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Home , Batak, Berau Regency, Borneo, Dayak people, East Kalimantan, East Kutai Regency

Exotics Diversity of ’s Dayak Tribe in East and North ,

Norhidayat1, Edy Budiman2 and Masna Wati2 1Department of History Education, , , Indonesia 2Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia

Keywords: Diversity, Dayak Tribe, , , Indonesia

Abstract: Indonesia is the richest country of diversity and ethnicity. East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan were awarded the wealth of tribes and sub-tribes, the Dayak tribe of East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan scat- tered throughout the region of East and North Kalimantan and formed clumps according to their area of residence. Today, we rarely know about the diversity of the tribe and most of the people only know the cursory of their native tribe not the names of the sub-tribes. This study used qualitative methods of field studies (ob- servations) and research studies on the diversity of Dayak tribes. The results of this study describe the early migration of Dayak tribe originating from through the Indo Chinese route to the west of Indonesia and present a diversity of Dayak tribe East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan as many as 80 types Divided into 5 parent tribes, namely Dayak Ngaju, Dayak Apu Kayan, Dayak Murut, Dayak Punan and Dayak Ot Danum which are presented in the form of table and classify the sub-tribe based on their home area.

1 INTRODUCTION Dayak tribe in east and North Kalimantan and limited access to explore the information so it is difficult to Geographically, Indonesia is a multicultural introduce the information to the public. In addition, archipelago consisting of a large number of eth- sources of reading have not classified the diversity so nic, cultural, religious and other groups, each plural that it has not been widely known by the community and also heterogeneous ”variety”. This diversity especially the young generation. One of the main as one of Indonesia’s attractiveness, not only on its reasons that are the basis in the limited knowledge natural beauty, but the community that is dwelling of the Dayak tribe in East Kalimantan and North with a wide variety of tribes, languages, customs, Kalimantan is the weak sources of reading that can social systems, and so forth. This diversity extends classify specifically about sub-diversity information from Sabang to Merauke, assimilated, acculturation the Dayak tribe. and other, so as to form a typical Indonesian society and not inclusive (Nasikun, 2008). Cultural diversity is also reflected by the formation of provinces from 2 METHODOLOGY Sabang to Merauke. Province is a place of local diversity and regional wisdom. Each province has indigenous people who inhabit and produce a This study using qualitative methods with direct ob- diversity of local wisdom. Province of east and north servation patterns or field studies accompanied by Kalimantan is a province of natural wealth producing study of literature. Determination of informant in pur- in Indonesia. In addition to its natural wealth, east posive elected people who know, mastered and able and north Kalimantan are also rich in ethnic and to explain the problems studied. The informant in- cultural. One of the indigenous tribes on Borneo cludes the research objects that are part of the Dayak is Dayak tribe. The diversity of sub-tribes is tribe and indigenous institutions in East Kalimantan still rarely known to the wider community. People and North Kalimantan. In addition, the authors also only know them from their parent tribe, i.e. Dayak, search for sources that know about the diversity of not from the names of their sub-tribes. This is due to Dayak tribes in the region. limited source of information about the diversity of The data types excavated include primary data

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Norhidayat, ., Budiman, E. and Wati, M. Exotics Diversity of Borneo’s Dayak Tribe in East and North Kalimantan (Indonesia). DOI: 10.5220/0009868402750282 In Proceedings of the International Conference on Creative Economics, Tourism and Information Management (ICCETIM 2019) - Creativity and Innovation Developments for Global Competitiveness and Sustainability, pages 275-282 ISBN: 978-989-758-451-0 Copyright c 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

