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República Islámica De Irán
OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Irán República Islámica de Irán La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. FEBRERO 2018 Constitución. Además, en torno a un 25 % de la población tiene una variedad Irán del turco como lengua materna y se hablan otros idiomas minoritarios, como el kurdo. Moneda: Rial iraní (cambio a 4 de febrero de 2018: 1€ = 46.086 riales) Religión: El Islam está consagrado en la Constitución hoy vigente como religión oficial. La mayoría musulmana iraní (un 96% de la población total) es chiíta (en Mar Caspio torno al 89% de los musulmanes). Hay una minoría musulmana que pertenece TURQUÍA Tabriz a la creencia autóctona conocida como bahaísmo. Existe una importante mino- TURKMENISTÁN ría cristiana de origen armenio, junto a asirio-caldeos; también hay un pequeño Mashhad grupo de judíos y de seguidores del Zoroastrismo. Teherán Forma de Estado: El artículo 1 de la Constitución de 1979 define a Irán como una República Islámica. El sistema se basa en la distinción entre un Ejecutivo encabezado por el Presidente de la República y compuesto por los distintos mi- Isfahán AFGANISTÁN nisterios, que gestiona la administración del país, y un Legislativo o Majlis, que de manera efectiva aprueba las leyes y vota a los candidatos a ministro propues- IRAK Ahvaz tos por el Presidente. -
Information As of August 1, 2016 Has Been Used in Preparation of This Directory
Information as of August 1, 2016 has been used in preparation of this directory. PREFACE The Central Intelligence Agency publishes and updates the online directory of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments weekly. The directory is intended to be used primarily as a reference aid and includes as many governments of the world as is considered practical, some of them not officially recognized by the United States. Regimes with which the United States has no diplomatic exchanges are indicated by the initials NDE. Governments are listed in alphabetical order according to the most commonly used version of each country's name. The spelling of the personal names in this directory follows transliteration systems generally agreed upon by US Government agencies, except in the cases in which officials have stated a preference for alternate spellings of their names. NOTE: Although the head of the central bank is listed for each country, in most cases he or she is not a Cabinet member. Ambassadors to the United States and Permanent Representatives to the UN, New York, have also been included. Key To Abbreviations Adm. Admiral Admin. Administrative, Administration Asst. Assistant Brig. Brigadier Capt. Captain Cdr. Commander Cdte. Comandante Chmn. Chairman, Chairwoman Col. Colonel Ctte. Committee Del. Delegate Dep. Deputy Dept. Department Dir. Director Div. Division Dr. Doctor Eng. Engineer Fd. Mar. Field Marshal Fed. Federal Gen. General Govt. Government Intl. International Lt. Lieutenant Maj. Major Mar. Marshal Mbr. Member Min. Minister, Ministry NDE No Diplomatic Exchange Org. Organization Pres. President Prof. Professor RAdm. Rear Admiral Ret. Retired Sec. Secretary VAdm. -
Iran Under Khatami
IRAN UNDER KHATAMI A Political, Economic, and Military Assessment Patrick Clawson Michael Eisenstadt Eliyahu Kanovsky David Menashri A Washington Institute Monograph THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, re- cording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 1998 by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy Published in 1998 in the United States of America by the Washing- ton Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Iran under Khatami: a political, economic, and military assess- ment / Patrick L. Clawson ... [et al.]. p. cm. ISBN 0-944029-27-2 (pbk.) 1. Iran—Politics and government—1997- 2. Khatami, Muhammad. 3. Iran—Economic conditions—1997- 4. Iran—Foreign relations—1997- 5. Iran—Military policy. I. Clawson, Patrick, 1951- . DS318.9.I73 1998 955.05'43—dc21 98-39718 CIP Cover design by Monica Neal Hertzman. Cover image AFP Photo/ Jamshid Bairami/Corbis. CONTENTS Contributors v Preface vii 1 The Khatami Paradox Patrick Clawson 1 2 Whither Iranian Politics? The Khatami Factor David Menashri 13 3 Iran's Sick Economy Prospects for Change under Khatami Eliyahu Kanovsky 53 4 The Military Dimension Michael Eisenstadt 71 5 Opportunities and Challenges for U.S. Policy Patrick Clawson and Michael Eisenstadt 99 CONTRIBUTORS Patrick Clawson is director for research at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy and senior editor of the Middle East Quarterly. -
Rouhani Meter Second Year Report
