. Color; Pale yellow to light brown. Crown sometimes with light brown transverse band. Eye grey. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, veins white, brown patches may be present in inner anteapical cell and at base of claval veings. Unguis brown. Male Genitalia; Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, long curved process inserted on ventroposterior margin. Plate as long as pygofer, margins somewhat parallel sided. Stylar apex straight, not curved laterally, preapical angle roundly produced. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft laterally flattened, broad basally, C-shaped impression running from dorsal to ventral margins near middle in lateral aspect, ventral margin keeled, subapical convex tubercle on dorsal margin, one pair of thin processes directed laterally in posterior aspect. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface. Female Seventh Sternum; Posterior margin with broad curved excavation extending one-third length of segment, V- shaped median notch present, lateral angle acute distally. Variation; Overall color varied from pale yellow to light brown. Light brown, transverse band occassionally present on the crown. Length of pygofer process varies significantly. Type; The male lectotype bearing the following labels "Mex 1785" [Medellin, Vera Cruz, Mexico, H. T. Heyde 174 Collector], "Collection C. F. Baker," "Cotype U.S.N.M." was examined from the USNM. Baker (1898) described emarainatus from two males and one female all from the same locality, Medellin, Mexico. The male discussed above is here designated as the lectotype. The holotype of C. orbicula DeLong and Linnavuori has been examined from the OSUC and it was found to match the holotype of C. emarainatus.

Distribution: Belize. Costa Rica. El Salvador. Guatamala. Honduras. Mexico - Chiapus, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Vera Cruz. Panama. Discussion: This species is common throughout southern Mexico and Central America. It has been collected from June through October. Diagnosis: C. emarainatus is related to C. lobatus and can be easily separated from it by the C-shaped impression near the middle of the aedeagus in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix viridius Van Duzee (Figs. 90 & 121d) Chlorotettix viridius Van Duzee 1892:309. Linnavuori 1959:260.

Length of male 5.1 to 5.9 mm; female 5.3 to 5.5 mm. Color: Yellowish green or pale green. Eye reddish brown. Forewing greenish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length almost equalling length next to eye. 175 Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, long dorsally directed spine inserted on ventroposterior margin. Plate short, truncated apically. Stylar apex enlarged, truncated apically, preapical angle absent. Connective short. Aedeagus stout, pair of thin apical processes directed apically in lateral aspect, subapical lateral flange present. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with broad V- shaped excavation extending almost to anterior margin, tooth present a approximately middle on each side, margin of excavation brown, lateral angles rounded.

Variation: The stylar apex varied from being truncated to indented. Host Plants: Osborn (1926) reported this species on grasses bordering a cane field in Cuba. Fattig (1955) reported damage to oats and wheat along with being collected on cotton in Georgia. Whitcomb (pers. comm.) collected C. viridius on the following plants: Andropoqon scaparius. Andropoqon virqinicus. Aristida sp., Carex spp., Cvnodon dactvlon. Panicum spp., Pasapalum sp., and Sporobolus heterolepis. Type: Lectotype designated by Oman (1947) not examined. Distribution: Cuba. Mexico - Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi. Puerto Rico. United States - Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia. 176 Discussion: This species is common throughout most of the eastern and southern United states. Specimens have been collected from May through September. Diagnosis: C. viridius is similar to C. lobatus C. emaroinatus. It can be separated from them and other Chlorotettix by the truncated plates and styles.

Chlorotettix atriceos Linnavuori (Figs. 91 & 122a) Chlorotettix atriceps Linnavuori 1959:256. Male not examined; length of female 4.9 to 5.2 mm. Color: Crown with anterior half black, posterior margin yellow. Face black, lateral portions of clypeus and portions of clypeus and portions of gena below eyes yellow. Eye grey. Pronotum yellow, anterior margin behind eyes brown, transverse brown band present near posterior margin. Scutellum yellow, lateral angle brown. Forewing brownish subhyaline, cubitus and claval veins white, costal margin with anterior portion yellow. Lateral aspect of thorax brown. Structural Features: Crown broadly rounded, median length the same as length next to eye.

Male Genitalia: Description based on Linnavuori (1959). Pygofer with posterior margin rounded, stout hooked process on ventral margin directed ventrally. Plate triangular.

Stylar apex claw-like, directed laterally, preapical angle 177 broadly triangular. Aedeagus elongate, pair of bifurcate apical processes present, lateral branches short, medial branch directed dorsally, expanded in lateral aspect. Gonopore subapical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin broadly and shallowly excavated. Type: Location unknown. Species is based on a female paratype from Toldo Cue, Paraguay in the OSUC. Distribution: Paraguay. Diagnosis: This species can be separated from other South American Chlorotettix by the extremely broad crown and the medial arms of the apical aedeagal processes expanded in lateral aspect.

Chlorotettix bergi Linnavuori (Fig. 92) Chlorotettix bergi Linnavuori 1959:267-268. Species not examined, description base on Linnavuori (1959). Length of male 6.0 mm; female unknown.

Color: Ochraceous. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Structural Features: Crown broadly rounded, approximately three times as broad as long. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly truncate, processes absent, ventral margin turned mesed, forming rounded sclerotized lobe apically. Plate long, lateral margin sinuated, apex narrowly rounded. Stylar apex 178 acute, claw like, preapical angle acutely triangular. Aedeagus similar to C. qrandis. pair of apical aedeagal processes expanded and slightly dentated subapically in dorsal aspect. Type: Not examined. Distribution: Argentina.

Diagnosis: According to Linnavuori (1959), C. bergi is related to C. qrandis and can be separated from it by the dentations on the apical aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix bimaculatus DeLong and Linnavuori (Figs. 93 & 122b) Chlorotettix bimaculatus DeLong and Linnavuori 1978:119. Length of female 4.8 mm; male unknown. Color: Pale ochraceous. Crown with pair of brown rectangular patches at apex. Clypeus with brownish arcs. Gena with brown spot below eye. Pronotum yellowish, disk with pale brown transverse band. Forewing brownish subhyaline. Lateral aspect of thorax yellow, brown patch on middle coxae. Legs pale ochraceous, margin of femora brown. Structural Features: Crown rounded, median length almost equalling length next to eye. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with pair of projections, projections roundly acute, lateral angle absent.

Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels: "Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1-4-66," "collr C. A. 179 Triplehorn" and "blacklight trap" was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Brazil - Sao Paulo. Discussion: This species is known only from the female holotype. Diagnosis: No close relatives are assigned at this time. C. bimaculatus can be separated from other Chlorotettix by the unique female seventh sternite and head and pronotum color pattern.

Chlorotettix borealis Sanders and DeLong (Figs. 94 & 122c) Chlorotettix borealis Sanders and DeLong 1917:92. DeLong 1948:326-327. Chlorotettix ancmstus Brown 1933:241. DeLong 1937b:35 Length of male 4.9 to 6.0 mm; female 5.3 to 6.4 mm. Color: Greenish yellow or ochraceous. Eye grey. Forewing pale subhyaline, veins greenish yellow. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length almost twice as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin produced, two pairs of processes present, dorsal pair inserted near middle and directed ventroposteriorly, ventral pair directed dorsally, setae arranged in irregular vertical line. Plate 180 broadly triangular, apex not reaching distal end of pygofer. Style elongate, sinuate subapically, preapical angle not developed. Connective shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus linear, short pair of apical processes directed dorsally in lateral aspect, apex with U-shaped notch. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin truncated with V-shaped notch extending half the length of segment, lateral angle truncate.

