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Studies on the Egg Parasitoids of Lygus Lineolaris (P. De B.) (Hemiptera:Miridae) in Southwestern Quebec

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Studies on the Egg Parasitoids of Lygus Lineolaris (P. De B.) (Hemiptera:Miridae) in Southwestern Quebec Studies on the egg parasitoids of Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.) (Hemiptera:Miridae) in southwestern Quebec by Philemon Hakainda Sohati A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Hesearch in partial fulfilment of the requi rements for the degree of Master of Sc i ence Department of Entomology Macdonald College of McGill University Montreal, Quebec Canada CD July 1989 -..., ::: 6 6 f)H.l~:- /--1 S 1 7"2.' / /~ (\ \. ~ I)} ~ f- {- -< 1 \ ( , i- -/\ r' \ ,,' II ~ 1\ 1-<1. t. 1 1'\.) c: 0 f- /+12 (5 ,/' / Î< '/ 0 ') 1\ l l..J \.../-~ ... " / Abstract M. Sc. Philemon H. Sohati Entomo 1ogy Studies on the egg parasitoids of Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.) (Hemiptera:Miridae) in southwestern Quebec Four species of egg parasitoids of Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.) were found in southwestern Quebec in 1987 and 1988. They were Anaphes iole Girault, frythmelus miridiphagus DOlier, Polynema pratensiphagum Walley and a Telenomus sp. belonging to the T. 1arieis Walker group of species. The maximum level of parasitism ()f L. lineolaris eggs by these, was 15.4, 53.8, 70.0 and 17.8%, respeclively. The parasitoids were reared from eggs of L. 1ineolans inserted in plant stems of Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Coronilla varra l., Rumex obtusifolius L. and Solanum tuberosum L. Erythmelus miridiphagus and P. pratensiphagum were the most abundant para~itoid species recorded. Pre-pupae of A. iole were stored for 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks at 1 and 5°C. There was no significant difference in parasitoid survival between the two temperatures, but there was significant differences among storage times. There was a negative linear relationship between survival and storage of A. iole pre-pupae at both temperatures investigated. Thus sur­ vival of A. Iole pre-pupae tended to decrease with increase in storag~ time. After 10 weeks in storage, the survival rate of pre-pupae of A. iole decreased approximately 50% at 1 and 5°C. The best survival was ob­ tained after 4 weeks of storage at SoC where an average of 82.4 + 10.4% 11 of A. iole pre-pupae emerged. Anaphes iole is more capable of slI,'vivin9 cold tempe ratures , that is 1 and 5°C, as a pre-pupae than as fit'st in­ star 1arvae. iii Résumé M. Sc. Philemon H. Sohati Entomologie EtuJes de parasites des oeufs de Lygus 1ineolaris (P. de B.) (Hemiptera: Miridae) dans le sud-ouest du Québec Quatre espèces de parasito'des des oeufs de Lygus lineolans (P. de B.) ont été trouvées au sud-ouest du Québec en 1987 et 1988. Ces espèces, Anaphes iole Girault, Erythmelus miridiphagus Dazier, Polynema pratensiphagum Walley ainsi qu'une espèce du genre Telenomus, font partie du groupe d'espèces T. laricis Walker. Le niveau maximum de parasitisme atleint, des oeufs de L. lineolaris, par ces espèces étaient de 15.4, 53.B, 70.0 et 17.B % respectivement. Les parasito'des ont été élévés à partir d oeufs de L. lineolaris, insérés dans des tiges de plants d'Amaranthus retroflexus l., Chenopodium album l., Coroni11a varia l., Rumex obtuSJfolius l. et Solanum tuberosum L. Les espèces Erythmelus mi rid1 phagus et P. pra tens iphagum ont été retrouvées plus abondammen t. Des pré-pupes d' A. tole ont été entreposées pendant 4, 6, B et 10 semaines à des températures de 1 et 5°C. Aucunfl différence significative s'est dégagée entre le taux de survie du parasito1de et les deux niveaux de temprérature étudiés; par contre, une différence significative a été discernée entre le taux de survie et les durées d entreposage. On a con­ staté une relation 1 inéaire positive entre la survire! et l entreposage des IV pré-pupes d"A. joIe aux deux niveaux de températm'e choisis. Donc, la survie des pré-pupes d'A. iole a une tendance à diminuer avec ulle aUylllen­ tation du temp5 d"entreposage. Après 10 semaines sous conditions d'entreposage, le taux de survie des pré-pupes d'A. iole a diminué ap­ proximativement de 50 % aux températures de l et SOL le mei lIeur taux de survie fut obtenu après 4 semaines d'entreposage à SoC ou 82.4 -f 10.4 % des pré-pupes, en moyenne, ont émergées. Anaphes iole peut mieux rOI1l­ battre l es basses températures ex. 1 et 5°C, au stade de pré -pupe QU au premier stade l arvai re. v Suggested Short Title: Egg parasitoid complex of Lygus 1ineolaris (P. de B.) Ph il emon Il. Sohat i V1 Acknowl~dgments 1 wi sh to express my si ncere gratitude to my thes i s superv i sor, Dl'. R. K. Stewart (Macdonald Collge of McGill University, Departmenl of Entomology), and my co-supervisor, Dr. G. Boivin (Agriculture C=tll<l<fa, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu) for their guidance, advice, suggestions and en­ couragement throughout the course of my study. Many thanks to Or. John T. Huber, Biosystematics Research Centr'e, Agriculture Canada, ottawa, Ontario, for the identification of Anaphes iole Girault; Dr. M. E. Schauff, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, I\RS­ USDA, Washington, OC, for the identification of Polynema prail~nslpha9um Walley and frythmelus miridiphagus Dozier; Dr. P. M. Marsh, also of Sys­ tematics Entomology Laboratory; Dr. Norman F. Johnson, Ohio State Unlvpr­ sity, Ohio, for the identification of Telenomus sp. as weil as ln '''r. Andt'~ Larochelle and Ms. Marie-Claude Lanviere for the identification of mirids. 