ICCETIM 2019 - International Conference on Creative Economics, Tourism Information Management

and secondary data. Excavation of primary data Dayak, UMP. The Sarekat Dayak and Pakat Dayak in trhough interviews with indigenous figures and chiefs the Dutch era (Singarimbun, 1991). and communities who know about the diversity of According to Rachmat and Sunardi (Riwut and Dayak tribe in East Kalimantan and North Kaliman- Nila, 2007), mention that the word Dayak is a word to tan. Community understanding of the diversity of declare unreligious Stam-Stam and inhabit the hinter- Dayak tribe obtained from community knowledge. land of Borneo, and the term is given by the Borneo While secondary data excavated includes information coastal which means mountain people. Un- about the state of the , both geographic and de- like the opinions of Asy’arie (Asy’arie, 2005) where mographic conditions of the village, and the things in his book mentions in some writings concerning the that support the research. Secondary data sources Dayak community in general always the author does from village monographs, theses, books or literature not forget to explain that the name of ethnic Dayak that support. For the flow of this research method is is derived from the language Benuaq that mention attached in the Groove Figure 1. the upstream The river called Dayaq. So the word Dayak initially started from the power which means upstream people. But, in the daily writing of our soci- ety more familiar to use the letter K as a replacement Q for the suffix Dayaq, then the mention of Dayaq is also changed to Dayak which is then used as the name of unity of the indigenous ethnic groups of Borneo. In the book Department of Education and Cul- ture, the word Dayak derives from the word Lun Daya meaning the person who lives or resides in the in- Figure 1: Process and methods research of exotics diversity land (insulted). Besides, Coomans (Emanuel et al., of Dayak tribe in East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan 2013) strengthening the term in his book mentions the name Dayak with the term power. The name of power is reserved for all residents in Kalimantan hinterland which is not Muslim. Therefore the name Daya and 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Halo’ are socio-religious terms, and it is not an an- thropological term that distinguishes ethnic groups. 3.1 Dayak Tribe But only in these last decades the term power was used by themselves, to defend the common interest Dayak is the collective name for various indigenous in the fields of , economics and politics. Gen- peoples in Kalimantan. In general it can be said erally they prefer the writing power than Dayak. In that people who belong to the Dayak tribe inhabiting short, others argue that Daya means inland. Perhaps a the inland Kalimantan. For coastal areas surrounding more adequate explanation is that Daya means people Kalimantan island, partly populated by tribes, who inhabit the upstream of the river. In the concept Banjar, Bugis, , Madura, Sunda, Minang, , of the Godhead, the Dayaks had known or convinced and many more tribes. It can also be added that one since the first time. They believe that there the majority and Malay people in Kalimantan were is more powerful in their creation and they are one descendants of Dayak tribe who later embraced the of the supreme and the earliest or the earliest spirits . Sellato estimated about 90 percent (Emanuel et al., 2013). of the Borneo Malays were descendants of Dayak; In the , people or feel Dayak people were counted as much as approxi- embarrassed by the name Dayak. This was because mately three million (1986) and Malay people over in the new order era the destruction of Dayak cul- six million(Singarimbun, 1991). ture especially the destruction of around The term Dayak has a patronizing connotation so the 1970s because it is considered a communist way, that some prefer to name it Daya. Especially in the harmful to health and immoral because of free sex past, Dayak has associations with the retardation, the (Ivo, 2012). It is very offensive to the Dayak com- habit of Mengayau, , etc. It appears that now munity and also speeds up their loss of identity. The the connotation begins to disappear and according to destruction of Dayak culture is not only damaging the Fridolin Ukur from the Dayak Ma’anyan tribe. Dayak identity, but also to give deep wounds. The people does not need to be replaced with Daya. Moreover, of Dayak who are ashamed of themselves are called to improve the religious community, in the past also as Dayaks. Some argue that the bad image will be have been established associations that use the term erased by replacing the identity of Islam, or remov-