ROUHANI AFTER TWO YEARS PERFORMANCE REPORT TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION 1 FOREIGN POLICY PROMISES 3 The Nuclear File Regional challenges Visa Restrictions ECONOMIC PROMISES 8 Legacy of the previous government Economic sanctions and structural challenges Decrease of inflation Economic growth, improving business environment and increasing employment Privatization Strengthening of national currency Oil and gas production Establishment of social housing Improving wages Critics of the government’s economic record SOCIAL & CULTURAL POLICY PROMISES 15 Universal health coverage Re-launch of the National Orchestra and Tehran’s Symphonic Orchestra Improving of the status of teachers The removal of filters on social media Linguistic rights for minorities in Iran Freedom of expression Promotion of gender rights and elimination of gender inequality DOMESTIC POLITICS Release of political prisoners 21 Reopening the Bureau of Political Parties Elimination of discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities Return of Iranian expatriates to Iran Elimination of gender discrimination Charter of Civil Rights Management Saving Lake Urmia Barriers to fulfilling domestic political promises ROUHANI AFTER TWO YEARS: PERFORMANCE REPORT 1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION FOREIGN POLICY PROMISES ECONOMIC PROMISES This report provides Iranians and the international community with a detailed SOCIAL & CULTURALPOLICY PROMISES record of the campaign promises of Iran’s president, Hassan Rouhani, and DOMESTIC POLITICS his administration’s efforts to achieve those promises. It offers an in-depth analysis of the administration’s accomplishments and failures by fact-checking for tangible results. This report is divided into four categories: foreign policy, economic policy, social and cultural policy, and domestic policy, covering the major policy areas in which Rouhani promised to prioritize his work as president. -
La Elección De Hassan Rouhani En 2013 Y El Desarrollo De La Política Interna
El Colegio de México Centro de Estudios de Asia y África FACCIONALISMO POLÍTICO EN IRÁN: LA ELECCIÓN DE HASSAN ROUHANI EN 2013 Y EL DESARROLLO DE LA POLÍTICA INTERNA Tesis presentada por DOLORES PATRICIA MARÍN DÍAZ para optar al grado de MAESTRÍA EN ESTUDIOS DE ASIA Y ÁFRICA ESPECIALIDAD: MEDIO ORIENTE DIRECTOR: DR. LUIS MESA DELMONTE Ciudad de México, 2017 Agradecimientos En primer lugar, quisiera agradecer a mi familia, a mis padres Catalina y Patricio, que me han apoyado en cada una de las decisiones que he tomado en la vida, sin que el hecho de estudiar una maestría en la Ciudad de México fuera una excepción. Gracias por su apoyo incondicional y por las incontables muestras de cariño a lo largo de este proceso y de todos los que tuvieron que ocurrir antes para poder llegar hasta aquí. Gracias también a Guille y Diana, que son elementos primordiales de esta familia y que me han apoyado en todo momento. Al profesor Luis Mesa, no sólo por haber dirigido este trabajo de investigación, sino por el interés y esfuerzo que puso como asesor y como maestro y por la pasión contagiosa con la que impregna cada una de sus clases. A él, toda mi admiración y cariño. A los profesores del CEAA, que contribuyeron a mi formación compartiendo sus conocimientos, especialmente al profesor Khalid Chami, quien nos mostró la diversidad de facetas del (los) mundo(s) árabe(s) a las que uno puede tener acceso a través de la lengua; y cuyas enseñanzas trascienden el salón de clases. A mis lectores, la profesora Marcela Álvarez y el profesor Moisés Garduño, por haberse tomado el tiempo para leer y comentar la investigación, y por haber compartido sus conocimientos a lo largo de este camino. -
April 2018.Indd
1 IRAN CASE FILE ٢٠١٨ April CONTENTS Executive Summary ........................................................................ 4 Internal Affair .................................................................................. 6 Political File ...................................................................................... First: The motion to question President Hasan Rouhani: between failure and success ............................................................ 6 Second: Fundamentalists employ surveillance and espionage techniques to spy on reformists ....................................................... 8 The defense and security file .......................................................... 11 First: Iran and combat drones ......................................................... 11 Second: Arab Ahwaz region: Arab protests and popular resentment against racial discrimination policies ............................................ 14 The economic file .......................................................................... 16 First: explanations of the continuous decline of the Iranian currency between urgent crises and historical roots ......................................16 Second: Macroeconomic indicators ...............................................19 RASANAH The Social file ............................................................................... 22 +966112166696 First: Indicators related to addiction and drugs in Iran ....................22 [email protected] Second: overpopulation and its impact on unemployment -
Zarif Holds Talks with Aoun Some Countries in Regard to Humanitarian Issues