Variation: The overall coloration varied from greenish yellow to brownish yellow. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported this species to feed on "fine grasses in sandy areas in open woodland." Fattig (1955) reported damaged to a pasture in Georgia. Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels:

"Trout LK, Wis., 9-7-16" and " D. M. DeLong collector" was examined from the OSUC. The male paratype (OSUC), having the same locality data as the holotype, was also examined. Distribution: United States - Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Minnesota, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Wisconsin. Discussion: This species is common throughout most of the eastern United States. It has been collected from June through August. Diagnosis: C. borealis appears to be close to C. vacunus and can be separated from it by the linear aedeagus with a simple pair of apical processes. 181

Chiorotettix breviceps Baker (Fig. 122d)

Chlorotettix breviceps Baker 1898:220. Linnavuori 1959:268. Length of female 6.2 to 6.5 mm; male unknown. Color: Pale brown. Forewing brownish subhyaline. Unguis dark brown. Structural Features: Crown broadly rounded, width between eyes 2.5 times longer than median length. Pronotum densely transversely furrowed. Female Seventh Sternum: Poster margin with shallow V- shaped excavation, median carinate, brown spot at apex of carina. Variation: The degree of excavation varied between the lectotype and the cotype. Type: Female lectotype bearing the following labels:

"Chapada (Brazil)," "May," "Collection C. F. Baker," "cotype USNM," "lectotype" was examined from the USNM. Distribution: Brazil, Chapada. Discussion: This species is known only from the type- series. Diagnosis: No relatives are assigned at this time. It can be separated from other members in the genus by the crown width between eye 2.5 times longer than median width. The shallow, V-shaped excavation on the posterior margin of the seventh sternite should separated C. breviceps from the other 182 Brazilian members of this genus.

Chlorotettix excultus DeLong (Fig. 122e) Chlorotettix minimus [nec Baker 1898] DeLong 1919:21. Chlorotettix excultus Sanders and DeLong 1922:97-98. [nov. nom. pro C. minimus. DeLong 1919] Length of female 4.9 mm; male unknown. Color: Pale yellow. Eye dark. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis dark brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length almost twice as long as length next to eye. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with broad excavation extending half the length of segment, median V- shaped notch present, lateral angles narrow, acute apically. Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels:

"Estero, Fla, My. 6-12, 08," "HOLOTYPE excultus" and "EPVan Duzee Collection" has been examined from the CASC. Distribution: Jamaica; United State - Florida. Diagnosis: C. excultus is similar to C. emaroinatus based on the female seventh sternite. It can be separated from other Chlorotettix by the lateral angles of the female seventh acute apically and the small size.

Chlorotettix fairchildi Cwikla

(Fig. 95) 183 Chlorotettix fairchildi Cwikla (in press). Length of male 5.9 mm; female unknown. Color: Pale yellow. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length twice as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin rounded, processes absent, setae arranged in irregular vertical row near middle. Plate almost as long as pygofer, lateral margin sinuate. Style broadened subapically in lateral aspect, apex truncate in dorsal aspect. Connective slightly shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus with shaft short, linear, pair of long apical processes directed dorsally, flattened in posterior aspect, pair of subapical processes narrow in posterior aspect, U-shaped excavation between base of apical process and subapical process in lateral aspect, dorsal apodeme elongate and separated in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Panama, Pan. [Panama Province], Arraijan Pr., 7-X-1952" and "F. S. Blanton collector" was examined from the USNM. Distribution: Panama. Diagnosis: C. fairchildi is possibly related to C. qrandis and can be separated from it and other Chlorotettix by the large apical aedeagal process directed dorsally in lateral aspect and the style broadened subapically. 184 Chlorotettix haolus Cwikla, n. sp. (Fig. 96) Length of male approximately 5.5 mm. (specimen damaged); female unknown. Color: Ochraceous. Crown with dark brown transverse band. Eye reddish brown. Clypeus with brown lateral arcs. Pronotum with irregular row of brown spots near anterior margin. Forewing brownish subhyaline, veins white, darker brown adjacent to white veins. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin broadly rounded, inner margin of apex heavily sclerotized into two acute projections, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate broad at base, lateral margin convex, apex round, small sclerotized tooth-like projection on inner apical margin. Style linear, apex slightly curved laterally, preapical angle absent. Connective short. Aedeagus short, shaft stout in posterior aspect, apex into flange in lateral aspect, dorsal margin with narrow split apically in ventral aspect. Gonopore apical.

Type-material: Holotype male, Brazil pr, [Parana], Vila Valha, 14-IX-1983, S. Malkowiskilor collector. Type deposited in the UFPB.

Etymology: Greek, haplo (simple) refer to the lack of aedeagal processes. 185 Diagnosis: This species might be near C. albidus and can be separated from it and other Chlorotettix by the heavily sclerotized inner margin of the pygofer and the apical aedeagal flange.

Chiorotettix kassiphone Linnavuori (Fig. 97) Chlorotettix kassiphone Linnavuori 1959:256. Species not examined, description based on Linnavuori (1959). Length of male 7.5 mm; female unknown. Color: Ochraceous. Crown with faint brown transverse band, anterior margin with pair of black spots, black triangular spot at coronal sulcus apex. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Structural Features: Crown short and broad, median length equals length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin triangularly produced, stout serrate brown process inserted on ventroposterior margin, directed ventrally. Plate elongate, broad, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex linear, directed posteriorly, preapical angle acute. Aedeagal shaft elongate, curved dorsally, expanded apically, pair of apical processes directed anteriorly then curved dorsally. Gonopore subapical on dorsal surface. Type: Note examined. Distribution: Paraguay. 186 Discussion: This species is known only from the male holotype. Diagnosis: C. kassiphone resembles C. giganteus and can be separated from it by the stout dentate pygofer process directed ventrally.

Chlorotettix linqulus DeLong and Martinson (Figs. 98 & 122f) Chlorotettix linqulus DeLong and Martinson 1974:265-267. Length of male 6.1 to 6.7 mm; female 6.5 to 7.2 mm. Color: Greenish brown. Crown with three black spots, one at apex of coronal suture, one laterad to coronal suture on posterior margin. Eye dark. Forewing brownish subhyaline. Unguis brown.

Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, ventroposterior margin produced and sclerotized ventrally, plate triangular, apex rounded, lateral margin sinuate. Stylar apex linear, preapical angle absent. Connective elongate. Aedeagus with pair of apical processes bifurcate apically, processes with two longitudinal furrows in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with 187 excavation extending almost half the length of segment, median spatulate process slightly expanded at base, lateral angles rounded. Variation: Coronal spots may be faint. Aedeagal processes are occasionally asymmetrical. Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels: "Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, XI-16-65" and "Collr. C. A. Triplehorn" has been examined from the OSUC. Distribution: Bolivia. Brazil - Minas Gerais, Sao

Paulo. Discussion: The male is described for the first time based on a series of 10 specimens from Santa Vitoria, Minas Gerais, Brazil. These specimens had the same spot pattern on the crown the same as the female holotype. Specimens of this species have been collected in November through February. Diagnosis: This species resembles C. atriceps and can be separated from it by the apically bifurcate aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix liouarus DeLong and Martinson (Fig. 99) Chlorotettix liquarus DeLong and Martinson 1974:262. Length of male 5.7 mm; female unknown. Color: Ochraceous. Eye light yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median 188 length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin rounded, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate stout, 1.5 times as long as broad, apex rounded, large spine inserted on inner lateral margin and directed medially. Style reduced, fused to plate on proximal end. Connective as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus V-shaped in lateral aspect, shaft short, two rows of spines on lateral edge, spines starting below apex and ending near base of shaft. Gonopore subapical, appearing surrounded by membrane.

Type: The male holotype bearing the following labels: "Santa Fe, Villa Guillermina, Argentina, 11-25-1946, Willink - Hayward" and "Collection Inst. Miguel Lillo, Tuciman" has been examined from the SMKU. Distribution: Argentina.