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ing the consonant K on the term Dayak, so that it be- (Coomans, 1987): All the power tribes were included comes Daya. However, some argue that image im- in the massively migratory groups of mainland . provement is wider than merely replacing the term The Power tribe is descended from immigrants origi- Dayak, which includes improvements in all sectors of nating from the region now called Yunnan in south- the life of Dayaks (Ivo, 2012). ern China. From that place, a small group wan- In other words, Dayak is one of the indigenous dered through Indo China to the Malaysian peninsula tribes on Borneo Island and lived and settled since the which is a springboard to enter the of Indone- second migration in . Briefly, the Dayak sia. In addition, the group unisex through other step- tribe is a long-settled tribe and lives in Kalimantan ping stones, namely through , and the and most of them live in harmony with and set- . The movement was not very difficult, be- tled in the jungle environment in groups. East Kali- cause in the age of the glacial (Ice Age) the level mantan and North Kalimantan are provinces in In- was very low, so with small boats even though they donesia and the island of Borneo in particular. East able to cross the waters that separate the islands. Kalimantan in the capital city of Samarinda and North Historically, approximately 200 BCE, there Kalimantan Capital of , is the largest was movement of Malays to Indonesia from the Yun- province that extends from the southern border of nan region, which a swarm of Malays coming and Borneo and North Kalimantan even to the middle on then they began to inhabit the part of the beach. But Borneo island. East Kalimantan and North Kaliman- because there came a generation of young Malay, the tan have a variety of ethnic groups and one of them is old Malays (Proto Melayu) is pressed inland, or be- Dayak tribe, Dayak tribe is indigenous to Borneo and cause of losing the or the old Malay culture has the population is also many in East Kalimantan and lower when compared to the young Malays (Deu- North Kalimantan. troMelayu) (Riwut and Nila, 2007). The migration of Dayak tribe to the archipelago, 3.2 Early Migration of Dayak Tribe to strengthened by Simanjuntak (Simanjuntak, 2017) in Nusantara his writings, Dayak people migrated to Indonesia through two alternative routes, the western route and the East Line. In Western Line theory, Dayak tribe In detail, the arrival of Dayak tribe to the archipelago which is a migration from Yunnan will pass through is not known for sure the origin of its arrival, most of Indochina and to pass through the western route in the information on it can still be less obvious. The . As for the eastern line, they migrated Dayak tribe’s arrival story is more hereditary, but the through Taiwan and Phillipina to reach North Kali- story is commonly told by the mother of his son or mantan. From some of the above opinions can be seen his parents to his children broadly. It is described in that the Dayak tribe is a tribe or immigrant originating his book Tjilik Riwut (Riwut and Nila, 2007) argues: from the South China Plain or better known as Yun- About the origin of Dayak tribe we see a difference of nan. They migrated from Yunnan to the Indonesian opinion, some say that the tribe of Dayak is derived archipelago around 200 BCE. The condition is a con- from the seventh heaven (in Tetek Tatum), and there dition that occurs in the period of Glacial, the time is also the opinion that the Dayak is a tribe indigenous when the sea water becomes low and the distance be- to Kalimantan originated from Yunnan which is clas- tween the islands feels close and there are many lands sified in the migration stream of Proto Melayu / Proto that facilitate them to migrate. Malay (Old Malay). The investigation of the Dayak tribe has suffered difficulties because the ancestors of Dayak tribe do not know the writing nor leave the scars that can be used in research for the young generation about Dayak tribe. There is only a story from the word of mouth from the parent to his grandson (Tetek Tatum). The generally accepted opinion states that Dayaks are one of the largest and oldest indigenous groups in- Figure 2: Migration Route of Dayak and deployment in habiting the island of Borneo (Riwut and Nila, 2007). Kalimantan The notion of is based on the the- ory of population migration to Kalimantan, departing The figure 2 is a route taken to migrate to Nu- from the opinion it is believed that the ancestors of santara. Dayak tribe is included in the Proto Malay Dayaks came from southern China (Yunnan). race or the second cloter that migrates after Deutro This was strengthened by the theory of Coomans Melayu. The Malay proto above migrated through

