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The Distribution and Ecology of the Freshwater

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The Distribution and Ecology of the Freshwater THE DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF THE FRESHWATER MOLLUSCS OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA by Jacqueline S. Lee B.Sc., Simon Fraser University, 1 98 1 THESIS SüBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in BIOLOGY O Jacqueline S. Lee THE UNIVERSI'W OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBiA Apil2ooo AU ri@ reserved. This work may not be rcproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or oula means, without the permission of the author. The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence ailowing the exclusive permettant la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationaie du Canada de reproduce, loan, distri'bute or sel reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format 6lectronique. The author retainw ownenhtp of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette &&se. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced *out the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Molluscs (i.e., snails, clams and mussels) are cornmon inhabitants of fteshwater habitats in norihan British Columbia (north of approximately 54W), yet little work has been done on these animals in this area. A large-sale study recorded 55 taxa of fnshwater molluscs in aorthem BC comprising 32 snail, 2 mussel and 21 clam taxa. Some of the factors that apped to affect the distribution of these molluscs were climate, dispersal barriers, glacial history and water chemistry. Cornparisons of mollusc oommunity structure were made between historic and contempomy collections to monitor habitat change ova tirne. Diversity was generally found to be higher in contemporary collections, likely due to sampling bias, or incomplete processing and archiving of histonc collections. This emphasizes the need for stsndatdized collection and processing techniques in order to sustain consavation efforts. A small-sale study was undden in the Lower Torpy River watershed to assess the effects of forest practices on fieshwata mollusc habitat. Lentic (standing water) habitats haà similar clam densities (Pisidium carertanum), water oonditions and mollusc community stnictun whaher nahiral or createù by forest pnctices (e.g., rosd building). The case was sirniiar for lotic (fiowing water) habitats, alihough lotic and lentic habitats were signifimtly diffèrent in several ways. Lentic habitats had higher densities of clams, higher water ternpcrahirrs, lower dissolved oxygen levels end lower pH. Forest pradices in this watershed are intapnted to have increased the abundance of Pisidum carertanum by the aeation of additional habitats. This work contributes to our ability to conserve the freshwater molluscs of northem British Columbia through better undentauding of their diversity, distribution and acology. TABLE OF CONTENTS CEIAPTER 2 - DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSC IN NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA: CLIMATIC, GEOGRAPHIC, POST-GLACIAL AND O'I'EER ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONSo oooowoeooeweoeoeoooooeooooooeeeooooooooooeooooooooo 12 CEAPTER 3 - COMPARISON OF CONTEMPORARY AND HlSTORIC COLLECTIONS OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCS AS A MEANS OF ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALIWo~~oo~e~o~eoooooeeeooooo~ooooooeoooeeooeo65 Conclusions .......................... ..o.oo...ooo.......o.o...oo..o.....o........o........o.ooooo.....oo...o......o 79 CHAPTER 4 - THE EFFECTS OF FOREST PRACTICES ON FRESHWATER MOLLUSC HABITAT: A CASE STUDY FROM THE TORPY RIVER WATERSEED IN EAST-CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA oooooooooooooaoooooeoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooeoeoooaooooo 81 Study Area ................... .... .... ....................m........................................................83 Habitat Classification ....................................................................................... 84 Sampling ................... .......................................................................................85 Lotic Habitats ...............e.e..e.........................e.............e.................~..................... 87 Lentic Habitats ...................e...........~.................................................................. 89 Ldc vs. Lentic Habitats ..........................++.+..................................................... 90 Community Composition ..~.~~~.~~..~~~~~~~.~~~mm8~~~m~~s~ss~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+8Ss~~~~.~..m9 1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1- 1. Systematic listing of freshwater mollusc found in northem British Columbia (according to Clarke 198 1). ......................................................................................2 Table 2- 1. Group numbers, group composition, table of significant t-tesb and figure numbers for range plots and Canonical Correspondence Analysis of the enviromnental. data for the Grshwater molluscc collected at ecological sites in northern Bntrsh Columbia............................................. ...........................................2 1 Table 2-2. Record types, location map figure number, number of records, number of collections and dates of collection of hhwater molluscs fiom northern British Columbia. ................................................................................................................ 24 Table 23. Systematic list of the hhwater molluscs of northem British Columbia. 44*99 indicates taxa not found at ecological sites.............. .. ............................... 25 Table 24. Number of freshwater mollusc collection sites in the drainages, major watersheds and biogeoclimatic zones in northem British Columbia. ....................... .............26 Table 2-5. Summary of altitude and climate information for the biogeoclimatic zones in northern British Columbia (Meidinger and Pojar 1991). BWBS = Boreal White and Black Spruce; CWH = Coastal Westem Hanlock; ESSF = Engelmann Spruce - Subalpine Fir. ICH = Interior Cedar - Hemlock; SWB = Spruce - Willow - Birch; SBS = Sub-Boreal Spruce. ............................................................ 27 Table 26. Sample size, mean, staaderd cmw and range for the environmental variables mdat the ecological sites in northan British Columbia. ..................... ......... 34 Table 2-7. Significant difleretlces and degrees of Worn(df) in means of environmental variabks found witbin the groups or subgroups of fnshwater mollusc compared. Table 2-7 (cont.) Significant diffkmces and degrees of Worn (df) in means of environmental variables found within the pups or subgroups of fkshwater mollusc compand. ....................... ...... .... .... .................................... 36 Table 2-8. Sunrmary of the distribution and ecology of the bhwater molluscs from ecological sites in northem British Columbia. ..................... ................................... 60 Table 2-9. Proportions of Wwater molluscs froin ecological sites in northem British Columbia as cornpad to the proportions offbhwater molluscs in Britain in relation to dissolved calcium content as described by Russell-Hunter (1978). Northern British Columbia hhwater molluscs d in this oomparison were those with n >2 plus the endemic species, Pljaela wrighti .................... ........ 62 Table 3-1. Species lists for historical and contemponry collections made at sites in northem British Columbia "*" indicates co11ections that were made within the same water body but not at the same sites. Taxa found in both years are indicated in bold. .........69 Table 3-2. Cornparis of collection times (i.e. person-hours) and results of Sormson's Index of .Community Similarjty made been(1) contemporary collections and (2) hrstonc. collections. ...............................................................................................72 Table 3-3. Comparison of number of species and percentage of total number of species of the four fimctiod feeding groups of -water molluscs. Group 1 - Grazers (snails); Group 2 = Suspension fders (mussels and clams of the genera Sphoenum and Mwctrlium); Gmup 3 - Deposit Feeders (clams of the genera Sphaerium and Mwctllium); Group 4 =Infaunal fadas (clams of the genus Pisidurn). .........74 Table 3-5. Species noted by Clarke (1972,1973a) as occurring at sites listed that are not confirmed by voucher specimens at the Canadian Mwum of Nature.. ................78 Table 4-1. Average clam daisity and environmentai conditions (mean f SE [standard emr]) in al1 categories of habitat and riparian condition in the Lower Toqy Riva I watersbed ......................................................................................................................88 Table 4-2. Culvert and upstream densities of Pisidium casertanum. "*" indicates deasity is significantly differait than culvert density at P < 0.05. ............................................. 88 Table 4-3. Results of ANOVA of density of Pisidium cusertunum at culvert pools and various combinations of upstream riparian conditions in the Lower Torpy River watemhexi.. ................4.................................................................................................-89 Table 4-4. Cornparison of lotic and lentic habitats (mean ISE) in the Lowa Torpy River Watershed and probability level of differences in means. .......................................... 90 Table 4-5. List of freshwata
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