1 am also indebted to Dr. C. Glen Jackson, Biological Control of Insects Laboratory, USOA-ARS, Tucson, Arizona, for supplying A. ,ole and his help on the rear;ng and handling of the parasitolds. 1 am most grate­ ful to Dr. Walker A. JOlIes for his valuable suggestions on the ovrrwin­ tering strategies of A. iole. Thanks are extended to summer assistants, Messrs. Don Andersen and Robert Paul, for their active participation in field work. 1 am deeply indebted to my beloved and understanding wife, ,Joyc.e, and chil dren, Lweendo and Luyando, for the i r mora l support, enc.ouragem{~nt vli and prayers which enab1ed me to complete my studies. 1 a1so thank Joyce for her assistance in typing the manuscript. Many thanks to Ms. Mary Curwell, Ms. Theodorine Ryan and the Hart1ey family for their moral sup­ port and source of inspiration and happiness to my family and me while in Canada. 1 am most grateful to a11 members of the Department of Entomo1ogy for their encouragement. Thanks to Mr. Pierre G. Langlois and Mrs. Ann Grainger for their technica1 assistance. Special thanks to Hélène Chias­ son, who kindly translated the abstracto 1 wish to thank the Ste-Clotilde, Agriculture Canada, staff for a1- lowi ng me to conduct part of my field work at the station. Many thanks are extended to the Macdonald College farm staff for their assistance and co-operation in several aspects of my research. 1 would 11 ke to thank the Government of the Republ le of Zambi a for awat-ding me the Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan and for granting me study leave. Lastly,I give praises and glory to God for taking care of my fami 1 y dnd me throughout my study. vi ii Tabl e of contents ABSTRACT ................. ~ ...................................... ii RÉSUMÉ ........................................................ iv SHORT TIlLE •...•••••.....•••...••..... ~ • • . • • . • . vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . vii LIST OF TABLES............. .....•. ...... ....... .......... ..... ..... xii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................... xiii Chapter 1. General Introduction..... ....... ........ ......... ...... .... 1 2. Literature Review.... ..................•................... 6 2.1 Taxonomy of A. foIe ............ ......... ....... .... 7 2.2 Geographical distribution of A. iole...... .......... 9 2.3 Biology of A. iole.. ....... ............... .......... 10 2 • 4 Ho s t s 0 fA. i ole. 13 2.5 Success as a biological control agent..... .......... 14 2.6 Natural enemies of Lygus spp. other than A. iole........................................ 16 2.6.1 Egg paras i toids of Lygus spp. other than A. iole................................ 16 2.6.2 Nymphal parasitoids of Lygus spp. ......... 16 2.6.3 Parasitoids of Lygus spp. adults. ..... .... 19 2.6.4 Predators of Lygus spp. ........ ........... 20 2.6.5 Pathogens and nematodes of Lygus spp. ..... 24 ix 2.7 Taxonomy and geographical distribution of L. lineolaris ........ ....... .............. ........ .... 25 2.8 Biology of L. lineolaris ............. .............. 26 2.8.1 Overwintering of L. lineolaris ..... ....... 26 2.8.2 Life cycle of L. lineolaris . ...... ........ 27 2.8.3 Rearing of L. 1ineolaris .... .............. 30 2.9 Host plants of L. lineo7aris ., ..................... 31 2.10 References . .. .. .. 33 3. Eg9 parasitoid complex in eggs of Lygus 7ineolaris associated with Coronil1a varia L., Solanum tuberosum l., and associated weeds in southwestern Quebec •••••••••••••• 53 3.1 Introduction ....................................... 54 3.2 Materials amd Methods ... .............. ............. 55 3.2.1 Egg parasitoid complex of L. 7ineolaris 55 3.2.2 Seasonal variation of L. lineolaris popul at ion ................................ 57 3.2.3 Level of parasitism of L. 7ineo7aris eggs ...................................... 58 3.3 Results and Discussion... ..... ..................... 60 3.3.1 Egg parasitoid complex of L. 7ineo7aris 60 3.3.2 Seasonal variation of L. 7ineolaris population................................ 61 3.3.3 Level of parasitism of L. 7ineo7aris eggs .. "................................... 62 3.4 Potential for biological control...... ............. 66 x 3.5 Conclusion 68 3.6 References 70 3.7 Tables ............ , ..... , ....................
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