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the western route, they migrated through Yunnan or C. The tribe that Sedatuk (ancentors) South China (Sofian, ) through Indo China. They mi- D. Family (offspring) (Riwut, 2007) grated when the tide of the ice age had not melted so that there was a decline in seawater and the Pen- Due to the strong migration flow of the migrants, dangkalan. They migrated along the Indo-Chinese the Dayak tribe who maintains the cultural law of cul- coast and land to southern . Among these ture norms ended up selecting the inland entry. As theories, one of which was the strongest and gained a result, Dayak tribe was spread out and they form- much support from various scholarly viewpoints was ing its own sub-. Nowadays, the Dayak the model proposed by Bellwood. He suggested that tribe is divided into seven major tribes that have hun- Austronesia originated from Taiwan and the southern dreds of sub tribes among the tribes such as Dayak China coast and migrated to the coast of South Viet- Ngaju tribe, Dayak Apu Tribe of Kayan, Dayak Iban nam (Noerwidi, 2014) arriving on the coast of South tribe, Dayak Murut tribe, Dayak Punan tribe and last Vietnam, they crossed to the . Subse- Dayak ot Danum tribe. All these large tribes scattered quently, they migrated to the archipelago through the throughout the island of Borneo, as for the large tribes western route of through Pulau Weh (Wirad- in East Kalimnatan and North Kalimantan are Dayak nyana, 2012) and divided into one who migrated to Ngaju tribe, Dayak Lawangan (Ngaju), Dayak Apu Java island and spread to Borneo or Kalimantan to- Kayan, Dayak Kenya (Apu Kayan), Dayak Kayan day. (Apu Kayan), Dayak Bahau (Apu Kayan), Dayak So briefly, the route passed in the migratory is Murut, Dayak Tidung (Dayak Murut), Dayak Punan, passing the western route of the archipelago and south Dayak Ot (Dayak Punan), dan Dayak Ot Danum. The of China. From Yunnan They migrated past Indo spread of Dayak tribe is presented in a map on figure China which is better known as Vietnam, Laos and 3. even passed through as well as Myanmar. Judging from the current map, it is very possible for them to migrate through the mainland Indo China to the Malaysian peninsula or the Malay Peninsula. Arriving at the Malay Peninsula, they mi- grated to the archipelago through shallow due to the low tide of seawater. The territory they visited in Nusantara was the coastal region of Borneo Island until they settled and moved inland. Their distribution in Borneo or Kalimantan is divided into seven major Dayak tribes and for East Kalimantan and North Kali- mantan is scattered in almost all regencies and cities of East and North Kalimantan. From the route and distribution is the origin of the migration of tribes that until now we are familiar with the term Dayak tribe. Figure 3: Dayak Tribe spread in Kalimantan 3.3 Dayak Tribe Division Diversity of Dayak tribe provides diversity in ev- Dayak people are scattered throughout Kalimantan, ery respect. One of them is the diversity of local wis- most of them reside not in coastal areas but in rural dom. Local wisdom is all the local ideas of good areas. Concerning the various types of Dayak tribe and full of wisdom and sage inherent and applied in of Borneo, until now there is still no specific inves- all activities of the community life (Emanuel et al., tigation, so there is no certainty how the division of 2013). However, in this case, it will be discussed and the actual Dayak tribe. When we look at the lan- focuses on the diversity of Dayak tribe in East and guage used by Dayak tribes, there are many and prob- North Kalimantan. It is also supported by cultural di- ably also the areas adjacent to the language are dif- versity. Koentjaraningrat mentions cultural diversity ferent. Each tribe can be divided into tribes that are is the necessity of the Earth in Indonesia. Diversity Sedatuk, and who can be further divided into family can also unite a cultural distinction in Indonesia. tribes (family). In detail, the author concludes that Culture is all human activity both in the form of Dayak tribe is divided into: action and work through the process of learning is carried out continuously in the community life and A. Ethnic origin (clump) become the identity of the society (Wina and Habsari, B. Tribe or child 2017).