Diagnosis: This unique species can be separated from other Chlorotettix species by the style fused to the plate and the aedeagal spines.

Chlorotettix lucidus (Baker) NEW COMBINATION (Figs. 100 & 123a) Thamnotettix lucidus Baker 1895:12. Chlorotettix lucidus (Baker). DeLong 1937b:35. Chlorotettix deltus Ball 1916:205. DeLong 1937b:35. Chlorotettix acus DeLong and Davidson 1934:223. DeLong 1937b:35. 189 Doleranus lucidus (Baker). DeLong and Knull 1946:57. Length of male 4.5 to 5.0 mm; female 4.8 to 5.4 mm. Color: Yellowish green. Eye dark. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length twice the length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin with small concave depression, processes absent, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate. Stylar apex claw-like, directed laterally, preapical angle triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus short, thick in posterior aspect, pair of stout, blade-like processes directed laterally in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin broadly angularly excavated, small brown patch at base of excavation, lateral margins broadly rounded. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label:

"CKU, 2142, S. Augustine" was examined from the USNM. The type of C. deltus in the USNM and C. acus in the OSUC were also examined and found to match the type of C. lucidus. Distribution: United States - Arizona, New Mexico, Texas. Discussion: This species has been collected from June through August and appears to be restricted to the southwestern United states. DeLong (1945) reported that this 190 species was from southern California, however no specimens from this region have been observed. Diagnosis: This unique species can be separated from other Chlorotettix by its small size and the aedeagus with the stout, curved apical processes.

Chlorotettix maximus (Berg) (Fig. 123b) Athvsanus maximus Berg 1879:261-262. Chlorotettix maximus (Berg). Linnavuori 1959:254. Length of female 8.3; male unknown.

Color: Pale ochraceous. Eye light yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with shallow U-shaped medina notch, lateral angle truncate.

Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels: "Las Conchas, BA., F. Lynch (Argentina]," "typus," "Athysanus maximus Berg" and "1786" has been examined from the NHLP.

Discussion: This species is known only from the type- series.

Diagnosis: No close relatives are assigned until a male can be associated. It can be separated from other northern Argentinean Chlorotettix by the female seventh sternite. 191 Chiorotettix orbonatus (Ball) (Figs. 101 & 123c) Thamnotettix orbonata Ball 1903:229-230. Chiorotettix orbonatus (Ball). Van Duzee 1916:74. Chiorotettix productus Sanders and DeLong 1919:236. DeLong 1937:35. Length of male 4.7 to 5.2 mm; female 4.8 to 5.2 mm. Color: Pale yellow, some specimens tinged with green. Eye yellowish green. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown rounded, median length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer acutely produced, process inserted on posterior margin, small hook-like process on ventral margin, setae haphazardly distributed at middle. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex bluntly rounded. Stylar apex at right angle to shaft, preapical angle indistinct. Connective short. Aedeagus broadly U- shaped in lateral aspect, apex deeply split in posterior aspect. Gonopore apical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin shallowly excavated, short median V-shaped notch present, lateral angles rounded. Variation: The pygofer process on the ventral margin varies from being indistinct to obviously present. Host Plants: Fattig (155) reported that this species is 192 "abundant in a pasture" in Georgia. Type: The female specimen bearing the following label: "Bisc. Bay, Fla." was examined from the OSUC. Distribution: United States - Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas. Discussion: C. orbonatus is restricted to the southern United States and has been collected from April through September. Diagnosis: This species is close to C. vacunus and can be separated from it by the short pygofer process on the posterior margin and the aedeagal apex split in posterior aspect.

Chlorotettix polymaculatus Cheng (Figs. 102 & 123d)

Chlorotettix polymaculatus Cheng 1980:93-95. Length of male 5.8 to 6.5 mm; female 6.0 to 6.7 mm.

Color: Ochraceous. Crown with transverse dark brown band near anterior margin, apex with brown spot. Eye reddish brown. Face with four spots on apex, 1 below each ocellus and one large spot between ocellus and medial line, lateral arcs present on clypeus. Apex of labium dark brown.

Pronotum with irregular row of dark brown spots near anterior margin. Lateral angles of scutellum dark brown, pair of dark brown spots on disc. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median 193 length only slightly longer than length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, long acute process inserted on ventral margin directed posteriorly, setae arranged in irregular row near middle. Stylar apex stout, directed laterally, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Plate triangular, apex bluntly rounded. Connective elongate, Aedeagus tubular, single pair of apical processes present. Gonopore subapical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep U- shaped excavation, lateral angle bluntly rounded. Nymph: Late instar dorsoventrally flattened, pale brown. Same color pattern as adult. Abdominal segment IX bifurcate apically, four setae on terga III-VIII, dark brown spot at base of each setae. Variation: Transverse brown band on crown is occasionally broken. Apical half of aedeagal processes in lateral aspect may be slightly expanded. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label: "Paraguay, NW Asucion, 2 km E Limpio, sweeping, 17 June 1975,

Granovsky, Blocker & Elzinga" was examined from the KSUC. Distribution: Paraguay. Discussion: This species is known only from the type- series (64 specimens). Diagnosis: C. oolvmaculatus is like C. kassiphone but can be separated from it by the pygofer process directed posteriorly and not serrate. 194

Chlorotettix sinchona DeLong and Linnavuori (Fig. 104) Chlorotettix sinchona DeLong and Linnavuori 1978:120. Length of male 7.5 mm; female unknown. Color: Yellowish green. Eye yellow. Forewing yellowish subhyaline, small brown spot at apex of claval suture. Structural Features: Crown rounded, median length approximately equal to length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin truncate, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin concavely curved from base to acute apex. Stylar apex claw-like, preapical angle triangular. Connective short. Aedeagus U-shaped in lateral aspect, apex with two pairs of processes, one pair directed dorsally in posterior aspect and rounded apically, shaft with broad V- shaped notch at apex. Gonopore apical. Type: The male holotype bearing the following label:

"Sinchono, Peru" was examined from the OSUC. Discussion: This species is known only from the holotype. Diagnosis: C. sinchona resembles C. protensus and can be separated from it by the aedeagal processes that are dorsally directed and rounded apically in posterior aspect. 195 Chlorotettix svcophantus Linnavuori (Fig. 105) Chlorotettix svcophantus Linnavuori 1955:106. Species not examined, description based on Linnavuori (1959). Length of male 4.5 mm; female unknown. Color: Grayish brown. Crown with faint brown transverse band. Clypeus with brown lateral arcs. Pronotum and forewing with indistinct brownish shadows. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior half triangularly produced, processes absent. Plate elongate, sharply triangular. Stylar apex stout, truncate apically, preapical angle rounded. Aedeagus tubular, curved dorsally, pair of subapical processes directed ventrally, lying close to shaft in posterior aspect, Gonopore subapical on ventral surface. Type: Not examined. Distribution: Paraguay. Diagnosis: This species can be separated from other Chlorotettix by the subapical aedeagal processes lying close to the shaft in posterior aspect.

Chlorotettix trimaculatus Cwikla, n. sp.

