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Archaeological Assessment of the Northern Portion of the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia

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Archaeological Assessment of the Northern Portion of the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia REDACTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE NORTHERN PORTION OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA by Joseph R. Blondino, Mike Klein, and Curtis McCoy Prepared for Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Historic Resources Prepared by DOVETAIL CULTURAL RESOURCE GROUP June 2018 REDACTED Archaeological Assessment of the Northern Portion of the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia by Joseph R. Blondino, Mike Klein, and Curtis McCoy Prepared for Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Historic Resources 2801 Kensington Avenue Richmond, Virginia 23221 Prepared by Dovetail Cultural Resource Group I, Inc. 11905 Bowman Drive, Suite 502 Fredericksburg, Virginia 22408 Dovetail Job #17-097 June 2018 June 13, 2018 D. Brad Hatch, Principal Investigator Date Dovetail Cultural Resource Group This page intentionally left blank ABSTRACT Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail) conducted an archaeological assessment of the northern part of the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia. The study area was bounded to the north and east by the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean, to the west by the city limits of Virginia Beach, and to the south by North Landing Road, Princess Anne Road, and a line extending due east from the intersection of Princess Anne Road and General Booth Boulevard to the Atlantic Ocean. The assessment was performed on behalf of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources as part of the Cost Share Survey and Planning Program. This work was completed in February of 2018. This report includes a discussion of previously identified and potential archaeological resources located within the study area. The assessment included a review of previously identified resources, previously surveyed areas, settlement patterns characteristic of precontact and historic archaeological sites, historic maps, as-built maps, aerial photos, United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps, and vehicular and pedestrian survey. The field survey involved existing conditions assessments of previously recorded sites and identification of areas where additional archaeological deposits are likely to exist. A predictive model for archaeological site location was also developed and used to inform the results of the assessment. A total of 315 previously recorded sites were included as part of the survey. Of these, 203 were surveyed. The remaining 112 sites were not surveyed because they were not visible from the right-of-way or because other access problems, such as location on a military base, precluded survey, or due to data on the sites having been compiled or updated within the last five years, making existing conditions assessments unnecessary at this time. The Virginia Cultural Resource Information System (VCRIS) database, maintained by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, was updated with regard to the surveyed sites to ensure that the information on each site was current. i This page intentionally left blank ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... i INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Archaeological Potential of the Study Area ........................................................................ 3 The Natural Environment ............................................................................................... 3 Geology ....................................................................................................................... 3 Soils ............................................................................................................................. 3 Topography and Hydrology of the Study Area ........................................................... 4 Existing Conditions within the Study Area .................................................................... 5 Previous Cultural Resource Surveys ............................................................................... 5 HISTORIC CONTEXT .................................................................................................... 13 Pre-Clovis Period (? to 14,950 B.P.)............................................................................. 13 Paleoindian Period (14,950 to 9950 B.P.)..................................................................... 14 Archaic Period (9950 to 3150 B.P.) .............................................................................. 15 Early Archaic Period (9950 to 8450 B.P.) ................................................................ 16 Middle Archaic Period (8450 to 4950 B.P.) ............................................................. 17 Late Archaic Period (4950 to 3150 B.P.) .................................................................. 17 Woodland Period (3150 to 350 B.P.) ............................................................................ 18 Early Woodland Period (3150 to 2450 B.P.) ............................................................ 18 Middle Woodland Period (2450 to 1050 B.P.) ......................................................... 19 Late Woodland Period (1050 to 350 B.P.) ................................................................ 22 Historic Period .............................................................................................................. 25 Settlement to Society (1607–1750) ........................................................................... 25 Colony to Nation (1750–1789) ................................................................................. 27 Early National Period (1789–1830) .......................................................................... 28 Antebellum Period and Civil War (1830–1865) ....................................................... 29 Reconstruction (1870–1916) ..................................................................................... 30 World War I to World War II (1917–1945) .............................................................. 30 BACKGROUND RESEARCH ........................................................................................ 33 SURVEY METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 35 Archival Research/Map Review ................................................................................... 35 Archaeological Survey .................................................................................................. 35 Predictive Model ........................................................................................................... 37 RESULTS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 39 Predictive Model ........................................................................................................... 39 Archaeological Survey .................................................................................................. 41 Survey Results .......................................................................................................... 41 SUMMARY AND ASSESSMENT .................................................................................. 77 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 79 APPENDIX: SITE DATA TABLE ................................................................................ 103 iii This page intentionally left blank iv List of Figures Figure 1: Location of Study Area within the Commonwealth of Virginia and the City of Virginia Beach ............................................................................................................ 2 Figure 2: Detail from John Smith’s Virginia Discovered and DiscribedDepicting the Settlements near the Mouth of the James River........................................................ 26 Figure 3: Locations of Survey Areas within Overall Study Area ..................................... 36 Figure 4: Results of Predictive Modeling for Prehistoric Site Location ........................... 42 Figure 5: Results of Predictive Modeling for Historic Site Location ............................... 43 Figure 6: Area A, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites .......................... 44 Figure 7: Area B, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites ........................... 46 Figure 8: Area C, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites and Area Which May Contain Undiscovered Sites.............................................................................. 49 Figure 9: Area D, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites. ......................... 51 Figure 10: Area E, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites. ........................ 54 Figure 11: Area F, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites and Location of Bellamy Manor House Site ....................................................................................... 57 Figure 12: Area G, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites. ....................... 60 Figure 13: Area H, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites ........................ 62 Figure 14: Area I, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites. ......................... 64 Figure 15: Area J, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites .......................... 66 Figure 16: Area K, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites ........................ 68 Figure 17: Area L, Showing Previously Recorded Archaeological
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