278 Exotics Diversity of Borneo’s Dayak Tribe in East and North Kalimantan (Indonesia)

Figure 3 is map of Dayak tribe in Kalimantan. In research area is caused it is still a unity because of the map can be seen almost all of Borneo island espe- past ties. It happens because they are interconnected cially on the inside of Borneo island with the color, because North Kalimantan is a fraction or a result of while the plain is the tribe of immigrants outside the expansion from East Kalimantan. In addition to Dayak such as Melayu, Banjar, Java, Bugis, , the past ties, the two provinces also have a similar and many other tribe. For East Kalimantan and North Dayak tribe lineage or with the same parent so there Kalimantan, Dayak tribe spread almost all districts is still a family bond between the Dayak tribe. They and cities. As for the district and city to spread the have the same lineage but are separated only because Dayak tribe is inhabited several main Sub tribes or of provincial expansion. So, judging from the past parent namely Dayak Ngaju tribe, Dayak Apu Kayan, ties, it makes the research area a collection of data Dayak Murut, Dayak Punan and Dayak Ot Danum. about the diversity of Dayak tribe is located in East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan. 3.4 Dayak Tribe in East Kalimantan Table 1: The name of Dayak tribe in East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan. and North Kalimantan Dayak Deployment Language tribe(Dayak area Dayak people are scattered throughout Kalimantan, Ngaju) they are also regarded as indigenous people of Bor- Bara Ki Longiran – Bakumpai neo. Similarly, for east and North Kalimantan, Dayak Bakumpai East Kali- tribe spread almost all districts and cities in east and mantan North Kalimantan. Most of the observations, they kahayan Long Takap - Kahayan spread on land and not coastal areas. In other words, mahakam they occupy much of the terrain or inland areas al- Bajau S. Pasir Bajau though they are not denied as well as those found on Pasir Tanjung Aru, Pasir the coast even in very small quantities. Hulu Sungai East Kalimantan is a province in Indonesia, the Kendilo, capital city is Samarinda. Before the expansion into Tanah Gro- North Kalimantan province, East Kalimantan was one got, S. Pasir. of the largest provinces in Indonesia. For now, East Kalimantan occupies the 3rd position as the largest Mountain province in Indonesia. The province is located in the Area. S. eastern part of Kalimantan, directly adjacent to North Pakasau. Kalimantan, the Sea of to the east, South Purung S. Lempar, Purung Kalimantan to the south and , central East Kalimantan and Malaysia beside West. East Kaliman- Kalimantan tan Province has seven regencies and three cities, the Lantu’ung Hulu S. Pasir. Pasir district is Berau , , Kutai East Kaliman- Kartanegara Regency, , Mahakam tan Hulu Regency, , Paser Utara Bawa adang Teluk Adang, Pasir Regency and its cities include Samarinda City, Balik- Pasir East papan City and City. Kalimantan Next is the province of North Kalimantan, this Bawa dia Daerah pasir, Pasir province is a new province of the results of the expan- Tanah Gro- sion of the province of East Kalimantan. North Kali- got, East mantan Province is located in the north on Borneo Is- Kalimantan land and is directly adjacent to the Malaysian state of Lolang Long kali Pasir and . North Kalimantan stood around area, Lolo, the 2012 and became one of the young provinces Muara in Indonesia. The provincial capital of North Kali- Takalen, East mantan is Tanjung Selor, this province has four re- Kalimantan gencies and one city including Bulungan, Malinau, Nunukan and Tana Tidung regencies and the city of . In this study, the selection of two provinces namely East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan in the

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Kali Longkali Pasir Busang S. Hiwan Busang Pasir Long Wai Long Wai Long Wai Dayak Deployment Language Aput Kayan, Kayan Punan tribe(Dayak area Ok Ot (Ot Bah S. Lehusan Punan Danum)) Lisyum Serawak Bor- Punan Ot Paroi/Ot Between Pari der and Apu Pari Mahakam and Kayan Barito Berusu Kabiran Punan Ot Siang Laung Hulu Siang Dayak Deployment Language Mahakam tribe(Dayak area Kalang Lupu Ibid Kalang Basap Lupu (Punan)) Jambung Ibid Jambung Makkam Mahakam Makkam Jama Jama Ulu Hulu Ulu Gunung Ibid Gunung Dayak Deployment Language kambang Kambang tribe(Dayak area Nyaring Ibid Nyaring Apu Uhing Kayan) Mangku Anum Petung Mangku Kenya/kenyah Hulu Ma- Kenya/kenyah Bantian Pasir Hulu, S. Bantian hakam Tuwang Kutai Lepu payah Gunung halat Kenyah Tundung/TunjungMahakam Tundung Nyibung/SabanLong Pajun- Kenyah Hilir gan Mangku Pasir Mangku Lepo Maut Ibid Ibid Aoheng West Kutai Aoheng Ma Long Ibid Ibid Benuwa/ West Kutai, Benuwa/ Ma Alim Ibid Ma Alim Benuaq Ma Sieam Benuaq Lepo Pajungan Lepo Ko Kutai. Ko/Ke Dayak Deployment Language Ma Pajungan Ma Badang tribe(Dayak area Ulun Nerau Hulu , Berau Lawangan Tanah Tidung (Ngaju)) Ulun Paya S. Malinau Berau Mangku Anum Petung Mangku Lepo Tau Long Kenyah Bantian Pasir Hulu, S. Bantian Nawang, Tuwang Kutai Long Uru Tundung/ Mahakam Tundung Lepo Jalan Long Anyo Kenyah Tunjung Hilir Tek Wan Mangku Pasir Mangku Lepo Leka Kidaum, Kenyah Aoheng West Kutai Aoheng Bam/Bom Um Beh Moh Benuwa/ West Kutai, Benuwa/ Lepo Uma Tukung, Tukung Benuaq Ma Sieam Benuaq Tukung Kota Bangun Kutai. Lepo Kulit Ma Kulit Kulit Dayak Deployment Language Kiam tribe(Dayak area Lepo Anye Uma Punan) Bakung Bakung Malinau/PunanS. Malinau Peman Baka Ma Baka Baka Usun Lepo Tepu Lepo Tepu Lepo Tepu Kayan