(Fig. 106) Length of male 4.6 mm; female unknown. Color: Ochraceous. Crown with three brown spots at apex, 196 one each halfway between coronal sulcus and each eye. Eye gray. Clypeus with brown lateral arcs. Pronotum with pair of spots, one each behind medial margin of each eye. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. First claval vein with two crossveins. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, setae haphazardly distributed on posterior half. Plate triangular, lateral margin sinuate, apex narrowly produced. Stylar apex claw-like, curved laterally, preapical angle bluntly triangular. Connective short. Aedeagus linear, pair of posteriorly directed processes inserted on middle of shaft in lateral aspect, pair of apical processes directed laterally in ventral aspect. Gonopore at middle of shaft on dorsal margin. Type-material: Holotype male - Brazil, Pr. [Parana], Curitiba, 16-XI-1981, R. R. Cavichioli collector. Type deposited in UFPB. Etymology: latin, tri (three) and maculat (spotted) refer to the three spots on the crown. Diagnosis: No close relatives are assigned at this time. It may be separated from other Chlorotettix by the pair of aedeagal processes inserted on the dorsal margin of the shaft. 197 Chlorotettix vacunus Crumb (Figs. 107 & 124a) Chlorotettix vacuna Crumb 1915:196-197. Chlorotettix vacunus Crumb. Van Duzee 1916:74. Chiorotettix convexus Brown 1933:242. NEW SYNONYM Length of male 5.0 to 5.7 mm; female 5.7 to 6.4 mm. Color: Pale yellow. Eye yellowish green or yellowish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length almost twice as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin roundly produced, long process inserted on dorsal margin, curved posteriorly then turning ventrally, ventral process inserted near middle, directed medially, setae arranged in irregular vertical row near middle. Plate as long as pygofer, triangular, lateral margin slightly convex, apex acute. Stylar apex linear, elongate, preapical angle absent. Connective shorter than aedeagus. Aedeagus stout, usually U- shaped in lateral aspect, preatrium elongate, irregular dentation surrounding gonopore. Gonopore apical. Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with deep V- shaped excavation extending almost to anterior margin, lateral angles roundly produced.

Variation: Considerable variation existed in the shape of the aedeagal dentations. They were either acute or rounded. 198 Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this is a grass feeding species.

Type: A male cotype bearing the following label: "Clarksville, Tenn., IX-4-14" in the SMKU is here designated the lectotype. The holotype of C. convexus has been examined from the SMKU and is here considered a synonym of C. vacunus. Distribution: United States - Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee.

Discussion: This species is common in the southern United States. It has been collected from July through September in 4004 B. C. Diagnosis: C. vacunus is similar to C. borealis and can be separated from it by the lack of aedeagal processes.

Chlorotettix valenciai Linnavuori (Fig. 124b) Chlorotettix valenciai Linnavuori 1973a:15. Length of female 5.1 mm; male unknown.

Color: Ochraceous with faint green tinge. Crown with faint brownish band on anterior margin and surrounding ocelli. Eye reddish brown. Pronotum with faint longitudinal brown band. Forewing brownish subhyaline, brown patches bordering apical veins, veins white. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length slightly longer than length next to eye. Eye next to antenna notched. 199 Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin broadly excavated, median with short bilobed projection, lateral angle rounded.

Type: The female holotype bearing the following labels: "Hda. Hurmani, lea, Peru, 9-10-70, Col. Uribe, en: maleza [on sorghum]" has been examined from the RLC. Distribution: Peru. Discussion: This species is known only from the holotype. Diagnosis: C. valenciai may be near C. linqulus and can be separated from it by the short median process of the female seventh sternite.

Chlorotettix vividus Crumb, New Combination (Fig. 108 & 124c) Chiorotettix vivida Crumb 1915:197.

Chlorotettix vividus Crumb. Van Duzee 1916:75. Doleranus vividus (Crumb). DeLong and Knull 1946:57.

Length of male 4.9 to 5.3 mm; female 5.2 to 5.9 mm. Color: Pale yellow. Eye reddish brown. Forewing yellowish subhyaline. Unguis brown. Structural Features: Crown roundly produced, median length approximately twice as long as length next to eye. Male Genitalia: Pygofer with posterior margin broadly rounded, small notch on ventroposterior margin, setae haphazardly arranged on posterior half. Plate triangular, 200 lateral margin sinuate, apex rounded. Stylar apex claw-like, curved laterally, preapical angle broadly triangular. Connective elongate. Aedeagus linear, pair of apical processes directed dorsally in lateral aspect, processes slightly expanded in lateral aspect. Gonopore apical.

Female Seventh Sternum: Posterior margin with broad V- shaped excavation extending approximately one-forth length of shaft, lateral angles rounded. Host Plants: DeLong (1948) reported that this species was found in grassy areas in Illinois. Type: Not examined.

Distribution: United States - Alabama, Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Virginia. Discussion: Specimens have been collected from June through August. Diagnosis: C. vividus is similar to C. lucidus and can be separated from it by the apical aedeagal processes not conspicuously expanded in posterior aspect. APPENDIX A ILLUSTRATIONS

201 Fig. 1. Hypothesized cladistic relationships for the genera related to Chlorotettix. lleopeltus

Lojanus

*1 H * IQ Chlorotettix Chacotettix

Paratanus 203 204

Fig. 2. Hypothesized cladistic relationships for the Chlorotettix species-groups. Numbers refer to characters listed in Table 3. Albidus

Necopinus Spinellus Unicolor Dozieri Mont an us 75 ® Filamentus jr+"Brunneus J -Spatulatus

Lusorius Berryi ~ 'Iridescens

to Tsrootus ui Galbanatus

Sparus Fraterculus

Giganteus

H-l Biportitus

Lobatus 206

Fig. 3. Chlorotettix albidus (Walker), a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect, e, pygofer, left lateral aspect. 207

Fig. 3. 208

Fig. 4. Chlorotettix caudata DeLong and Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 209

Fig. 4 . 210

Fig. 5. Chiorotettix nielsoni n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 211

Fig. 5. 212

Fig. 6. Chlorotettix harmodios Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 213

Fig. 6.

-L 214

Fig. 7. Chlorotettix haarus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 215

Fig. 7. 216

Fig. 8. Chlorotettix necopinus Van Duzee. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 217

Fig. 8. 218

Fig. 9. Chlorotettix bifurcatus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 219

Fig. 9. 220

Fig. 10. Chlorotettix scambus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 221

Fig. 10. 222

Fig. 11. Chlorotettix redimiculus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 223

Fig. 1 1 . 224

Fig. 12. Chlorotettix oaloblini Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 225

Fig. 12. 226

Fig. 13. Chlorotettix neotropicus Jensen-Haarup. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 227

Fig. 13. 228

Fig. 14. Chlorotettix spinellus DeLong and Martinson, a, pygofer (anterior portion missing), left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 229

Fig. 1 4 . 230

Fig. 15. Chlorotettix striatus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 231

Fig. 15. 232

Fig. 16. Chlorotettix unicolor (Fitch), a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 233

Fig. 16. 234

Fig. 17. Chlorotettix similis DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 235

Fig. 17. 236

Fig. 18. Chlorotettix obsenus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 237

Fig. 18. 238

Fig. 19. Chlorotettix attenuatus Brown, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 239

Fig. 19. 240

Fig. 20. Chlorotettix dozieri Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 241

Fig. 20. 242

Fig. 21. Chlorotettix latus Brown, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 243

Fig. 21. 244

Fig. 22. Chlorotettix luqens Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 245

Fig. 22. 246

Fig. 23. Chlorotettix niarolabes DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 247

Fig. 23. 248

Fig. 24. Chlorotettix montanus Caldwell, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 249

Fig. 24. 250

Fig. 25. Chlorotettix aurantus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 251

b c

Fig. 25. 252

Fig. 26. Chlorotettix venosus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect.

