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University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg the MAKING OF University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg THE MAKING OF THE BLACK SUBJECT: AN ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF ANTON M. LEMBEDE Name: Nomvuyo Mashile Student Number: 1193556 Supervisor: Dr. Ayesha Omar Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Studies Graduate school of Humanities and Social Sciences UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND 19th February 2020 Declaration I do solemnly declare that this dissertation is my original work. It has never been submitted by one for the award of another degree. Moreover, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no other material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text of the dissertation. Full Legal Name: Nomvuyo Mashile Signature 19th February 2020 Dedication 2 To you my Gogo Joyce (maternal granny); a formidable black lady that I have had the pleasure of knowing since the day I came into this world. Your presence in the form of consistency is seen through the emotional, spiritual and physical support you have given me during every phase of my life. All of this has been so attractively overwhelming that sometimes, I believe I am undeserving of it. Nonetheless your sweet sense of self will never go unnoticed. Acknowledgement 3 No amount of words will do justice in expressing the true magnitude of gratitude I have for every individual that contributed towards the completion of this dissertation. Firstly a massive thank you is in order for the two scholarships that took care of my school fees in both registration and my ‘on campus’ stay during the 2019 MA academic year; the Postgraduate Merit Award and the ABSA Scholarship. I would not have been able to work on my dissertation in a conducive environment with the various resources at my fingertips without this fortunate assistance. Thank you to the financial agents of change. I would now like to extend my warmest and deeply rooted appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Ayesha Omar. Every face to face consultation counted, every email interaction became invaluable, every phone call did something and every WhatsApp text over the weekdays and on some weekends made all the difference. The advice, the suggestions, the ideas, the recommendations, the shifting perspectives put on offer and the feedback as a collective; transformed into immeasurable guidance that I am eternally grateful for. Without your enthusiastic and thoughtful supervision as a whole, I would not be able to position myself and the word submission in the same narrative. Thank you so much Dr. O (: ! This leads me to my final vote of thanks and that goes to my friends and immediate family. I will forever be thankful to you all for believing in my scholastic capabilities which psychologically compensated for the many times I did not believe in them myself. All of your emotional and spiritual upliftment indirectly yet positively affected the beginning, mid and final days of this research. These systematic but also random acts of kindness still continue to go a long way. Abstract 4 This dissertation explores the way in which Anton Lembede analyses the concept of the black subject. Through the lens of the contextual method, it evaluates Lembede’s primary texts in reference to three major themes in his work: (1) the question of Black Poverty, (2) Class and (3) African Nationalism. In the first theme, on the question of black poverty, I argue that Lembede identifies multiple reasons for black poverty and some, but not all of these are rooted in the colonial experience. His reasoning for African destitution is thus complex and interesting. The second theme that Lembede engages with is the question of class. Here, Lembede argues that class as a category should be understood in the context of colonialism but is also a consequence of the predicament of tribalism which is evident in the social structure of black society. Lembede believes that both tribalism and colonial society through its segregationist policies has profoundly contributed towards the undermining of the evolution of the black subject. Third, Lembede provides an account of African Nationalism which he assesses through the lens of religion. Lembede believes that religion is important in so far as establishing a functional concord which promotes the ideals of African Nationalism. He thus analyses the question of the black subject using Christianity as an important tool for the creation of the ideal black subject. Ultimately, I argue that Lembede provides a multilayered perspective on the making of the black subject through a non-secular conceptual analysis. This is because Lembede does not simply equate all black suffering to the colonial malaise but engages with the concept of the black subject in a multi-dimensional approach. Finally, the above ideas have important currency for the manner in which we think about the black subject until the present day because some of these questions have important meaning in present day South Africa. Table of Content 5 Declaration………………………………………………………………………………….2 Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………..3 Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………….4 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………..5 Table of Content……………………………………………………………………………6 Chapter one……………………………………………………………………………….7 1.1. Introductory Item……………………………………………………………………...7 1.2. Research Questions…………………………………………………………………...11 1.3. Literature Review……………………………………………………………………..11 1.4. Method and Limitation………………………………………………………………..15 1.4.1. Primary Method of Employment: The Historical Contextual Method…………….15 Chapter two…………………………………………………………………………………20 2.1. Early Childhood of Anton M. Lembede………………………………………………...20 2.2. Anton Lembede’s Background………………………………………………………….22 2.3. A.M. Lembede’s Tertiary Education & Professional Training………………………….27 2.4. Lembede’s Time in the ANC Youth League…………………………………………….31 2.5. The Premature Death of Anton Muziwakhe Lembede…………………………………..35 Chapter three………………………………………………………………………………..40 3.1. A Racially Conscious Milieu…………………………………………………………….40 3.2. Internal Class Distinctions of the Black Subject…………………………………………49 3.3. The Lembedian Economy to Counter Black Inter-generational Poverty………………...55 3.4. The Inseparable Links the Black Race has with the South African Economy…………...61 Chapter four……………………………………………………………………………………68 4.1. The Idea of the Black Subject as the Prototype of ‘Africanism’……………………………68 4.2. The Role of Nationalism for the Formation of the African National Congress Youth League or ANCYL……………………………………………………………………………………….76 4.3. The Shift from Hypothetical Politics to Material Politics…………………………………..85 4.4. The Effective Integration of African Nationalism and Christianity as the Key Combination that Holds and Sustains the Liberation Struggle…………………………………………………87 4.5. Africanism as a Spiritual Crusade…………………………………………………………...97 Chapter five…………………………………………………………………………………...103 5.1. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...103 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………..106 Chapter one 6 1.1. Introductory Item This research topic aims to contextualise the historical writing of Anton M. Lembede in relation to the making of the black subject. The underrepresentation of black thought is prevalent within South Africa’s intellectual landscape. Western literature continues to dominate political and theoretical discourses. Although black thinkers have attempted to generate texts which respond to their particular political, social and historical contexts; there is a perception that within black intellectual history there lacks a sense of theoretical originality. Furthermore, it is the case that western political thought has a tendency to dominate black epistemologies. Therefore, it seems almost vital to try to uncover as well as to further explore the existing literature that come from black thinkers themselves. This particular kind of study could assist with a comprehensive understanding and a legitimate account of Lembede’s conception of the black subject. This will subsequently contribute in shaping a more representative academic space in the long run. It is for this reason that the primary texts in which I will be focusing on is the 1996 collection of Anton Lembede’s writings called Freedom in Our Lifetime by coauthors Robert R. Edgar and Luyanda ka Msumza as well as Lembede’s actual 1945 MA thesis entitled, The Conception of God as Expounded by or as it Emerges from the Writings of Great Philosophers – from Descartes to the Present Day. The text is important because it is generated by a context of political activism and is guided by the issues that concern youth politics. For Lembede especially, as quoted in Edgar and ka Msumza’s 1996 volume, “the result (of youth guided politics) was that ANC leaders had become ‘suspicious of progressive thought and action’ and offered no innovative policies or strategies for combatting ‘oppressive legislation” (Edgar & ka Msumza, 1996, p. 35). It is for that reason, archaic and outdated contributions towards the maintenance of the liberation struggle posed a greater threat to social improvement for the black subject according to Lembede. Largely because the risk of policy stagnation became the antithesis of progress and more importantly, the adversary of Lembede’s African Nationalism. The passive approach of the predecessors of the ANC or the Older Guard (Lembede, 1996, p. 32) as Lembede phrases it, gives way to gradual or slow progress in reaching the best possible outcome. This consequently made an ideal such as ‘freedom
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