‘Iranian refugees in Total inks major gas Infantino offers German experts restore 21516Australia not in 5 deal in Iran condolences after artworks at Tehran suitable condition’ Pourheydari passing museum WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y VelayatiVe ururgesg EuEurope to wowork for pepeace in MMideasti 2 16 Pages Price 10,000 Rials 38th year No.12693 Wednesday NOVEMBER 9, 2016 Aban 19, 1395 Safar 9, 1438 Citizenship Rights Charter awaiting thumbs-up: ZZarifarif holdsholds ttalksalks wwithith AAounoun presidential advisor EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW POLITICS TEHRAN — Iranian The visit came days after Aoun desk By Maryam Qarehgozlou&Ali Kushki Foreign Minister was elected president. The post had Mohammad Javad Zarif who made a remained vacant for 29 months due Iran says it has finished a draft of the long-waited-for high-profile visit to Beirut starting on to rivalry between powerbrokers in Citizenship Rights Charter after it underwent a thorough Monday held talks with the newly-elected Lebanon. revision, now awaiting for an approval by the Majlis (Iran’s Lebanese President Michel Aoun as well Immediately after his arrival in Beirut, parliament), government, or cabinet. as the prime minister, parliament Speaker, Foreign Minister Zarif held talks with “An initial draft of the Citizenship Rights Charter was and Hezbollah chief. President Aoun. 2 drawn up just months after President Rouhani took office and made available to the public in November 2013,” Elham Aminzadeh, the presidential advisor on citizenship rights, told the Tehran Times on Monday. Aminzadeh said it took until now to come up with the first and second versions of the charter after having listened to public and expert opinions of a pool of resources. -
Petroleum: an Engine for Global Development
OPEC th International Seminar Petroleum: An Engine for Global Development 3–4 June 2015 Hofburg Palace Vienna, Austria www.opec.org Reasons to be cheerful It was over quite quickly. In fact, the 165th Meeting whilst global oil demand was expected to rise from of the OPEC Conference finished two hours ahead of 90m b/d to 91.1m b/d over the same period. In ad- Commentary schedule. Even the customary press conference, held dition, petroleum stock levels, in terms of days of for- immediately after the Meeting at the Organization’s ward demand cover, remained comfortable. “These Secretariat in Vienna, Austria on June 11 and usually numbers make it clear that the oil market is stable and a busy affair, was most probably completed in record balanced, with adequate supply meeting the steady time. But this brevity of discourse spelled good news growth in demand,” OPEC Conference President, Omar — for OPEC and, in fact, all petroleum industry stake- Ali ElShakmak, Libya’s Acting Oil and Gas Minister, holders. As the much-heralded saying goes — ‘don’t be said in his opening address to the Conference. tempted to tamper with a smooth-running engine’. And Of course, there are still downside risks to the glob- that is exactly what OPEC’s Oil and Energy Ministers al economy, both in the OECD and non-OECD regions, did during their customary mid-year Meeting. They de- and there is continuing concern over some production cided to leave the Organization’s 30 million barrels/ limitations, but with non-OPEC supply growth of 1.4m day oil production ceiling in place and unchanged for b/d forecast over the next year, in general, things are the remainder of 2014. -
Blood-Soaked Secrets Why Iran's 1988 Prison
BLOOD-SOAKED SECRETS WHY IRAN’S 1988 PRISON MASSACRES ARE ONGOING CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: Collage of some of the victims of the mass prisoner killings of 1988 in Iran. (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. © Amnesty International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 13/9421/2018 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS GLOSSARY 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 METHODOLOGY 18 2.1 FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE 18 2.2 RESEARCH METHODS 18 2.2.1 TESTIMONIES 20 2.2.2 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 22 2.2.3 AUDIOVISUAL EVIDENCE 23 2.2.4 COMMUNICATION WITH IRANIAN AUTHORITIES 24 2.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 BACKGROUND 26 3.1 PRE-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 26 3.2 POST-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 27 3.3 IRAN-IRAQ WAR 33 3.4 POLITICAL OPPOSITION GROUPS 33 3.4.1 PEOPLE’S MOJAHEDIN ORGANIZATION OF IRAN 33 3.4.2 FADAIYAN 34 3.4.3 TUDEH PARTY 35 3.4.4 KURDISH DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF IRAN 35 3.4.5 KOMALA 35 3.4.6 OTHER GROUPS 36 4. -
Failure to Join FATF Would Benefit Enemies: Ex-Ambassador