254

Fig. 27. Chlorotettix noteus n sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 255

Fig. 27. 256

Fig. 28. Chlorotettix obscurus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 257

Fig. 28. 258

Fig. 29. Chlorotettix aroenus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 259

Fig. 29. 260

Fig. 30. Chlorotettix oinus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 261

Fig. 30. 262

Fig. 31. Chlorotettix filamentus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 263

Fig. 31. 264

Fig. 32. Chlorotettix balli Osborn, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 265

Fig. 32. 266

Fig. 33. Chlorotettix brunneus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 267 a

Fig. 33 268

Fig. 34. Chlorotettix luteosus (Baker), a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 269

Fig. 34. 270

Fig. 35. Chlorotettix aurum DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, pygofer, dorsal aspect. 271

Fig. 35. 272

Fig. 36. Chlorotettix suturalis DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 273

Fig. 36. 274

Fig. 37. Chlorotettix limosus DeLong and Cartwright, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 275

Fig. 37. 276

Fig. 38. Chlorotettix xneriscus Cwikla. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 277

Fig. 38. 278

Fig. 39. Chlorotettix dentatus Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 279

Fig. 39. 280

Fig. 40. Chlorotettix spatulatus Osborn and Ball, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 281

Fig. 40. 282

Fig. 41. Chlorotettix ruqicollis Ball, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 283

Fig. 41. 284

Fig. 42. Chlorotettix leersius n sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 285

Fig. 42. 286

Fig. 43. Chlorotettix berrvi DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 287

Fig. 43. 288

Fig. 44. Chlorotettix grandis Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 289

Fig. 44. 290

Fig. 45. Chlorotettix viraus Linnavuori and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 291

Fig. 45. 292

Fig. 46. Chlorotettix septempunctus Linnavuori and DeLong. 3/ pygofer (anterior half damaged), left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 293

Fig. 46. 294

Fig. 47. Chlorotettix lusorius (Osborn and Ball). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 295

Fig. 47. 296

Fig. 48. Chlorotettix soiniloba Linnavuori. a, pygofer (anterior half missing), left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 297

b a

Fig. 48. 298

Fig. 49. Chlorotettix iridescens Delong, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 299

Fig. 49.

f 300

Fig. 50. Chlorotettix rotundus Brown, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 301

Fig. 50. 302

Fig. 51. Chlorotettix xanthus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, left plate, dorsal aspect. 303

Fig. 51. 304

Fig. 52. Chlorotettix triolehorni n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, left plate, dorsal aspect. 305

Fig. 52. 306

Fig. 53. Chlorotettix teraatus Fitch, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 307

Fig. 53. 308

Fig. 54. Chlorotettix fuscus Brown, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. a 309

Fig. 54. 310

Fig. 55. Chlorotettix melanotus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 311

Fig. 55. 312

Fig. 56. Chlorotettix diverqens Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 313

Fig. 56. 314

Fig. 57. Chlorotettix nudatus Ball, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 315

Fig. 57. 316

Fig. 58. Chlorotettix fallax Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 317

Fig. 58. 318

Fig. 59. Chlorotettix scutellatus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect.

320

Fig. 60. Chlorotettix neoscutellatus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 321

Fig. 60. 322

Fig. 61. Chlorotettix qalbanatus Van Duzee. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 323 a

Fig. 61. 324

Fig. 62. Chlorotettix tunicatus Ball, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 325

Fig. 62 326

Fig. 63. Chlorotettix capensis Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 327

Fig. 63. 328

Fig. 64. Chlorotettix floridanus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 329

Fig. 64. 330

Fig. 65. Chlorotettix sparus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, left plate, dorsal aspect. 331

Fig. 65. 332

Fig. 66. Chlorotettix calibrus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, right plate, ventral aspect. 333

Fig. 66. 334

Fig. 67. Chlorotettix serratus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 335

Fig. 67. 336

Fig. 68. Chlorotettix fraterculus (Berg). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 337

Fig. 68. 338

Fig. 69. Chlorotettix lonqibrachium Cheng. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 339

pig. 69. 340

Fig. 70. Chlorotettix toraus DeLong and Linnavuori. a, pygofer (anterior portiomtixssing) , left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 341

a b

Fig. 70. 342

Fig. 71. Chlorotettix bellus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 343

Fig. 71. 344

Fig. 72. Chlorotettix minimus Baker, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, ventral aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, eadeagal apex, dorsal aspect. 345

Fig. 72. 346

Fig. 73. Chlorotettix lineatus Osborn, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, ventral aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, aedeagal apex, dorsal aspect. 347

Fig. 73. 348

Fig. 74. Chlorotettix nimbuliferus (Berg). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 349

Fig. 74. 350

Fig. 75. Chlorotettix pranqerus n sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagal apex, dorsal aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 351

Fig. 75. 352

Fig. 76. Chlorotettix giaanteus Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 353

Fig. 76. 354

Fig. 77. Chlorotettix chelus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 355

Fig. 77. 356

Fig. 78. Chlorotettix bakeri Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 357

Fig. 78. 358

Fig. 79. Chlorotettix boliviellus DeLong and Martinson. a f pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 359

Fig. 79. 360

Fig. 80. Chlorotettix latocinctus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 361

Fig. 80. 362

Fig. 81. Chlorotettix duosninus DeLong and Martinson, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 363

Fig. 81. 364

Fig. 82. Chlorotettix serius (Stal). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 365

\ N

Fig. 82. 366

Fig. 83. Chlorotettix forcioata DeLong and Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 367

Fig. 83. 368

Fig. 84. Chlorotettix protensus Linnavuori. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 369

Fig. 84. 370

Fig. 85. Chlorotettix distiomus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 371 a

Fig. 85. 372

Fig. 86. Chlorotettix bioartitus DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 373

Fig. 86. 374

Fig. 87. Chlorotettix qibbus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 375

Fig. 87. 376

Fig. 88. Chlorotettix lobatus Osborn, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 377

\S,

Fig. 88. 378

Fig. 89. Chlorotettix emarginatus Baker, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 379

Fig. 89. 380

Fig. 90. Chlorotettix viridius Van Duzee. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 381

Fig. 90. 382

Fig. 91. Chlorotettix atriceps Linnavuori. Redrawn from Linnavuori (1959), a, pygofer apex, lateral aspect; b, apex of left style; c, apex of aedeagus; d, aedeagus, lateral aspect. 383

Fig. 91. 384

Fig. 92. Chlorotettix beroi Linnavuori. Redrawn from Linnavuori (1959), a, aedeagal apex, posterior aspect. 385

Fig. 92. 386

Fig. 93. Chlorotettix bimaculatus DeLong and Linnavuori. a, head and pronotum, dorsal aspect. 3.87

Fig. 93. 388

Fig. 94. Chlorotettix borealis Sanders and DeLong. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, ventral aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect.

! 389

Fig. 94. 390

Fig. 95. Chlorotettix fairchildi Cwikla. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 391

Fig. 95. 392

Fig. 96. Chlorotettix haolus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect; e, pygofer, ventral aspect. 393

a b

e d

Fig. 96. 394

Fig. 97. Chlorotettix kassiohone Linnavuori. Redrawn from Linnavuori (1959), a, pygofer apex, lateral aspect; b, apex of style; c, apex of aedeagus; d, aedeagus, lateral aspect.