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Lepo Lisan Uma Bam Lisan Ulun Man- Hilir Tubu Mantarang Beh tarang and Malinau Lepo Lepo Tepu Lepo Ulun Tubu Tubu Tubu Kayan Kayan Kayan Ulun Dayu Dayu Dayu Ngure/Urik Talang Usun Ngure Ulun Patuk Central Putuk Lepo Timei Uma Bam Lepo Timei Karayan, Beh Karayan Dayak Deployment Language Hulu, Anak tribe(Dayak area Karayan Bahau (Apu Long Nilau Nilau Kayan)) Ilo/Ulun Karayan Pnihing/PenihingMahakam Penihing Hulu, River Area Samamu, (Howang – Tubu Sumwe) Kalabit Krayan Hulu Kalabit Kayan Sumwe - Dini Kayan Adang Adang Long Glat Dini – Air Long Glat Hulu Jatuh di Kali Saban Krayan Hulu Saban Merasa and Krayan Krayan Hulu Krayan Mendalam Libun Krayan Hulu Libun Segai/Modang Berau - Bu- Sagai/Bahau Dayak Deployment Language lungan tribe(Dayak area Melarang Hilir Kayan Melarang Murut) Bahau Rundum Tagul Border Rundum Uma Melinau Bahau to East Kali- Bau/Uban River, Adio mantan region River Lun Dayeh Malinau Lun Dayeh Uvang Dali Long Iram Uvang Bahau S. Batuan Bahau In table 1, can be seen in the overall number Beach, Bu- of Dayak tribe in East Kalimantan and North Kali- lungan mantan about 80 sub tribes of 5 parent tribes scat- Uvang S. Merah Ovang tered throughout the region of East Kalimantan and Hurei Hurei North Kalimantan. Based on the table above, the Uvang S. Merah Mekam parent group that inhabit east and north Kalimantan Mekam are Dayak tribe of Dayak Ngaju, Dayak Apu Kayan, Dayak Murut, Dayak Punan and Dayak Ot Danum. Uvang Boh Hulu Ma- Uvang Boh Of the five parent tribes, subdivided into small or hakam family parents with the name of Dayak Ngaju tribe Uvang Hulu Ma- Uvang with the Dayak Lawangan tribe, Apu Kayan Tribe of Sirap hakam Sirap Dayak Bahau tribe, Dayak Murut tribe with Dayak Uma Hulu Ma- Uvang Tidung tribe, Dayak Basap tribe with Dayak tribe. Mehak hakam Sirap The last is the Dayak Ot tribe of the parent family Uma Teliba Hulu Ma- Uvang Ot Danum. hakam Sirap Tunjung Hulu Ma- Uvang Linggal hakam Sirap Dayak Deployment Language 4 CONCLUSIONS tribe(Dayak area Tidung Dayak Tribe is a native tribe on Borneo Island whose (Murut)) advent to Indonesia occurs during the second migra- tion stream on the proto Melayu route. The ances- tors of Dayak tribe came from Yunnan or South China where they migrated through the western route of In- donesia through Indo China to the Malay Peninsula and crossed through northern Sumatra to reach the

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