I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y DECEMBER 23, 2019 IRAN IN FOCUS 3 Failure to join FATF would New envoy to Moscow meets Zarif before departure benefit enemies: ex-ambassador POLITICAL TEHRAN — Iran’s new ambassador to Mos- deskcow, Kazem Jalali, met with Foreign Minister POLITICAL TEHRAN — Ali Majedi, they will not be able to work with the Iranian Mohammad Javad Zarif on Sunday. deskIran’s former ambassador banks if Iran refuses to join the FATF and it The meeting came ahead of Jalali’s departure to start his to Germany, has said that a failure to join will not be beneficial for us,” Mousavi said, the mission in the Russian Federation. the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) will Hamshahri newspaper reported on Tuesday. The two sides discussed various aspects of bilateral relations limit Iran’s economic interaction and this is In an interview with ISNA published on with Russia and Jalali’s mission in Moscow, Iran Press reported. what the enemies want. Tuesday, political analyst Mehdi Motahar- During the meeting, Zarif referred to the long-standing and “Failure to join the FATF or any other nia said if Iran refuses to join the FATF, an strategic relations between the two countries and made the nec- international agreement and group will international consensus would be formed essary recommendations to further develop and deepen the ties. increase limitations on our country’s econ- against it. He also wished Jalali success. omy and is somehow in line with what the “Currently, North Korea has been black- enemies seek,” he told ISNA in an interview listed and Iran will be the second country if it published on Sunday. -
Civil-Military Relations, State Strategies and Presidential
Conflict Studies Research Centre Middle East Series 05/26 Civil-Military Relations, State Strategies & Presidential Elections in Iran Dr Babak Ganji Key Points The candidacy of Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf, the former commander of the Law-Enforcement Force and Revolution Guards air force, has triggered major debate about civil-military relations in Iran. Opponents of the participation of former military commanders in politics have argued that it contravenes the late Ayatollah Khomeyni’s ruling that the military must not interefere in politics. Four of the presidential candidates: Qalibaf; former C-in-C of the Guards Mohsen Reza’i; former director of the state radio and television Ali Larijani and mayor of Tehran Ahmadinezhad have served as military commanders. However, it is Qalibaf’s candidacy which has been most controversial. Qalibaf has argued that reformism and fundamentalism are not necessarily incompatible. Qalibaf has expressed his preferences for "a mixed economy" and also sought to appeal to young religious people. The current head of the Expediency Council and former president Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani has sought to improve his chances in the elections by arguing that only he is capable of preventing the militarization of the Iranian political system. Rafsanjani has moved closer to "reformist" political figures and some reformist journalists have been arguing that a major realignment of factions in Iran is in the offing. It would be wrong to interpret this realignment in terms of "hard- liners" versus "pragmatists". Qalibaf has been trying to gain the hard- line conservative and radical votes. However, he has been vehemently opposed by the largest vigilante organization in the country, Ansar-e Hezbollah, which has accused Qalibaf and Rafsanjani's election headquarters of coordinating their strategies. -
Economic and Social Councu
UNITED NATIONS Economic and Social Distr. GENERAL CouncU E/CN.4/1991/35 13 February 1991 i <* r. c T! '"> i ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH/FRENCH/ SPANISH ft ' COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Forty-seventh session Agenda item 12 QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COLONIAL AND OTHER DEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES Report on the human rights situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran by the Special Representative of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. Reynaldo Galindo Pohl. pursuant to Commission resolution 1990/79 GE.91-10587/2898B E/CN.4/1991/35 page ii CONTENTS Chapter Paragraphs Page INTRODUCTION 1- 5 1 I. COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN AND THE SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE SINCE THE INTERIM REPORT TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 6 - 28 2 A. Written communications of a general nature 6 - 9 2 B. Written communications concerning allegations received by the Special Representative and transmitted to the Government 10 - 22 3 C. Conversations with representatives of the Islamic Republic of Iran 23 - 28 7 II. INFORMATION RECEIVED BY THE SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE 29-327 11 A. Right to life 30 - 72 11 B. Enforced or involuntary disappearances 73 22 C. Right to freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment . 74 - 141 22 D. Administration of justice 142 - 185 30 E. Freedom of opinion, expression, press and association and right to peaceful assembly ... 186 - 204 36 F. Freedom of movement; right to leave one's country and to return 205 - 208 41 G.