396

Fig. 98. Chlorotettix linaulus DeLong and Martinson, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 397

Fig. 98 Fig. 99. Chlorotettix licruarus DeLong and Martinson, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, right style and right plate, ventral aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 399

Fig. 99. 400

Fig. 100. Chlorotettix lucidus (Baker). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 401

Fig. 100. 402

Fig. 101. Chlorotettix orbonatus (Ball). a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 403

Fig. 101. 404

Fig. 102. Chlorotettix polvmaculatus Cheng, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 405

Fig. 102. 406

Fig. 103. Chlorotettix sinchona DeLong and Linnavuori. a, pygofer (anterior half damaged), left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 407

Fig. 103. 408

Fig. 104. Chlorotettix svcoohantus Linnauvori. Redrawn from Linnavuori (1959), a, aedeagus, lateral aspect; b, aedeagal apex, lateral aspect; c, aedeagal apex, posterior aspect; d, apex of style. 409 410

Fig. 105. Chlorotettix trimaculatus n. sp. a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 411

Fig. 105. 412

Fig. 106. Chlorotettix vacunus Crumb, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 413

b c

Fig. 106. 414

Fig. 107. Chlorotettix vividus Crumb, a, pygofer, left lateral aspect; b, left style, dorsal aspect; c, aedeagus, posterior aspect; d, aedeagus, left lateral aspect. 415

Fig. 107. 416

Fig. 108 a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. albidus (Walker); b, C. caudata DeLong and Linnavuori; c, C. berrvi DeLong; d, C. grandis Linnavuori; e, C. viraus Linnavuori and DeLong; f, C. seotempunctus Linnavuori and DeLong. 417

Fig. 108 a-f. 418

Fig. 109 a-e. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. spinellus Delong and Martinson; b, C. striatus DeLong; c, C. unicolor (Fitch); d, C. similis DeLong; e, C. obsenus DeLong. 419

Fig. 109 a-e. Fig. 110 a-c. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect. aspect. ventral sternite, seventh Female a-c. 110 Fig. in in . attenuatus Brown? b, C. necopinus Van Duzee; Van sp. n. necopinus . scambus C. b, Brown? . attenuatus 421

Fig. 110 a-c. Fig. Ill a-c. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect. aspect. ventral sternite, seventh Female a-c. Ill Fig. . redimiculus DeLong; b, C. ogloblini Linnavuori; ogloblini C. b, DeLong; . redimiculus . dozieri Sanders and DeLong. and Sanders in. dozieri in 423

Fig. Ill a-c. 424

Fig. 112 a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. latus Brown; b, C. niarolabes DeLong; c, C. montanus Caldwell; d, C. venosus DeLong; e, C. obscurus DeLong; f, C. aroenus n. sp. 425

f e

Fig. 112 a-f. Fig. 113 a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. ninus DeLong; b, C. balli Osborn; c, C. brunneus DeLong; d, C. luteosus (Baker); e, C. aurum DeLong; f, C. suturalis DeLong. 427

d c

Fig. 113 a-f. 428

Fig. 114 a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. limosus DeLong and Cartwright; b, C. meriscus Cwikla; c, C. dentatus Sanders and DeLong; d, C. soatulatus Osborn and Ball; e, C. ruaicollis Ball; f, C. leersius n. sp. 429

Fig. 114 a-f. Fig. 115 a-d. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. lusorius (Osborn and Ball); b, C. iridescens DeLong c, C. galbanatus Van Duzee; d, C. capensis Sanders and DeLong. 431

Fig. 115 a-d. Fig. 116 a-c. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. floridanus DeLong; b, C. teraatus (Fitch); c, C. fuscus Brown. 433

Fig. 116 a-c. i. 1 ac Fml eet trie vnrl aspect. ventral sternite, seventh Female a-c. 117 Fig.

IO10 . melanotus DeLong; b, C. diveraens Sanders and DeLong; DeLong; and Sanders Ball. diveraens . C. nudatus b, DeLong; . melanotus 434 c

Fig. 117 a-c. 436

Fig. 118 a-e. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. fallax Sanders and DeLong; b, C. scutellatus Osborn; c, C. calibrus n. sp.; d, C. aicranteus Linnavuori; e, C. boliviellus DeLong and Martinson. 437

Fig. 118 a-e. Fig. 119 a-d. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. lactocinctus DeLong; b, C. serius (Stal); c, C. distiomus n sp.; d, C. bioartitus DeLong. 439

Fig. 119 a-d. Fig. 120. a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. fraterculus (Berg); b, C. 1oneibrachium Cheng; c, C bellus n. sp.; d, C. minimus Baker; e, C. lineatus Osborn f, C. nimbuliferus (Berg). 441

b a

c d

e f

Fig. 120. a-f. Fig. 121 a-d. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. pranqerus n. sp.; b, C. lobatus Osborn; c, C. emarainatus Baker; d, C. viridius van Duzee. 443

Fig. 121 a-d. Fig. 122 a-f. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. atriceps Linnavuori; b, C. bimaculatus DeLong and Linnavuori; c, C. borealis Sanders and DeLong; d, C. breviceps Baker; e, C. excultus Sanders and DeLong; f, C. linqulus DeLong and Martinson. 445

Fig. 122 a-f. 446

Fig. 123 a-d. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect, a, C. lucidus Baker; b, C. maximus (Berg); c, C. orbonatus (Ball); d, C. polvmaculatus Cheng. 447 b

Fig. 123 a-d. Fig. 124 a-c. Female seventh sternite, ventral aspect. a { v * XScunus Crumb; b , C. V a l e n c i a ! Linnavuori; c C yrvidus Crumb. ' 449

Fig. 124 a-c. 450

Fig. 125. Chlorotettix necopinus Van Duzee. Adult, dorsal habitus.

452

Fig. 126. Chlorotettix meriscus Cwikla. Late instar nymph, dorsal habitus. 453

Fig. 126. LIST OF REFERENCES Baker, C. F. 1895. New Homoptera received from the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station. Psyche 7(Supl. 1):12.

Baker, C. F. 1898. Notes on Chlorotettix with some new species. Canad. Entomol. 30:219-220. Baker, C. F. 1926. Nomenclatorial notes on the Jassoidea, V. Phillipine J. Sci. 30:347. Baldridge, R. S. and H. D. Blocker. 1980. Parasites of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Kansas Grasslands. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 53:441-447.

Ball, E. D. 1900. Additions to the western Jassid fauna. Canad. Entomol. 32:337-347.

Ball, E. D. 1903. Some new North American Homoptera. Canad. Entomol. 35:227-232.

Ball, E. D. 1916. Some new species of Athvsanus and related genera (Homoptera). Canad. Entomol. 47:124- 130.

Beamer, R. H. 1943. A new Atanus from Argentina, South America (Homoptera - Cicadellidae). Washington Entomol. Soc. Proc. 178-179.

Berg, C. 1879. Homoptera Argentina (continuacion). Soc. Cient. Argentina. An. 8241-272.

Berg, C. 1884. Addenda et emendanda ad Hemiptera Argentina. (continuatio.) Soc. Cient. argentina. An. 12:259-272. Beirne, B. P. 1956. Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) of Canada and Alaska. Canad. Entomol. 88, suppl. 2. 180p. Brown, W. F. 1933. The genus Chlorotettix in America north of Mexico (Homoptera-Cicadellidae). Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. 21:235-254.

454 455 Caldwell, J. S. 1952. New species. In: J. S. Caldwell and L. F. Martorell. Review of the Auchenorynchous Homoptera of Puerto Rico. Part 1: Cicadellidae. Puerto Rico Univ. J. Agric. 34:1-132. Cheng, Y.-J. 1980. New leafhopper taxa (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Paraguay. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 53:61-111. Crumb, S. E. 1915. Some new species of Jassoidea. Entomol. Soc. Amer. Ann. 8:189-198. Cwikla, P. S. 1987. Annotated list of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from two Ohio fens with a description of a new Chlorotettix. Ohio J. Sci. 87:134-137. Cwikla, P. S. (in press) The genus Chlorotettix and two related genera in Panama. In: Contrib. to the Systematics of Panama. D. Quintero Arias Ed. Cwikla, P. S. and P. H. Freytag. 1982. Three new leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Cocos Island. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 84:632-635. DeLong, D. M. 1916. The leafhoppers or Jassoidea of Tennessee. Tennessee State Board Entomol. Bull. 5:1- 113. DeLong, D. M. 1919. A synopsis of the genus Chlorotettix. Ohio State Univ. Bull. 23:1-29. DeLong, D. M. 1923. New species. In: Wolcott's "Insectae Portoricensis." Puerto Rico Dept. Agric. J. 7:257-270. DeLong, D. M. 1924. Some new Cicadellidae (Homoptera) from the southern United States. New York Entomol. Soc. J. 32:63-69. DeLong, D. M. 1937a. Six new species of Graminella and Chlorotettix (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from the eastern United States. Entomol. News. 48:50-54.

DeLong, D. M. 1937b. The genus Chlorotettix (Homoptera: Cicadellidae): some notes on synonymy. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 13:34-35. DeLong, D. M. 1938. A new genus and four new species of Cicadellidae (Homoptera) from the United States. Ohio J. Sci. 38:217-218. 456 DeLong, D. M. 1945. The genus Chlorotettix (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in Mexico. Lloydia. 8:1-30. DeLong, D. M. 1948. The leafhoppers, or Cicadellidae, of Illinois. (Eurymelinae-Balcluthinae). Illinois Natural History Survey Bull. 24:97-376. DeLong, D. M. 1980. New genera and species of Mexican and South American Deltocephalinae leafhoppers (Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae). Rev. Peruvian Entomol. 23:63-71. DeLong, D. M. 1983. New species of Bolivian Osbornellus and Chlorotettix (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 85:331-334. DeLong, D. M. and C. L. Cartwright. 1926. The genus Chlorotettix - a study of the internal male genitalia including the description of a new species. Entomol. Soc. America. Ann. 19:499-511. DeLong, D. M. and P. S. Cwikla. 1984. New neotropical Deltocephalinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 57:725-728.

DeLong, D. M. and R. H. Davidson. 1934. Some new species of Cicadellidae (Homoptera) from the United States. New York Entomol. Soc. J. 42:221-224. DeLong, D. M. and R. H. Davidson. 1937. Methods in study and preservation of leafhopper genitalia. J. Economic Entomol. 30:372-374.

DeLong, D. M. and D. J. Knull. 1946. Check list of the Cicadellidae of American, north of Mexico. Ohio State Univ. Grad. School. Studies, Biol. Sci. Ser. 1:1-102.

E^Long, D. M. and R. E. Linnavuori. 1978. Studies on neotropical leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Entomol. Scand. 9:111-123. DeLong, D. M. and R. E. Linnavuori. 1979. Six new species of Deltocephalini leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Mexico and Brazil. Brenisia 16:169-174. DeLong, D. M. and C. Martinson. 1974. New species of Chlorotettix from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Mexico. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 47:261-267. 457 DeLong, D. M. and G. N. Wolcott. 1923. New Species. In: Insectae Portoticensis. G. N. Wolcott ed. Puerto Rico Dept. Agric. 7:257-270.

Fattig, P. W. 1955. The Cicadellidae or leafhoppers of Georgia. Emory Univ. Museum Bull. 11:1-68. Fenton, F. A. 1918. The parasites of leafhoppers, with special reference to the biology of the Anteoninae. Part 1. Ohio J. Sci. 18-177-212. Fitch, A. 1851. Catalogue with references and descriptions of the insects collected and arranged for the State Cabinet of Natural History. State Cab. Nat. History Ann. Report 4:43-69.

Freytag, P. H. 1985. The insect parasites of leafhoppers and related groups. In: The leafhoppers and planthoppers. L. R. Nault and J. G. Rodriguez eds. 500 pp. Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic Svstematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 263 pp. Jensen-Haarup, A. C. 1922. Hemipterological notes and descriptions II. Entomol. Meddel. 14:1-16. Linnavuori, R. E. 1954. Contributions to the neotropical leafhopper fauna of the family Cicadellidae II. Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 20:124-145.

Linnavuori, R. E. 1955. Contributions to the neotropical leafhopper fauna of the family Cicadellidae IV. Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 21:100-129. Linnavuori, R. E. 1959. Revision of the neotropical Deltocephalinae and some related subfamilies (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Ann. Zool. Soc. 'Vanamo' 20:1-370.

Linnavuori, R. E. 1961. South African animal life. Results of the Lund University Expd. in 1950-51. B. Hanstrom ed. Vol. viii, 483 pp. Linnavuori, R. E. 1968. Contribucion al conocimento de la fauna Colombiana de Cicadelidos. Agricul. Tropical. 24:147-156. Linnavuori, R. E. 1973a. Additional notes on the Cicadellidae fauna of Peru. Revista Peru Entomol. Agric. 16:14-16. 458 Linnavuori, R. E. 1973b. A collection of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Cuba. Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 39:94-97. Linnavuori, R. E. and D. M. DeLong. 1977. The leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) known from Chile. Brenesia 12/13:163-267. Linnavuori, R. E. and D. M. DeLong. 1979. New species of leafhoppers from Central and South America (Homoptera: Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Neobalinae, Xestocephalinae). Entomol. Scand. 10:123-138. Naude, T. J. 1926. Cicadellidae of South Africa, a taxonomic and faunistic study. Union South Africa Dept. Agric. Forestry, Entomol. Mem. 4:1-106.

Nielson, M. W. 1968. The leafhopper vectors of phytopathogenic viruses (Homoptera, Cicadellidae). Taxonomic, biology and virus transmission. U. S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. No. 1382. 386 pp. Nielson, M. W. 1985. Leafhopper systematics. " In: The leafhoppers and planthoppers. L. R. Nault and J. G. Rodriguez eds. 500 pp. Oman, P. W. 1938. A generic revision of American Bythoscopinae and South American Jassinae. Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. 24:343-420. Oman, P. W. 1947. The types of AUchenorrhynchous Homoptera in the Iowa State College collection. Iowa State College J. Sci. 21:161-228.

Oman, P. W. 1949. The nearctic leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae); a generic classification and check list. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Washington No. 3 253 pp. Osborn, H. 1898. Additions to the list of Hemiptera of Iowa, with descriptions of new species. Iowa Acad. Sci. Proc. 5:232-247. Osborn, H. 1909. Notes on Guatemalan Hemiptera with descriptions of a few new species. Ohio Naturalist 9:457-466. Osborn, H. 1918. New species. A synopsis of the genus Chlorotettix. Bv: D. M. DeLong. Ohio State Univ. Bull. 23:5,16-18. 459 Osborn, H. 1923. Neotropical Homoptera of the Carnegie Museum. Part 2. Records and descriptions of five new genera and sixty-five new species of the subfamily Jassinae. Carnegie Museum Ann. 15:27-79. Osborn, H. 1924. Neotropical Homoptera of the Carnegie Museum. Part 4. Report upon the collection in the subfamily Jassinae, with description of new species. Carnegie Museum Ann. 15:397-462. Osborn, H. 1926. Notes on the economic status of certain Cuban Homoptera. J. Econ. Entomol. 19:99-106. Osborn, H. 1928. The leafhoppers of Ohio (Cicadellidae). Ohio Biol. Survey Bull. 3:199-374. Osborn, H. and E. D. Ball. 1897. Contributions to the Hemipterous fauna of Iowa. Iowa Acad. Sci. Proc. 4:172-234. Sanders, J. G. and D. M. DeLong. 1917. The Cicadellidae (Jassoidea- Fam. Homoptera) of Wisconsin, with descriptions of new species. Entomol. Soc. Amer. Ann. 10:79-95. Sanders, J. G. and D. M. DeLong. 1919. Eight new "Jassids" from the eastern United States. Family Cicadellidae (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Entomol. Soc. Amer. Ann. 12:231-238. Sanders, J. G. and D. M. DeLong. 1922. New species of Cicadellidae (Homoptera) from the eastern and southern United States. Washington Entomol. Soc. Proc. 24:93- 102. Sanders, J. G. and D. M. DeLong. 1923. Nine new species of Cicadellidae (Homoptera) from the United States and Canada. Washington Entomol. Soc. Proc. 25:151-156. Severin, H. H. P. 1947. Newly discovered leafhoppers vectors of California aster-yellows virus. Hilgardia: 17:511-524. Singh-Pruthi, H. 1936. Studies on Indian Jassidae (Homoptera). Part III. Descriptions of some new genera and species, with first records of some known species from India. Indian Museum Mem. 11: 101-131. Stal, C. 1862. Notes on the British Museum Catalogue of Homoptera. J. Entomol. 1:477-482. 460 Swofford, D. L. 1966. PAUP, phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, version 2.4. User's manual. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign. Theron, J. B. 1974. The Naude species of South African Cicadellidae (Hemiptera) 3. Species assigned to the genera Chlorotettix Van Duzee, Thamnotettix Zetterstedt, Euscelis Brulle, Scaphoideus Uhler, and Selenocephalus Germar. J. Entomol. Soc. South Africa 37:147-166. Van Duzee, E. P. 1892. The North American Jassidae allied to Thamnotettix. Psyche 6:305-310. Van Duzee, E. P. 1893. New North American Homoptera - VI. Canad. Entomol. 25:280-285. Van Duzee, E. P. 1907. Notes on Jamaican Hemiptera: a report on a collection of Hemiptera made on the island of Jamaica in the spring of 1906. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. Bull. 8:3-79. Van Duzee, E. P. 1909. Synonymical notes on North American Homoptera. Canad. Entomol. 41:380-384. Van Duzee, E. P. 1916. Suborder Homoptera Latr. 1810. Section Auchenorhyncha A. & S. 1843. Check list of Hemiptera (excepting the Aphididae, Aleurodidae, and Coccidae) of America North of Mexico. Ill pp. Walker, F. 1851. List of the specimens of Homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 3:637-907. Watrous, L. E. and Q. D. Wheeler. 1981. The outgroup comparison emthod of character analysis. Syst. Zool. 30:1-11. Wolcott, G. N. 1936. Insectae Boringuenses. A revised annotated checklist of the insects of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Univ. J. Agric. 20:1-600. Young, D. A. 1957. A new genus of economic leafhoppers and notes on the genus Atanus Oman. Revista Chilena de Entomol. 5:13-17. Index to Genera and Species aberrans ...... 30 acus (=C. lucidus) ...... 188 africanus (=Hiltus Theron) ...... 3

albidus ...... 48 anqustus (=C. borealis) ...... 179 atriceps ...... 176 attenuatus ...... 71 aurantus ...... 80 aurum ...... 93

bakeri ...... 157 balli ...... 89 bellus ...... 146 berqi ...... 177 berrvi ...... 106 bicoloratus (=C. serius) ...... 163 bifurcatus ...... 56 bimaculatus...... 178 bipartitus ...... 168 boliviellus ...... 158 borealis ...... 179 b r e v i c e p s ...... 180 brevidus (=C. unicolor) ...... 65 brunneus ...... 90 calibrus ...... 139 canolaterus(=Balclutha Kirkaldy) ...... 5

461 462 capensis ...... 135 caudata ...... 50 Chacotettix ...... 31 chelus ...... 156 Chlorotettix ...... 35 coqnitus (=C. fraterculus) ...... 142 convexus (=C. vacunus) ...... 197 cruzanus ...... 30 cuneus ...... 30 curvidens (=C. albidus) ...... 48 cvclops ...... 30

delicatus (=Cahva Linnavuori) ...... 5 deltus (=C. lucidus) ...... 188 dentatus ...... 99 Dichelanus ...... 34 distiqmus ...... 167 distinctus (=C. qalbanatus) ...... 131 diverqens ...... 124 dozieri ...... 73 duospinus ...... 161 durus (=C. capensis) ...... 135 emarqinatus ...... 172 excultus ...... 181

fairchildi ...... 182 fallax...... 127 filamentus ...... 87 463 floridanus ...... 136 forcipata ...... 164 frameus ...... 32 fraterculus ...... 142 fulvicus (=C. giganteus) ...... 155 fumidus (=C. melanotus) ...... 122 fuscifascicatus (=C. virgus) ...... 108 fuscus ...... 120 qalbanatus ...... 131 qibbus ...... 170 giganteus ...... 155 grand is ...... 107 qroenus ...... 84 querrerus (=C. brunneus) ...... 90 haarus ...... 53 hamula (-C. bipartitus) ...... 168

haplus ...... 183 harmodios ...... 52 hastulus ...... 30 Ileopeltus ...... 29 inscriptus (=C. lusorius) ...... Ill iridescens ...... 114 kassiphone ...... 184 lanquidus ...... 35 latocinctus ...... 159 latifrons (=C. fallax) ...... 127 464 latus ...... 74 leersius ...... 104 limosus ...... 96 lineatus .„ ...... 150 linqulus ...... 186 licmarus ...... 187 lobatus ...... 171 Loianus ...... 33 lonqibrachium ...... 144 lonqispina (=C. fraterculus) ...... 142 lucidus ...... 188 luqens ...... 76 lusorius ...... Ill luteosus ...... 92 maculatus ...... 6 maculosus (=C. qalbanatus) ...... 131 malevius ...... 6 xnansuetus (=Paraganus Linnavuori) ...... 6 maximus ...... 190 melanotus ...... 122 minimus ...... 148 meriscus ...... 98 minor (=011arianus strictus) ...... 6 modestus (=C. latocinctus) ...... 159 montanus ...... 78 nauticus (=Caranavia Linnavuori) ...... 7 465 necopinus ...... 54 neoscutel1atus ...... 130 neotropicus ...... „ . 61 nielsoni ...... 51 niarolabes ...... 77 niqromaculatus ...... 32 nimbuliferus ...... 151 noteus ...... 82 nudatus ...... 126 obscurus ...... 83 obsenus ...... 69 occidentalis (=C. unicolor) ...... 65

oqloblini ...... 60 orbicula (=C. emarqinatus) ...... 172 orbonatus ...... 190 pallidus (=C„ scutellatus) ...... 129 parabolatus (=Tetratostvlus Wagner) ...... 3 Paratanus ...... 32

pinus ...... 86 polvmaculatus ...... 192

pranqerus ...... 153

productus (=C. orbonatus i ...... 190 protensus ...... 165 recurvatus (=C. nimbuliferus) ...... 151 redimiculus ...... 59

rotundus ...... 115 466 rubidus (=C. floridanus) ...... 136 ruqicollis ...... 103 s c a m b u s ...... 57 scutellatus ...... 129 septempunctus ...... 109 serius ...... 163 serratanus ...... 141 serratus (=C. albidus) ...... 48

sexvarus f=Crassana DeLong and Hershberger) ...... 7 similis ...... 68 sinchona ...... 194 sinuosus (=C. attenuatus) ...... 71 sordidus (=C. fallax) ...... 127

spadix (=Renosteria Theron) ...... 3 sparus ...... 138 spatulatus ...... 101 spinellus ...... 63

spiniloba ...... 112 spinosus ...... 30

stolatus (=C. unicolor) ...... 65 striatus ...... 64 subfuscus ...... 7 sutural is ...... 95 svcophantus ...... 195 taeniaticeps (=C. nimbuliferus) ...... 151 terqatus ...... 119 467 tessellatus (=C. serius) ...... 163 tethvs ...... 30 torqus ...... 145 trimaculatus ...... 195 triplehorni ...... 118 truncatus (=C. minimus) ...... 148 tunicatus ...... 133 undatus (=C. striatus) ...... 64 unicolor ...... 65 v a c u n u s ...... 197 valenciai ...... 198 vanduzeei (=C.unicolor) ...... 65 variabilis ...... 8 venosus ...... 81 viraus ...... 108 viridius ...... 174 vittatus ...... 8 vividus ...... 199 waaneri ...... 34 xanthus ...... 117

INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo­ Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master

INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master